International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 17, No 4, August 2025

ANALYSIS OF EVALUATION INDICATORS FOR THE

FRIENDLINESS OF SPORTS VENUES TO
INDIVIDUALS WITH LOWER LIMB DISABILITIES
Han-Chen Huang

College of Tourism, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu city, Taiwan

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the accessibility and inclusivity of sports venues for individuals with lower limb
disabilities, aiming to identify key factors that enhance participation and usability. Utilizing the Delphi
method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the study constructs a framework comprising six
evaluation dimensions and 24 indicators, including safety and availability of assistive devices, operability
and accessibility, comfort and participation, psychological and social inclusion, activity diversity and
cost-effectiveness, and long-term sustainability and scalability. Results indicate that "safety and
availability of assistive devices" and "operability and accessibility" are the most critical dimensions,
emphasizing the importance of accessible infrastructure and equipment. "Comfort and participation" and
"psychological and social inclusion" also significantly influence participation, while "activity diversity and
cost-effectiveness" and "long-term sustainability and scalability" are comparatively less crucial. The
findings provide strategic insights for venue design and policy, highlighting the need to prioritize
accessible environments and inclusive practices to promote greater sports participation among individuals
with lower limb disabilities.

KEYWORDS
Accessible Facilities, Lower Limb Disabilities, Sports Venue Friendliness

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Research Motivation and Purpose

In 2020, Taiwan's population of individuals with disabilities reached 1.19 million. To protect
their right to engage in sports, the Sports Administration of the Ministry of Education has
implemented policies in line with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(CRPD) and Article 5 of the National Sports Act. Key initiatives include publishing the
Guidelines for Sports Venue Staff to Assist Persons with Disabilities and the Friendly Facility
Installation and Service Guidelines for Sports Venues. These initiatives focus on both improving
physical facilities and enhancing the service knowledge of staff to create a "friendly sports
environment" (Sports Administration, 2021).

As sports popularity rises and society ages, the exercise needs of people with disabilities and the
elderly are receiving increasing attention. Meeting these needs should be a priority for sports
facility management, as it presents significant potential for growth. However, despite Taiwan’s
sports venues being designed to government standards, many still fall short in fully meeting the
needs of individuals with disabilities. Challenges such as difficulty entering venues
independently, locating facilities, or using equipment hinder their participation (Sports
Administration, 2019; 2020).

DOI: 10.5121/ijcsit.2025.17403 31
International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 17, No 4, August 2025

This study aims to develop an evaluation framework to assess the friendliness of sports venues
for individuals with lower limb disabilities. As social participation grows for people with
disabilities, the accessibility and user-friendliness of sports venues—key public spaces for
promoting inclusion and health—have become critical benchmarks. For individuals with lower
limb disabilities, the quality of accessible facilities and services directly affects their willingness
and ability to participate in sports.

To achieve this, the study uses the Delphi method to select evaluation indicators and the Analytic
Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine their relative importance. The resulting framework will
provide actionable recommendations to help venue managers improve accessibility and services,
enhancing sports participation opportunities and promoting social inclusion and public health.
The objectives of this study are as follows:

 Develop evaluation indicators for the friendliness of sports venues to individuals

with lower limb disabilities: Design a comprehensive evaluation framework to
systematically assess the accessibility and user-friendliness of sports venues for this
group.
 Determine the relative importance of the indicators: Utilize the Analytic Hierarchy
Process (AHP) and expert opinions to identify the relative weight of each evaluation
indicator, offering clear directions for venue improvement.
 Enhance accessibility and user experience: Provide recommendations based on the
study results to improve accessible facilities and services at sports venues, thereby
increasing the willingness and experience of individuals with lower limb disabilities to
participate in sports, and advancing social inclusion and equitable sports rights.

1.2. Literature Review

Individuals with disabilities often face barriers to participating in sports, including issues with
space design, societal attitudes, psychological challenges, and environmental factors. An
inclusive sports environment is crucial for improving the quality of life for people with
disabilities, enhancing social acceptance, and reducing stigma. Creating such an environment
requires a comprehensive approach, addressing the needs of individuals with disabilities,
designing suitable facilities, providing support systems, and fostering an inclusive atmosphere.
Understanding the different types of disabilities and their specific challenges is essential for
developing effective solutions. The following section outlines the main categories of disabilities,
providing a foundation for understanding the needs of individuals with disabilities in sports.

1.2.1. Categories of Disabilities

Disabilities encompass a wide range of conditions characterized by functional impairments,

varying abilities to adapt to the environment, and specific life needs. According to Taiwan’s
Special Education Act (Ministry of Education, 2024) and the People with Disabilities Rights
Protection Act (Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2024), individuals with disabilities are primarily
classified into categories including physical, visual, auditory, speech, intellectual, autism
spectrum disorders, chronic diseases, and multiple disabilities (Table 1).

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Table 1.Categories of Disabilities

Category Impairment Description

Intellectual disabilities, vegetative state, dementia,
1. Neurological and mental/cognitive functions
autism, chronic mental illness, refractory epilepsy
2. Sensory functions (eyes, ears, and related Visual impairment, hearing dysfunction, balance
structures) dysfunction
3. Speech and vocalization functions Impairments in voice or speech functions
4. Circulatory, hematological, immune, and Loss of essential organ function (heart, hematopoiesis,
respiratory systems respiratory organs)
Loss of essential organ function (swallowing, stomach,
5. Digestive, metabolic, and endocrine systems
intestines, liver)
6. Urinary and reproductive systems Loss of essential organ function (kidneys, bladder)
7. Neuromuscular and skeletal systems related
Physical disabilities
to mobility
8. Skin and related structures Facial disfigurement
Disabilities arising from rare diseases, complex
Multiple or rare conditions
conditions, or other recognized impairments

Among the disability categories, Category 7: Physical Disabilities refers to impairments in motor
functions caused by injuries or disorders affecting bones, joints, nerves, or muscles. For example,
upper or lower limb mobility may be restricted due to trauma, illness, or congenital conditions,
leading to difficulties in daily movement and activities.

Individuals with physical disabilities can be further categorized into those who use assistive
devices (e.g., walking aids) and those who rely on wheelchairs. These groups face significant
challenges when participating in sports, including poorly designed facilities, transportation
difficulties, and limited accessibility. These barriers directly impact their willingness and ability
to engage in physical activities (Sports Administration, 2019; 2020; 2021).

Given these challenges, this study focuses on understanding the specific needs of individuals with
lower limb disabilities. By addressing their requirements, the research aims to propose actionable
strategies for improving the accessibility and inclusivity of sports facilities. Ultimately, the goal
is to enhance their participation experiences and increase opportunities for physical activity,
contributing to better integration and equity in sports participation.

1.2.2. Barriers to Sports Participation for Individuals with Physical Disabilities

Individuals with physical disabilities face multiple challenges when participating in sports,
ranging from facility design to societal attitudes, psychological barriers, and environmental
conditions (Kuo& Yang, 2018; Liang et al., 2015; Chou &Chou, 2022). Understanding these
obstacles is crucial for promoting accessible sports environments and safeguarding the rights of
people with disabilities to engage in physical activities.

(1) Facility and Equipment Barriers: The design of sports facilities and equipment often
fails to adequately consider the needs of individuals with physical disabilities, posing a
significant barrier to participation

• Insufficient space: Many sports venues are designed with limited space that
cannot accommodate the needs of users with walking aids or wheelchairs,
particularly in dynamic sports like team or ball games. This restricts the ability of
people with physical disabilities to fully participate in these activities (Liang et al.,
2015).
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• Inaccessible equipment: Most fitness equipment is not adapted for individuals
with physical disabilities. For example, the height of equipment or its instability
may make it difficult and unsafe for them to use (Ku et al., 2022).
• Lack of stability in facilities: Equipment and support structures that lack stability
pose safety risks, further deterring people with disabilities from engaging in sports
(He & Li, 2023).

(2) Societal and Cultural Barriers: Social attitudes and the absence of adequate support
systems create additional barriers

• Lack of inclusive sports environments: Many sports activities do not account for
the specific needs of people with physical disabilities. The limited variety of
activities often makes it difficult for them to find something they can comfortably
participate in (Chou &Chou, 2022).
• Inadequate social awareness: Some individuals hold misconceptions about the
abilities of people with physical disabilities, which can harm their self-esteem and
create negative stereotypes (Wu & Kuo, 2015).
• Lack of support systems: A shortage of professional guidance and family support
can lead to isolation, preventing consistent participation in sports (Liang et al.,
2015).

(3) Personal and Psychological Barriers: Psychological factors play a significant role in
the sports participation of people with physical disabilities

• Psychological stress and low self-esteem: People with physical disabilities often
feel self-conscious about their limitations, fearing judgment or ridicule in sports
settings, which affects their confidence and willingness to participate (Ku et al.,
2022; Wu & Kuo, 2015).
• Lack of motor skills: Limited opportunities for physical activity often restrict the
development of motor skills, which in turn lowers their confidence in participating
in sports (Kuo & Yang, 2018).
• Low motivation: A lack of interest in sports or concerns about safety can lead to
reduced motivation to participate in physical activities (Chen & Liang, 2003).

(4) Environmental and Physical Barriers: External environmental conditions also pose
significant challenges to people with physical disabilities

• Inconvenient transportation: The lack of accessible transportation options and

remote locations of sports venues create barriers for individuals with disabilities,
making it difficult for them to attend sports events (Sports Administration, 2020).
• Insufficient accessible facilities: The absence of essential features like ramps,
handrails, or elevators reduces the accessibility and convenience of sports venues
(Sports Administration, 2021).
• Inappropriate sports environments: Environmental factors like noise levels and
temperature in sports facilities can cause discomfort for individuals with physical
disabilities, diminishing their desire to participate (United Nations, 2020).

Barriers to sports participation for people with physical disabilities are multifaceted and
interconnected. For instance, psychological stress may be exacerbated by inadequate facilities,
and social misconceptions may deepen feelings of inferiority. Therefore, addressing these issues
requires a comprehensive approach that combines facility improvements, the creation of inclusive
cultural environments, and psychological support strategies. By focusing on these areas, we can
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foster a more accessible and inclusive sports environment that promotes the health and well-being
of people with disabilities (Sports Administration, 2019, 2020, 2021; United Nations, 2020).

1.2.3. Friendly Treatment of Persons with Disabilities at Sports Venues

The friendliness of sports venues toward people with disabilities is one of the key factors
affecting their participation in sports. The design of barrier-free facilities, the provision of
services, and the adaptability of the overall environment directly influence the sports experience
and willingness of persons with disabilities to participate. The friendliness of sports venues is not
limited to the improvement of hardware facilities; it also encompasses service attitudes and
policy support. The core goal is to create a fair and inclusive sports environment (Sports
Administration, 2019, 2020, 2021).

(1) Design and Improvement of Barrier-Free Facilities: Barrier-free facilities are the
basic guarantee for providing convenience for persons with disabilities at sports venues.
For example, the installation of wheelchair ramps, elevators, barrier-free toilets, and
changing rooms must fully consider the actual needs of users. For people with mobility
impairments, the slope of ramps should meet design standards, and surfaces should be
non-slip to ensure safety. At the same time, sports equipment should offer a variety of
options, such as adjustable height equipment or devices specifically designed for
wheelchair users, to meet different needs (Sports Administration, 2021).

(2) Friendly Space Planning at Sports Venues: The planning of sports venues should
take into account the spatial needs of persons with disabilities. The design of movement
lines within the venue should be spacious and smooth, allowing wheelchair or walker
users to pass freely, and obstacles such as height differences should be avoided.
Additionally, the signage and guidance system should consider the needs of persons
with visual and auditory impairments, using clear and understandable icons, voice
navigation, and braille signs to assist in enhancing the venue’s accessibility and
friendliness (Wu &Kuo, 2015; Sports Administration, 2020).

(3) Professionalization of Staff Services: Professional service is an essential component

of a friendly sports venue. Staff at the venue should be sensitive to the needs of persons
with disabilities and possess the necessary skills, such as assisting wheelchair users with
facility usage or providing necessary guidance and explanations for persons with visual
and auditory impairments. Research has shown that friendly and professional services
can significantly enhance the satisfaction and willingness of persons with disabilities to
participate. In addition, venues should regularly provide staff with training related to
barrier-free services to increase their understanding and ability to serve the needs of
persons with disabilities (Liang et al., 2015; Chou &Chou, 2022; Sports Administration,
2019).

(4) Social Support and Inclusive Culture: The friendliness of sports venues is also
reflected in the creation of an inclusive social and cultural atmosphere. Venues can
organize exclusive sports activities for persons with disabilities and encourage
non-disabled individuals to participate, promoting mutual exchange and understanding.
Furthermore, inviting athletes with disabilities to demonstrate their skills can effectively
enhance public awareness of the abilities of persons with disabilities, reducing prejudice
and discrimination (He& Li, 2023; Kuet al., 2022).

(5) Technological Assistance and Digital Applications: Advances in technology provide

innovative solutions for sports venues to treat persons with disabilities more friendly.

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For example, smart systems can provide venue reservations, navigation, and facility
usage information through mobile apps. Additionally, virtual reality (VR) technology
can simulate the venue environment, helping persons with disabilities familiarize
themselves with the venue layout in advance, reducing anxiety when entering
unfamiliar environments (Chen et al., 2023).

(6) Policy Support and Standards: Policy support is key to the implementation of
friendliness in sports venues. The government should establish relevant standards, such
as the "Barrier-Free Facility Specifications," and strengthen supervision of the
implementation of these standards. At the same time, financial subsidies should be
provided to support venue upgrades and staff training, ensuring the sustainability and
effectiveness of friendly measures (Sports Administration, 2021; Chen & Liang, 2003).

The friendly treatment of persons with disabilities at sports venues should be enhanced
comprehensively, including hardware facilities, service attitudes, social support, and policy
guarantees. Through the improvement of barrier-free designs, professional services, an inclusive
cultural atmosphere, as well as technological and policy support, the participation rate of persons
with disabilities in sports can be effectively increased, promoting fairness and diversity in sports
participation.

1.2.4. Friendly Treatment Indicators for Persons with Disabilities at Sports Venues

To encourage the active participation of persons with disabilities in sports activities, sports
venues should establish comprehensive friendly indicators that cover hardware facilities, service
measures, cultural atmosphere, and other aspects, ensuring full support and convenience. Based
on relevant literature (Liang et al., 2015; Sports Administration, 2019; 2020; 2021; Wu &Kuo,
2015; Ku et al., 2022; He & Li, 2023; Chou & Chou, 2022; Chen & Liang, 2003; Kuo& Yang,
2018; United Nations, 2020), the following friendly indicators cover ten major dimensions (Table
2).

Table 2.Indicators for Assessing the Friendliness of Sports Venues for Persons with Disabilities

Indicator Category Description

Ensure accessible pathways, parking spaces, sports equipment, and
Hardware Facilities
changing rooms meet the needs of persons with disabilities.
Design ramps to comply with accessibility standards with non-slip
Service Quality
surfaces.
Inclusive Design Ensure parking spaces are located near entrances and clearly marked.
Sports equipment should accommodate wheelchair users, with
Policy and Oversight
adjustable heights.
Safety and Availability of Accessible changing rooms should have ample space and auxiliary
Assistive Equipment facilities.
Staff should be trained on accessible services and emergency support
Operability and Accessibility systems should be in place, with first-aid equipment and professionals
available.
Offer multilingual guides, braille materials, and sign language
Comfort and Participation interpretation to enhance participation and satisfaction for persons with
disabilities.
Psychological and Social Venue design should include spacious, barrier-free areas, avoiding
Integration excessive height differences or narrow spaces.
Activity Diversity and Ensure signage is clear and mobile apps or tools assist persons with
Cost-effectiveness disabilities.
Long-term Sustainability and Offer a variety of sports activities to encourage diverse participation and

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Indicator Category Description
Expandability foster interaction.

2. METHODS
This study uses two research methods: The Delphi Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
for data collection and analysis. The Delphi Method gathers expert opinions through anonymous
rounds of questionnaires to achieve consensus on complex issues. AHP quantifies and compares
evaluation criteria by assigning weights to analyze their relative importance. In this study, the
Delphi Method is used to select evaluation criteria for accessible sports venues for individuals
with lower limb disabilities, while AHP analyzes and prioritizes these factors. Together, these
methods ensure scientific, practical criteria and provide data to support venue improvements.

2.1. Delphi Method

The Delphi Method is a systematic forecasting technique that collects expert opinions through
multiple rounds of questionnaires and analyzes the responses to reach a consensus (Murry&
Hammons, 1995). In this study, the Delphi Method was employed to invite field experts to
conduct a preliminary screening of the friendly treatment evaluation indicators for lower-limb
disabled individuals in sports venues, followed by multiple rounds of feedback to reach a
consensus.

The Delphi Method originated at the RAND Corporation in the United States and was developed
in the 1950s. Initially, it was applied to address uncertainty issues and is particularly suitable for
decision-making, forecasting, and problem analysis that require expert input (Murry & Hammons,
1995; Okoli & Pawlowski, 2004). The core concept is to gather the opinions of multiple experts
anonymously, eliminating disruptive factors in the discussion process (such as authority effects or
group pressure), thereby more accurately reflecting the expert’s professional judgment.

The general process of the Delphi Method includes the following steps (Yeh, 2007; Li, 2015):

• Define the research problem and objectives: Establish the issues to be discussed or the
goals to be forecasted.
• Select the expert panel: Invite experts with relevant knowledge and experience to
participate.
• Design and distribute the questionnaire: Prepare the first-round questionnaire and ask
experts to independently assess the issues.
• Anonymous feedback and revision:

 After collecting the expert opinions, summarize and analyze them, providing averages
or statistical results as feedback.
 Return the summarized information to the expert panel, allowing them to revise or
confirm their views based on the feedback from other experts.

• Repeat the survey rounds: This step is typically repeated multiple times until the experts'
opinions stabilize or consensus is reached.
• Final analysis and conclusions: Organize all the results where experts have reached
consensus and use them as the research conclusion or decision-making basis.

According to Satty (2005), the optimal number of experts in a group should range from 5 to 15.
Therefore, this study invited 7 experts, including 2 directors from associations for individuals

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with physical disabilities (the Spinal Cord Injury Association and the Association of
Self-Reliance for the Physically Disabled), 2 venue specialists (a hydrotherapy rehabilitation
instructor and a life instructor for individuals with physical disabilities from a disability
development center), and 3 sports experts (a university professor of physical education, an
associate professor, and a referee for disability athletics).

2.2. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a structured decision-making methodology designed to

decompose complex problems into a hierarchical structure and perform quantitative comparisons.
In this study, AHP will be used to assign weights to various evaluation indicators to further
determine the relative importance of different aspects and indicators. AHP was introduced in the
1970s by American mathematician Thomas L. Saaty as a multi-criteria decision-making method
intended to solve complex decision problems that involve multiple criteria and options. Basic
Principles of AHP (Saaty, 2004; Pei& Huang, 2009)

• Hierarchical Structuring: The fundamental process of AHP involves breaking down a

problem into a hierarchical structure, typically consisting of the following three levels:
• Goal Level: The ultimate problem to be solved or the objective to be achieved.
• Criterion Level (Aspects): The evaluation criteria or key factors that influence the
achievement of the goal.
• Alternative Level (Options): The available solutions or strategies to be compared.
• Pairwise Comparison: At each level, experts perform pairwise comparisons between each
pair of factors, answering questions like "Which is more important?" and "What is the
relative importance of these two factors?" This process helps determine the importance of
each criterion and alternative, providing a foundation for the subsequent weighted analysis.
• Consistency Checking: An important step in AHP is checking the consistency of the
experts' judgments. This is typically done by calculating the Consistency Index (CI) and the
Consistency Ratio (CR). If the consistency ratio exceeds 0.1, it suggests that the experts'
judgments may be inconsistent, and a reevaluation is necessary.
• Weight Calculation: Using matrix algebra or eigenvector methods, AHP calculates the
weights for each criterion and alternative, ultimately deriving the composite weights of each
option relative to the goal. These weights reflect the relative importance of each aspect and
indicator in the decision-making process and help compare different choices to make the
optimal decision.

The advantage of AHP is that it combines subjective judgment with mathematical analysis,
quantifying expert opinions to assist researchers in making more scientific and reasonable
choices when faced with multi-criteria decision-making. In this study, AHP will be used to assign
weights to different aspects and indicators, determining which factors are most important in
enhancing the friendliness of sports venues for individuals with disabilities.

2.3. Friendly Service Indicators and Dimensions

Based on the literature review, the evaluation of the friendly services offered by sports venues for
individuals with disabilities should be considered from multiple perspectives, particularly
focusing on safety and the availability of assistive devices. Numerous studies have highlighted
the critical role that accessible facilities and assistive devices play in increasing the engagement
of individuals with disabilities in sports activities. For individuals with lower-limb disabilities,
accessible ramps, elevators, and wheelchair-accessible sports equipment are essential for
ensuring their smooth entry into and participation in venue activities (Sports Administration,
2019; 2020; 2021). Additionally, sports venues should have adequate safety measures, including
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emergency medical equipment, dedicated help buttons, and emergency response systems. These
measures not only ensure the safety of individuals with disabilities but also increase their trust
and participation (Chou &Chou, 2022).

Therefore, sports venues should regularly inspect and update these facilities to ensure that they
continue to meet international accessibility standards, offering comprehensive support for people
with disabilities. In this study, after implementing the Delphi method, expert consensus was
reached through two rounds, leading to the revision of the friendly evaluation items outlined in
Table 2. The final version resulted in a framework of six dimensions and 24 indicators for
evaluating friendliness (Table 3).

Table 3.Friendly Service Indicators and Evaluation Criteria

Dimension Evaluation Indicator Description

Ensure the venue has barrier-free entrances, restrooms,
Barrier-Free
elevators, ramps, etc., making it easier for lower limb
Facilities
disabled individuals to enter and use the facility.
The venue provides necessary assistive devices such as
Availability of
wheelchairs and walkers to help lower limb disabled
Safety and Assistive Devices
individuals use the facilities.
Availability of
Whether emergency exits, first aid equipment, and guidance
Assistive Devices
Safety Precautions personnel are available to ensure the safety of lower limb
disabled individuals.
Safety Monitoring Whether the venue has a comprehensive monitoring system
and Emergency to handle emergency situations and ensure the safety of
System disabled individuals.
Evaluate the convenience of the venue's location and ensure
Venue
there are barrier-free transportation routes (e.g., bus and
Accessibility
subway stations).
Barrier-Free Ensure that doors, corridors, and rest areas comply with
Usability and
Facility Design barrier-free standards for wheelchair and walker users.
Accessibility
Venue Internal Whether there is enough space within the venue for disabled
Mobility individuals to move freely without obstruction.
Signage and Whether the venue has clear signage to help disabled
Guidance Facilities individuals easily find barrier-free facilities.
Venue Evaluate the comfort of the venue in terms of temperature,
Environmental ventilation, lighting, etc., ensuring it is suitable for disabled
Comfort individuals using assistive devices.
Whether the venue designs activities that encourage
Participation in
participation from disabled individuals and provide a sense of
Comfort and Activity Design
achievement.
Participation
Adaptability of Whether the facilities can be adjusted according to the needs
Activity Facilities of disabled individuals, providing professional guidance.
Whether the venue provides emotional support to facilitate
Social and
interaction between disabled and non-disabled individuals,
Emotional Support
enhancing confidence.
Promote opportunities for disabled and non-disabled
Social Integration
individuals to participate together, fostering mutual
Opportunities
understanding and support.
Whether the venue offers psychological counseling services
Psychological and Psychological
(e.g., books, audiovisual materials, consultations) to help
Social Integration Support
disabled individuals build confidence and self-esteem.
Provide a friendly and inclusive environment, avoid
Supportive
exclusion, and encourage active participation from disabled
Environment
individuals.

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Dimension Evaluation Indicator Description

Cultural Adaptation Promote multicultural integration, address the cultural needs
and Integration of different disabled groups, and provide targeted services.
Provide a variety of sports to meet the needs of lower limb
Diversity of
disabled groups (e.g., wheelchair basketball, sitting
Activity Design
volleyball, etc.).
Cost
Offer discounted tickets or subsidy programs to reduce the
Reasonableness
Activity Diversity economic burden on disabled individuals.
and Discounts
and
Resource
Cost-effectiveness Effectively utilize resources to support disabled individuals
Utilization and
and ensure long-term operations.
Management
Facility
Regularly update facilities and expand activity offerings
Sustainability and
based on demand.
Expansion
Facility Regularly maintain facilities to ensure the normal operation
Maintenance and of barrier-free facilities and update them according to
Updates changing demands.
Activity Expand service potential by adjusting facilities or providing
Expandability more activity space based on demand.
Long-Term
Long-Term Collaborate with the community to provide long-term
Sustainability and
Participation opportunities for disabled individuals to engage in sports
Expansion
Opportunities activities.
Development
Collaborate with social organizations or professional
Potential and
institutions to expand the service range and encourage greater
Collaboration
participation from disabled individuals.
Opportunities

3. RESULTS
In this study, the Delphi method was used to identify the criteria and indicators that influence the
friendliness of sports venues for lower limb disabled individuals. The Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) was applied to evaluate the friendliness of the venues, allowing us to quantify the
importance of each dimension and indicator and prioritize them. This provides a scientific basis
for further venue design and policy development. The steps of the AHP calculation are as follows
(Saaty, 2004):

• Establish the Hierarchical Structure Model: Identify the evaluation goal, criteria, and
alternatives, and form a clear hierarchical structure. This structure helps organize and
analyze the relationships between different levels, providing clear guidance for subsequent
analysis.
• Construct the Pairwise Comparison Matrix: Using the 9-point scale method (Saaty’s
scale), experts conduct pairwise comparisons of the elements within the same level. Each
pair of elements is scored according to their relative importance, which forms the
comparison matrix.
• Calculate the Weight Vector: Normalize each column of the pairwise comparison matrix
by dividing each element in the column by the sum of the column. Then calculate the
average of each row to obtain the relative weight of each criterion or alternative. These
weights reflect the importance of each dimension or indicator in the overall evaluation.
• Consistency Test: Calculate the Consistency Index (CI) and Consistency Ratio (CR) to
check the consistency of the matrix. According to Saaty’s recommendation, if CI < 0.1 and
CR < 0.1, the matrix is considered consistent, indicating that the expert evaluations are
statistically consistent.

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• Comprehensive Weight Calculation and Ranking: Finally, the weights of each criterion
or indicator are integrated and ranked from bottom to top to obtain the importance ranking
of each option toward the goal. This ranking helps identify the factors that are most
important for the evaluation goal and provides a basis for subsequent decision-making.

In this study, we established evaluation indicators for the friendliness of sports venues to
individuals with lower-limb disabilities based on the opinions of seven experts, identifying six
dimensions and 24 specific indicators. Subsequently, a survey was conducted with 12 participants,
including two academics (university professors and associate professors specializing in physical
education), four practitioners (managers from comprehensive sports centers and rehabilitation
centers), and six individuals with physical disabilities (members of the Spinal Cord Injury
Association and the Self-Strengthening Association for Individuals with Physical Disabilities).

Using their feedback, an AHP pairwise comparison matrix was constructed. The weight vectors
for each indicator were calculated, and consistency tests were performed (Table 4). The results
indicated that both the Consistency Index (CI) and the Consistency Ratio (CR) were below 0.1,
meeting the consistency standards recommended by Satty (2004). Thus, the consistency of the
matrix is acceptable. Finally, based on the calculated results, the weights for each dimension and
indicator were determined. These results are presented in Tables 5 and 6.

Table 4.Consistency Test Results

Dimension CI CR Evaluation Indicators CI CR

Barrier-Free Facilities
Availability of Assistive Devices
Safety and Availability of
Safety Precautions 0.0684 0.076
Assistive Devices
Safety Monitoring and Emergency
System
Venue Accessibility
Barrier-Free Facility Design
Usability and Accessibility 0.0586 0.04156
Venue Internal Mobility
Signage and Guidance Facilities
Venue Environmental Comfort
Participation in Activity Design
Comfort and Participation 0.0321 0.02169
Adaptability of Activity Facilities
Social and Emotional Support
0.0578 0.0466
Social Integration Opportunities
Psychological and Social Psychological Support
0.0670 0.0426
Integration Supportive Environment
Cultural Adaptation and Integration
Diversity of Activity Design
Activity Diversity and Cost Reasonableness and Discounts
0.0524 0.0582
Cost-effectiveness Resource Utilization and Management
Facility Sustainability and Expansion
Facility Maintenance and Updates
Activity Expandability
Long-Term Sustainability
Long-Term Participation Opportunities 0.0715 0.0794
and Expansion
Development Potential and
Collaboration Opportunities

Table 5.Importance Analysis of Dimensions

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Dimension
Dimension Importance Rank Explanation
(%)
Focuses on whether the venue has barrier-free facilities and
Safety and safety measures, such as accessible entrances, elevators, and
Availability of 30.12 1 ramps, ensuring the safety of lower-limb disabled individuals.
Assistive Devices It also includes the availability of auxiliary equipment (e.g.,
wheelchairs, walkers).
Addresses the accessibility of the venue's location and internal
Operability and mobility, including barrier-free pathways, doors, aisles, and
24.98 2
Accessibility rest areas for easy movement by wheelchair users or those
using walkers.
Emphasizes the venue's environmental comfort (e.g.,
Comfort and temperature, lighting) and whether the activity design
20.25 3
Participation encourages participation, providing a comfortable
environment for disabled individuals to engage in activities.
Focuses on the social integration opportunities and
psychological support services, such as supportive activities,
Psychological and
9.95 4 counseling services, and an inclusive, friendly atmosphere
Social Integration
promoting interaction between disabled and non-disabled
individuals.
Long-Term Concerns facility maintenance, updates, and future expansion,
Sustainability and 9.59 5 ensuring regular upkeep and adjustments to meet future
Expansion demands and ensure long-term stability.
Activity Diversity Focuses on offering diverse sports activities and reasonable
and 5.11 6 costs, reducing financial burdens for lower-limb disabled
Cost-effectiveness participants.

Table 6. Importance of Evaluation Indicators

Overall
Overall
Evaluation Indicator
Indicator Explanation
Indicator Importance
Rank
(%)
Barrier-free facilities are crucial for ensuring safe
Barrier-Free and easy access for lower-limb disabled individuals.
12.80 1
Facilities Key elements include accessible entrances,
restrooms, and elevators.
The design of barrier-free facilities impacts
Barrier-Free Facility usability, including standards for doors, aisles, and
8.54 2
Design rest areas, affecting disabled individuals'
experiences.
Availability of auxiliary equipment (e.g.,
Availability of wheelchairs, walkers) enhances mobility and
7.35 3
Assistive Devices encourages participation in activities for lower-limb
disabled individuals.
Internal mobility within the venue is key, with
Venue Internal
7.24 4 barrier-free spaces allowing disabled individuals to
Mobility
move freely and easily.
Activity design should meet the needs of disabled
Participation in
7.02 5 individuals, with engaging activities that encourage
Activity Design
participation and sports involvement.
Safety facilities like emergency exits and first aid
Safety Precautions 6.19 6 equipment are essential to protect disabled
individuals, especially in emergencies.
Venue 6.14 7 Environmental comfort, including temperature,

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International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 17, No 4, August 2025
Overall
Overall
Evaluation Indicator
Indicator Explanation
Indicator Importance
Rank
(%)
Environmental lighting, and air circulation, significantly affects
Comfort participation and overall experience.
Accessibility of the venue, including transportation
Venue Accessibility 5.88 8 and barrier-free pathways, ensures ease of access
for disabled individuals.
Adaptability of activity facilities to suit different
Adaptability of
4.13 9 needs (e.g., adjustable equipment, professional
Activity Facilities
guidance) enhances inclusivity and participation.
Safety Monitoring A safety monitoring system and emergency
and Emergency 3.78 10 response are essential to ensure protection for all
System users, particularly disabled individuals.
Long-term participation opportunities, such as
Long-Term
community partnerships, help promote consistent
Participation 3.50 11
exercise habits, supporting physical and mental
Opportunities
health.
Promoting participation between disabled and
Social Integration non-disabled individuals fosters social
3.33 12
Opportunities understanding and boosts disabled individuals'
self-confidence.
Clear signage systems help disabled individuals
Signage and
3.33 13 easily locate barrier-free facilities, improving the
Guidance Facilities
usability of the venue.
Social activities and interaction areas provide
Social and Emotional emotional support, enhancing self-confidence and
2.96 14
Support promoting social interaction among disabled
individuals.
Development
Collaboration with other organizations expands the
Potential and
2.91 15 venue's service scope, supporting more disabled
Collaboration
individuals and ensuring sustainable development.
Opportunities
A supportive environment that encourages
Supportive
2.89 16 participation and eliminates social exclusion
Environment
positively impacts participation and experience.
Psychological counseling services help disabled
Psychological
2.46 17 individuals build confidence, cope with challenges,
Support
and encourage long-term sports involvement.
Offering a variety of sports activities tailored to
Diversity of Activity
2.11 18 different disabilities enhances the attractiveness and
Design
inclusivity of the venue.
Facility Maintenance Regular maintenance ensures facilities are usable
1.86 19
and Updates long-term and adaptable to changing needs.
Setting reasonable costs and discounts reduces
Cost Reasonableness
1.73 20 financial barriers, encouraging greater participation
and Discounts
from disabled individuals.
Expanding the scope of activities increases service
Activity
1.33 21 diversity, providing opportunities for more disabled
Expandability
individuals to participate.
Cultural adaptation meets the needs of different
Cultural Adaptation
1.26 22 disabled groups, contributing to social diversity and
and Integration
integration, though its importance is lower.
Facility Facility sustainability and expansion are important
0.73 23
Sustainability and for long-term venue operation, although this factor

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International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 17, No 4, August 2025
Overall
Overall
Evaluation Indicator
Indicator Explanation
Indicator Importance
Rank
(%)
Expansion holds relatively low importance.
Resource Utilization Efficient resource management ensures optimal use
0.53 24
and Management of services and facilities to meet user needs.

4. DISCUSSION
The accessibility and usability of sports venues for individuals with lower-limb disabilities are
critical factors in fostering participation in sports activities. This section delves into the analysis
of the key dimensions that affect venue accessibility and participation, shedding light on the
relative importance of each dimension. By understanding these factors, we can better tailor venue
designs and policies to meet the needs of disabled individuals, ultimately enhancing their
involvement in sports and physical activities. This analysis not only contributes to improving
venue environments but also supports the broader goal of social inclusion for people with
disabilities.

4.1. Analysis of Dimension Importance

The analysis of dimension importance is detailed in Table 5. From the table, it can be observed
that "Safety and Availability of Assistive Devices" holds the highest importance among all
dimensions, with an importance value of 30.12%. This indicates that the safety and availability of
auxiliary equipment have the greatest impact on the accessibility of the venue for lower-limb
disabled individuals. For these individuals, the extent to which barrier-free facilities are provided
and whether the venue offers necessary auxiliary equipment directly affect their ability to enter
and use the venue, thus influencing their willingness to participate in activities.

The second most important dimension is "Operability and Accessibility," with an importance
value of 24.98%. This shows that the accessibility of the venue and the design of barrier-free
facilities are crucial to the friendliness of the sports venue. Regardless of the venue's location, a
lack of accessible facilities or poorly designed mobility features can create barriers for
lower-limb disabled individuals in using the venue.

The third most important dimension is "Comfort and Participation," which accounts for
20.25%. This reflects the significant impact of environmental conditions and activity design on
participants. If a sports venue can provide a comfortable environment and attractively designed
activities, it will contribute to enhancing the sports experience and participation of lower-limb
disabled individuals.

"Psychological and Social Integration" represents 9.95% of the overall importance. While its
importance is relatively smaller, it cannot be overlooked. Social interaction and psychological
support are crucial for enhancing the overall well-being and participation of disabled individuals,
as these factors facilitate their integration into the community and activities.

"Long-Term Sustainability and Expansion" has an importance value of 9.59%, indicating that
facility maintenance and the long-term development of activities play a vital role in ensuring the
continued participation of lower-limb disabled individuals in sports.

Finally, “Activity Diversity and Cost-Effectiveness" holds the smallest importance, at 5.11%.
Although this is the least important dimension in the assessment, providing diverse sports
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activities and reasonable cost structures remains a key factor in ensuring that lower-limb disabled
individuals can continuously participate in activities.

4.2. Overall Indicator Importance Analysis

Based on the overall indicator importance (Table 6), a detailed exploration of the impact of each
indicator is conducted. These indicators reflect various aspects of a venue’s design and operation
in terms of accessibility for lower limb disabled individuals. Indicators with higher importance
are crucial for improving venue usability and participation.

4.2.1. Key Indicators

These indicators play a central role in improving the venue’s accessibility for lower limb disabled
individuals, directly affecting the venue’s accessibility, safety, operability, and comfort. The
design and implementation of these indicators often determine whether the venue can truly meet
the needs of disabled individuals.

• Barrier-Free Facilities (12.80%): The importance of accessibility facilities lies in their

role as the basic condition for ensuring that disabled individuals can enter the venue
smoothly. The availability of accessible entrances, ramps, restrooms, and elevators directly
affects whether disabled individuals can use the venue. These facilities are crucial for the
overall usability and convenience of the venue, thus ranking first.For example, designing
accessible entrances, compliant restrooms, elevators, etc., allows wheelchair users to enter
the venue without obstruction, thereby increasing their willingness to participate.
• Barrier-Free Facility Design (8.54%): This indicator focuses on whether the internal
space of the venue complies with accessibility standards and can ensure smooth movement
for disabled individuals. The design of accessibility facilities should consider the needs of
various disabled individuals, such as wheelchair and walker users, and provide comfortable
activity spaces.
• Availability of Assistive Devices (7.35%): Assistive devices such as wheelchairs and
walkers are crucial for the activities of lower limb disabled individuals. Whether the venue
provides sufficient assistive devices and makes them easily accessible directly influences
the participation experience and activity levels of disabled individuals.

4.2.2. Moderately Important Indicators

These indicators, while not ranked at the top, still have a significant impact on the venue’s
operation, activity design, and participation, directly affecting the overall experience of disabled
individuals.

• Venue Internal Mobility (7.24%): Internal mobility within the venue is key to ensuring
that disabled individuals can move smoothly. The venue design should avoid obstacles and
provide spacious corridors and spaces, ensuring that lower limb disabled individuals can
move freely. If the venue’s internal space is designed to be accessible, with wide
passageways, it will significantly enhance the experience for disabled individuals.
• Participation in Activity Design (7.02%): This indicator assesses whether the design of
activities within the venue can attract the participation of lower limb disabled individuals
and provide a strong sense of participation. Designing diverse activities can attract disabled
individuals with different needs and enhance their sense of accomplishment. For example, if
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the venue offers activities designed for disabled individuals, such as wheelchair basketball
or sitting volleyball, it will greatly increase their participation.
• Safety Measures (6.19%): The venue should have comprehensive safety measures,
including emergency exits and first aid facilities, to ensure the safety of disabled individuals.
The completeness of these facilities directly relates to user safety, especially for disabled
individuals. Providing emergency instructions and setting up specialized evacuation routes
can ensure the safety of lower limb disabled individuals in emergency situations.

4.2.3. Lower Importance Indicators

These indicators have a smaller impact but still play a supporting role in the long-term operation
of the venue and social integration.

• Venue Environmental Comfort (6.14%): The comfort of the venue environment involves
factors such as air circulation, lighting, and temperature, which affect the experience of
lower limb disabled individuals. A comfortable environment helps maintain good emotions,
thereby increasing participation. For example, the temperature inside the venue should be
pleasant, and the lighting should be soft to improve the experience for disabled individuals
spending extended periods at the venue.
• Venue Accessibility (5.88%): Venue accessibility includes the convenience of the venue's
location and the accessibility of transportation facilities. For lower limb disabled individuals,
venue accessibility directly affects whether they choose to use the facilities. The venue
should be located in a convenient area with accessible parking spaces and transportation
routes to accommodate disabled individuals.
• Adaptability of Activity Facilities (4.13%): The adaptability of facilities refers to whether
the venue can adjust its facilities to meet the needs of different disabled individuals, such as
providing seating at varying heights or facilities suitable for wheelchair users.
This adjustability helps enhance the inclusivity of the facilities, allowing disabled
individuals with diverse needs to participate in activities at the venue.

4.2.4. Lower Priority Indicators

These indicators have a smaller direct impact on the venue’s overall performance but play a role
in long-term operation and social integration.

• Cultural Adaptation and Integration (1.26%): Although cultural adaptation and

integration can promote the integration of disabled groups, its impact is relatively indirect,
making it a lower priority compared to other indicators.
• Facility Sustainability and Expansion (0.73%): This indicator evaluates the sustainability
and future expandability of the venue's facilities. While it has some influence on venue
operations, its importance is relatively low.
• Resource Utilization and Management (0.53%): The utilization and management of
resources are crucial for the venue’s long-term operations, but its impact on the accessibility
for lower limb disabled individuals is more indirect, placing it lower in ranking.

Based on the overall indicator importance analysis, we can conclude the following:

• Key indicators such as accessibility facilities, accessibility facility design, and availability
of assistive devices play a crucial role in improving the venue’s accessibility for lower limb
disabled individuals. The design of these indicators directly determines whether disabled
individuals can use the venue and participate in activities.

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• Moderately important indicators, including internal mobility, safety measures, and
participation in activity design, have a significant impact on improving the overall
experience and sense of participation for disabled individuals.
• Lower priority indicators, such as cultural adaptation and integration, sustainability, and
resource management, play a supporting role in the venue’s long-term development and
social integration, but have smaller direct impacts.

Overall, the design of accessibility facilities, provision of assistive devices, and ensuring internal
mobility are the most important factors in improving the accessibility of venues for lower limb
disabled individuals.

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