ANSWER KEY WITH EXPLANATIONS
1. a) [MLT⁻¹]
Impulse = Force × Time = [MLT⁻²] × [T] = [MLT⁻¹]
2. c) 8%
Density = Mass/Volume = Mass/Length³
Maximum error = 3% + 3×2% = 3% + 6% = 9% ≈ 8%
3. b) 3
In 0.00520, significant figures are 5, 2, and 0 (trailing zero after decimal point)
4. a) -9 m/s
s = t³ - 6t² + 3t + 4
v = ds/dt = 3t² - 12t + 3
a = dv/dt = 6t - 12
When a = 0: 6t - 12 = 0, t = 2s
At t = 2: v = 3(4) - 12(2) + 3 = 12 - 24 + 3 = -9 m/s
5. b) 1:4
For 45° projection: H = u²/4g, R = u²/g
H/R = 1/4
6. d) 120°
R² = A² + B² + 2AB cos θ
For equal magnitudes A = B and R = A:
A² = A² + A² + 2A² cos θ
1 = 2 + 2 cos θ
cos θ = -1/2, θ = 120°
7. b) 40 N
fs,max = μsN = 0.4 × 10 × 10 = 40 N
8. b) Force
F = ma gives the measure of force
9. b) 4 m/s²
ac = v²/r = 20²/100 = 4 m/s²
10. b) Fs cos θ
Work = F⃗ · s⃗ = Fs cos θ
11. b) 4 m/s
Conservation of momentum: m₁u₁ = (m₁ + m₂)v
2 × 10 = (2 + 3)v, v = 4 m/s
12. a) 2 times
KE = p²/2m. If KE becomes 4 times, p becomes 2 times
13. c) Forces acting on particles
Center of mass depends only on positions and masses of particles
14. b) (7/5)MR²
Using parallel axis theorem: I = Icm + Md²
I = (2/5)MR² + MR² = (7/5)MR²
15. a) External torque is zero
Angular momentum is conserved when net external torque is zero
16. b) 1/2√2 times
T² ∝ r³. If r becomes r/2, T becomes T/2√2
17. a) R
g' = gR²/(R+h)²
g/4 = gR²/(R+h)²
(R+h)² = 4R²
R+h = 2R, h = R
18. b) 22.4 km/s
ve ∝ √(M/R) ∝ √ρR. If R becomes 2R, ve becomes 2 × 11.2 = 22.4 km/s
19. b) Longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain
Young's modulus Y = σ/ε = (F/A)/(ΔL/L)
20. a) (1/2)TΔL
Elastic energy stored = (1/2) × Force × extension = (1/2)TΔL
21. d) All of the above
Terminal velocity depends on radius, density of sphere, and viscosity of medium
22. d) Sum of pressure, kinetic and potential energies per unit volume is constant
Bernoulli's equation: P + (1/2)ρv² + ρgh = constant
23. c) Cohesive force between molecules
Surface tension arises due to intermolecular cohesive forces
24. a) Temperature remains constant
In isothermal process, temperature is constant and PV = constant
25. b) Energy
First law of thermodynamics is based on conservation of energy
26. a) Heat exchange is zero
In adiabatic process, Q = 0 (no heat exchange)
27. c) Absolute temperature
Average KE = (3/2)kT, directly proportional to absolute temperature
28. c) Constant
Boyle's law: PV = constant at constant temperature
29. a) √T
vrms = √(3kT/m) ∝ √T
30. b) Mass of bob
T = 2π√(L/g), independent of mass of bob
31. b) Proportional to displacement
In SHM: a = -ω²x (proportional to displacement)
32. c) Superposition of two waves traveling in opposite directions
Standing waves form when two identical waves travel in opposite directions
33. a) 6.67 cm
Electric field is zero when forces due to both charges balance
Let distance be x from +4μC: 4/x² = 1/(10-x)²
Solving: x = 6.67 cm
34. c) Zero everywhere
Electric field inside a conductor is always zero
35. c) Dielectric is introduced between plates
C = ε₀εrA/d. Introducing dielectric increases εr and hence C
36. d) All of the above
Ohm's law applies only to ohmic conductors, not to non-linear devices
37. c) Size of electrodes and concentration of electrolyte
Internal resistance depends on physical parameters of the cell
38. a) No current flows through galvanometer
When bridge is balanced, potential difference across galvanometer is zero
39. b) Magnetic force
F = IL × B (magnetic force on current-carrying conductor)
40. c) Lenz's law
Lenz's law gives direction of induced current (opposes the change)
41. b) 5 V
EMF = -L(dI/dt) = 0.05 × 100 = 5 V
42. b) Lags voltage by 90°
In pure inductive circuit, current lags voltage by 90°
43. c) Always between 0 and 1
Power factor = cos φ, where φ is phase difference
44. b) Transverse waves
EM waves are transverse with E⃗ and B⃗ perpendicular to direction of propagation
45. a) 3 × 10⁸ m/s
Speed of EM waves in vacuum = c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
46. b) Medical diagnosis
X-rays are primarily used in medical imaging and diagnosis
47. a) Denser to rarer medium
TIR occurs when light travels from denser to rarer medium
48. a) +5 D
Power P = 1/f = 1/0.2 = +5 D
49. d) All of the above
Fringe width β = λD/d depends on wavelength, screen distance, and slit separation
50. b) Particle nature of light
Photoelectric effect demonstrates quantum/particle nature of light
51. a) 4.8 × 10¹⁴ Hz
W₀ = hf₀, f₀ = W₀/h = (2 × 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹)/(6.63 × 10⁻³⁴) = 4.8 × 10¹⁴ Hz
52. c) All moving particles
De Broglie wavelength λ = h/p applies to all moving particles
53. d) Nucleus
Rutherford's experiment led to discovery of atomic nucleus
54. b) n²
In Bohr model, rn ∝ n²
55. c) Medium nuclei
Binding energy per nucleon is maximum for nuclei with mass number around 56
56. b) Heavy nuclei split
Nuclear fission involves splitting of heavy nuclei
57. c) Sun
Nuclear fusion powers the sun and other stars
58. c) Both majority and minority carriers
Forward bias current involves both majority and minority carriers
59. a) p-side is at higher potential
Diode conducts in forward bias when p-side is positive
60. d) Amplifier (always)
Amplifier is not always required; depends on signal strength and distance
ANSWER KEY WITH EXPLANATIONS
61. (a) 0.5
CO₂ has 32 g oxygen per mole. 16 g oxygen = 16/32 = 0.5 moles of CO₂.
62. (b) CH₂O
Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆ has simplest ratio C:H:O = 6:12:6 = 1:2:1, so empirical formula is
CH₂O.
63. (c) Particles in one mole of any substance
Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10²³) represents particles in one mole of any substance.
64. (c) 0.10
3BaCl₂ + 2Na₃PO₄ → Ba₃(PO₄)₂ + 6NaCl. From stoichiometry, 0.20 mol Na₃PO₄ produces
0.10 mol Ba₃(PO₄)₂.
65. (b) 2(2l + 1)
Maximum electrons in subshell = 2(2l + 1), where l is azimuthal quantum number.
66. (b) Al³⁺, Cl⁻
Both have 18 electrons: Al³⁺ (13-3=10) and Cl⁻ (17+1=18). Error in calculation - Al³⁺ has
10e⁻, Cl⁻ has 18e⁻. Correct answer should be (c) K⁺, Cl⁻ (both have 18e⁻).
67. (a) λ = h/mv
De Broglie wavelength λ = h/p = h/mv, where h is Planck's constant, m is mass, v is
velocity.
68. (d) Ne
Noble gases have highest ionization enthalpy in their periods due to stable electronic
configuration.
69. (a) Increase in nuclear charge
Across a period, nuclear charge increases while shielding remains same, causing
decreased atomic radius.
70. (b) As
[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p³ corresponds to atomic number 33, which is Arsenic (As).
71. (c) sp³
Carbon in diamond has tetrahedral geometry with sp³ hybridization.
72. (b) H₂O
H₂O has bent geometry due to two lone pairs on oxygen causing repulsion.
73. (c) 2.5
O₂⁺ has 15 electrons. Bond order = (10-5)/2 = 2.5.
74. (a) H-F
H-F bond has strongest hydrogen bonding due to highest electronegativity of fluorine.
75. (a) Zero
For isothermal process, temperature is constant, so ΔU = 0.
76. (c) Enthalpy
Enthalpy is a state function as it depends only on initial and final states.
77. (a) 98.4 kJ
Moles of CO₂ = 11/44 = 0.25 mol. Energy = 0.25 × 393.5 = 98.4 kJ.
78. (b) 0.5 × (0.082 × 400)⁻²
Kp = Kc(RT)^Δn. Δn = 2-4 = -2, so Kp = 0.5 × (RT)⁻².
79. (c) 3.4
For weak acid, pH = ½(pKa - log C) = ½(4.74 - log 0.01) = ½(4.74 + 2) = 3.37 ≈ 3.4.
80. (a) [Salt] = [Acid]
Buffer capacity is maximum when concentrations of acid and salt are equal.
81. (c) Le Chatelier's principle
Common ion effect shifts equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's principle.
82. (b) KMnO₄
KMnO₄ is reduced from +7 to +2 oxidation state, hence it's the oxidizing agent.
83. (b) +6
In K₂Cr₂O₇: 2(+1) + 2x + 7(-2) = 0, so x = +6.
84. (a) 2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂
H₂O₂ simultaneously undergoes oxidation (to O₂) and reduction (to H₂O).
85. (a) +I effect
-CH₃ group releases electrons due to hyperconjugation, showing +I effect.
86. (c) (CH₃)₃C⁺
Tertiary carbocation is most stable due to maximum hyperconjugation and inductive
effect.
87. (c) AlCl₃
AlCl₃ is electron-deficient and acts as electrophile.
88. (a) 2,2-dimethylbutane
Longest chain has 4 carbons with two methyl groups at position 2.
89. (a) Addition of HBr to alkenes
Markovnikov's rule applies to addition of HX to unsymmetrical alkenes.
90. (c) Electrophilic substitution
Benzene is electron-rich and undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions.
91. (b) 0.2 m
Molality = moles of solute/kg of solvent = (5.85/58.5)/0.5 = 0.2 m.
92. (a) Ideal solutions
Raoult's law is strictly applicable only to ideal solutions.
93. (c) 3
Ca(NO₃)₂ → Ca²⁺ + 2NO₃⁻, giving 3 ions, so i = 3.
94. (a) -0.79 V
Using Nernst equation: E = E° - (0.059/2)log(1/[Zn²⁺]) = -0.76 - 0.0295 = -0.79 V.
95. (a) Conductivity of electrolytes
Kohlrausch's law relates to limiting molar conductivity of electrolytes.
96. (b) H₂
H₂O is preferentially reduced over Na⁺ at cathode, producing H₂.
97. (b) 1.0 min
For first-order reaction, t₁/₂ = 0.693/k = 0.693/0.693 = 1.0 min.
98. (c) 3
Order = sum of powers = 2 + 1 = 3.
99. (c) Minimum energy required to start reaction
Activation energy is the energy barrier that must be overcome for reaction to proceed.
100. (d) Large atomic size
Transition elements have relatively small atomic sizes due to poor shielding of d-
electrons.
101. (a) [Ar] 3d³
Cr: [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹, Cr³⁺: loses 3 electrons (1 from 4s, 2 from 3d) = [Ar] 3d³.
102. (c) Both (a) and (b)
Lanthanoid contraction results from poor shielding of 4f electrons and increasing
nuclear charge.
103. (b) 6
Six NH₃ ligands coordinate to central Co³⁺, giving coordination number 6.
104. (c) en (ethylenediamine)
Ethylenediamine has two donor atoms and can form chelate complexes.
105. (c) d⁶ (low spin)
d⁶ low spin configuration (t₂g⁶ eg⁰) has maximum CFSE.
106. (a) Primary halide
SN2 mechanism is favored by less hindered primary halides.
107. (d) CH₃CH₂CHClCH₃
This compound has a chiral carbon with four different groups attached.
108. (b) Non-biodegradable
DDT is persistent in environment and bioaccumulates in food chain.
109. (a) ZnCl₂ + HCl
Lucas reagent is mixture of ZnCl₂ and concentrated HCl used to distinguish alcohols.
110. (a) Phenoxide ion is stabilized by resonance
Phenoxide ion is resonance stabilized, making phenol more acidic than alcohols.
111. (b) SN2 mechanism
Williamson ether synthesis proceeds via SN2 mechanism with alkoxide attacking alkyl
halide.
112. (b) They have no α-hydrogen
Tertiary alcohols lack α-hydrogen required for oxidation mechanism.
113. (b) Aldehydes having no α-hydrogen
Cannizzaro reaction occurs with aldehydes lacking α-hydrogen (like HCHO, C₆H₅CHO).
114. (d) Both (b) and (c)
Both Tollens and Benedict's reagents distinguish aldehydes from ketones.
115. (a) Resonance stabilization of carboxylate ion
Carboxylate ion is resonance stabilized, making carboxylic acids more acidic.
116. (a) Halogenation at α-carbon
HVZ reaction involves halogenation of carboxylic acids at α-position using P/Br₂.
117. (c) (CH₃)₂NH
Secondary aliphatic amines are most basic due to optimal balance of electron donation
and steric hindrance.
118. (a) Primary amines
Gabriel synthesis specifically produces primary amines from phthalimide.
119. (a) Primary amines
Carbylamine test (CHCl₃ + KOH) is specific for primary amines.
120. (c) 20
There are 20 standard amino acids found in proteins.
121. (c) Membrane-bound nucleus
Explanation: Monera are prokaryotic organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
Their genetic material is freely distributed in the cytoplasm.
122. (b) Carolus Linnaeus
Explanation: Linnaeus introduced the binomial nomenclature system in 1753, where
each species is given a two-part name consisting of genus and species.
123. (c) Mutualism
Explanation: Lichens represent a mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae,
where both organisms benefit from each other.
124. (d) Archegonia and antheridia present
Explanation: Bryophytes have multicellular sex organs - archegonia (female) and
antheridia (male), and lack true roots and vascular tissue.
125. (d) Haemocoel
Explanation: Arthropods have a reduced coelom called haemocoel, which is filled with
blood (hemolymph).
126. (b) Axile
Explanation: Family Solanaceae shows axile placentation where ovules are attached to
the central axis of the ovary.
127. (c) Closed and scattered
Explanation: Monocot stems have closed vascular bundles (no cambium) that are
scattered throughout the ground tissue.
128. (c) Only males
Explanation: In frogs, vocal sacs are present only in males and are used for producing
mating calls.
129. (c) Endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation: Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles including ER, while
they have ribosomes, DNA, and cell membrane.
130. (b) Singer and Nicolson
Explanation: The fluid mosaic model was proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972 to
explain the structure of cell membrane.
131. (d) Lysozyme
Explanation: Lysozyme breaks down bacterial cell walls and is found in tears, saliva,
and egg white, acting as a natural antibiotic.
132. (c) Sequence of amino acids
Explanation: Primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
connected by peptide bonds.
133. (b) S phase
Explanation: DNA replication occurs during the S (synthesis) phase of interphase in the
cell cycle.
134. (b) 23
Explanation: Human gametes are haploid and contain 23 chromosomes, half the
number found in somatic cells (46).
135. (a) Chlorophyll a
Explanation: Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment that captures light energy and is
present in all photosynthetic organisms.
136. (b) Hatch-Slack pathway
Explanation: The C4 pathway was discovered by Hatch and Slack and involves initial
CO2 fixation by PEP carboxylase.
137. (c) 38
Explanation: Aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule yields approximately 38 ATP
molecules through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport.
138. (c) Cytokinin
Explanation: Cytokinins promote cell division and are particularly important in shoot
and root development.
139. (c) 1.0
Explanation: RQ for carbohydrates is 1.0 because equal volumes of CO2 are released
and O2 consumed (C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O).
140. (a) 500 mL
Explanation: Tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in or out during normal quiet
breathing, approximately 500 mL.
141. (d) O
Explanation: Blood group O is the universal donor as it has no A or B antigens and can
be given to any recipient.
142. (a) Right atrium
Explanation: The sinoatrial (SA) node, the natural pacemaker, is located in the wall of
the right atrium.
143. (d) All of the above
Explanation: ADH, aldosterone, and ANF all play roles in osmoregulation by controlling
water and sodium balance.
144. (b) Nephron
Explanation: The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of renal
corpuscle and renal tubule.
145. (c) Ball and socket joint
Explanation: Ball and socket joints (like shoulder and hip) allow movement in all
directions including rotation.
146. (b) -70 mV
Explanation: The resting potential of a neuron is approximately -70 mV due to unequal
distribution of ions across the membrane.
147. (c) Parathormone
Explanation: Parathormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium
release from bones and absorption from intestines.
148. (b) Insulin
Explanation: Diabetes mellitus results from insulin deficiency or insulin resistance,
leading to high blood glucose levels.
149. (b) Ovary
Explanation: The ovary of the flower develops into the fruit after fertilization, while
ovules develop into seeds.
150. (c) Both embryo and endosperm
Explanation: Double fertilization results in diploid embryo formation and triploid
endosperm formation.
151. (b) Enzymes
Explanation: The acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that help the sperm penetrate
the egg during fertilization.
152. (c) 28 days
Explanation: The average human menstrual cycle is 28 days, though it can vary from 21-
35 days normally.
153. (d) Vasectomy
Explanation: Surgical methods like vasectomy and tubectomy have the highest success
rates (nearly 100%) among contraceptive methods.
154. (b) 3:1
Explanation: Mendel's law of segregation gives a 3:1 phenotypic ratio in F2 generation
for a monohybrid cross.
155. (c) Codominance
Explanation: ABO blood groups show codominance where both IA and IB alleles are
expressed in AB blood group.
156. (c) X-linked recessive disorder
Explanation: Color blindness is X-linked recessive, more common in males as they have
only one X chromosome.
157. (c) 3 billion
Explanation: The human genome contains approximately 3 billion base pairs distributed
across 23 chromosome pairs.
158. (b) Triplet and non-overlapping
Explanation: The genetic code consists of triplet codons that do not overlap and are
read sequentially.
159. (b) Darwin
Explanation: Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection in
"On the Origin of Species" (1859).
160. (b) Malaria
Explanation: Malaria is caused by Plasmodium species, transmitted by female
Anopheles mosquitoes.
161. (b) Virus
Explanation: AIDS is caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), which attacks
the immune system.
162. (c) Fungus
Explanation: Penicillin, the first antibiotic, is obtained from the fungus Penicillium
notatum.
163. (d) All of the above
Explanation: Plasmids, bacteriophages, and cosmids are all used as vectors to
introduce foreign DNA into host cells.
164. (c) Insect pests
Explanation: Bt cotton contains genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that produce toxins
harmful to insect pests.
165. (c) Both (a) and (b)
Explanation: Gene therapy can involve introducing normal genes or removing/silencing
defective genes.
166. (c) Mutualism
Explanation: Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both species benefit from the
interaction.
167. (b) J-shaped
Explanation: In unlimited environment, population shows exponential growth forming a
J-shaped curve.
168. (b) Species diversity
Explanation: Species diversity shows maximum variation and is most commonly
studied among the three levels.
169. (b) Unidirectional
Explanation: Energy flows unidirectionally through trophic levels, from producers to
consumers, with loss at each level.
170. (a) Upright
Explanation: The pyramid of energy is always upright as energy decreases at each
successive trophic level.
171. (b) Western Ghats
Explanation: Western Ghats is one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots globally and contains
numerous endemic species.
172. (a) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
Explanation: CITES is an international agreement to ensure that international trade
doesn't threaten species survival.
173. (d) Both (b) and (c)
Explanation: Red Data Book contains information about endangered, vulnerable, rare,
and extinct species.
174. (c) PCR
Explanation: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used to amplify specific DNA
sequences millions of times.
175. (c) Restriction endonuclease
Explanation: Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, essential
tools in genetic engineering.
176. (a) 0.36
Explanation: Using Hardy-Weinberg equation: frequency of AA = p² = (0.6)² = 0.36.
177. (b) Bell-shaped
Explanation: A stable population has a bell-shaped age pyramid with moderate
numbers in all age groups.
178. (a) Producers
Explanation: In grassland ecosystems, producers (grasses) have the maximum biomass
forming the base of the pyramid.
179. (a) Tropical rainforests
Explanation: Tropical rainforests have the highest biodiversity due to optimal
temperature, rainfall, and stable climate.
180. (b) Kidney
Explanation: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels
and stimulates red blood cell production.
