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 A

DNA
AUTHORITATIVE AND UP TO DATE, this wry and
easy-to-understand book offers an accessible and
entertaining look at the history, science, and intrigue
GRAPHIC

A GRAPHIC GUIDE to the MOLECULE that SHOOK the WORLD

behind DNA, the molecule that shook the world. GUIDE
“A UNIQUE, RICHLY DETAILED, and fun biography of DNA grounded
to the
in deep historical and philosophical knowledge. Israel Rosenfield,
Edward Ziff, and Borin Van Loon give us everything we need to
know about biology’s most important molecule.” MOLECULE that SHOOK the WORLD
—OLIVER SACKS, Columbia University, author of The Mind’s Eye and The Man
Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat

“THIS IS A REMARKABLE BOOK on DNA, the molecule that lies

at the core of genetics. The book is novel, easy to read, and fun
and combines excellent cartoons with good personal vignettes and
history. It can be read on its own or as a supplement to a
conventional textbook. I spent many years mastering genetics
yet learned new and valuable things from this book. Take a look;
you will not be disappointed.”
—ROBERT TRIVERS, Rutgers University, winner of the Crafoord Prize in
Biosciences

Israel Rosenfield, professor at the City University of New York, Guggenheim Fellow, and
longtime contributor to the New York Review of Books, has written extensively about evolution,

Rosenfield, Ziff, & Van Loon

genetics, artificial intelligence, the brain, and memory.

Edward Ziff, professor of biochemistry and neural science at the New York University
School of Medicine, was a collaborator of DNA pioneer Fred Sanger and has researched gene
structure, transcription, oncogenes, and the brain.

Rosenfield and Ziff met while students at Princeton University and have collaborated on essays
centering on evolution and neuroscience.

Borin Van Loon has been a leading freelance illustrator since 1977. He has designed and
illustrated fifteen documentary comic books on subjects from Darwin to psychotherapy and
from the Buddha to statistics. He lives and works near London.
P R INT ED IN T H E U .S.A.
Cover image: Borin Van Loon
Cover design: Milenda Nan Ok Lee
Columbia

Columbia University Press / New York

www.cup.columbia.edu Israel Rosenfield, Edward Ziff, & Borin Van Loon
A GRAPHIC GUIDE
to the
MolECUlE that
SHook the WoRlD
ii
 A GRAPHIC GUIDE to the
MolECUlE that SHook the WoRlD

Israel Rosenfield, Edward Ziff, & Borin Van Loon

Columbia university Press new york
 Columbia university Press
Publishers Since 1893
new york Chichester, west sussex

Copyright © 2011 Columbia university Press

all rights reserved

library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

rosenfield, israel, 1939–
Dna : a graphic guide to the molecule that shook the world / israel rosenfield,
edward Ziff, and borin van loon.
p. cm.
includes bibliographical references.
isbn 978-0-231-14270-0 (cloth : alk. paper)
isbn 978-0-231-14271-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)
isbn 978-0-231-51231-2 (e-book)
1. Dna—Popular works. 2. Graphic novels. i. Ziff, edward. ii. van loon, borin, 1951–
iii. title.

QP624.r67 2011
572.8’6—dc22

2010020889

Columbia university Press books are printed on permanent and

durable acid-free paper.
this book is printed on paper with recycled content.
Printed in the united states of america

c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

some of this material has appeared in a different form

in the New York Review of Books.
image on p. ii: Ladder of Ascent / art resource.
 ir: to Catherine

eZ: to sue, sara, and ben

bvl: to mandy, simon, Jim, and louisa

 Contents
Preface xi

Introduction 1
A Brief History of Genetics 5
What Is DNA? 28
The New Biology 34
DNA Replication 58
What Information Is Stored in a Gene? 60
Where Did the Notion of Messenger RNA Come From? 67
Transcription 70
Translation 75
Genetic Code 85
PaJaMo and the Operon 88
The Diversity of Gene Expression 95
A Brief Reminder of Relative Size 102
A Brief Reminder of Genes in Humans 104
Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes 105
Restriction Enzymes and Genetic Engineering 114
Cloning and Sequencing Genes 124
Exons, Introns, and Splicing 136
Chromatin and Histones 143
Gene Families 144
Controlling Genes for Antibodies 146
Chromosomes 154
Telomeres 155
Imprinting and Micro RNAs:
“Hidden” Layers of Gene Regulation 156
Epigenetics 157
Prions 159
The Human Genome Project 161
The Human Genome Unveiled 163
High Throughput Sequencing 165
 SNPs 166
Manipulating the Genome 167
Cloning the Organism – The History 171
From the Nucleus of an Intestinal Cell to a Whole Frog 173
Making Tissues from Stem Cells 174
Going in the Other Direction: Changing Mature Cells to
Stem Cells 176
The Impact of New Genetics on Medical Research 177
Diagnosis 180
DNA and the Judicial System 182
PCR 185
The Impact of DNA 188
Biotechnology 196
The Origin of Life 199
Tinkering 212
Selfish Genes 213
Evolving Evolution – Sources of Darwinian Theory 218
The Big Gene Bet of the Last Millennium (1999 a.d.) 220
The Twists and Turns of History:
The Problems with Gradualism 221
Watching Evolution in Action:
Changes in the Stickleback Fish 229
DNA and Genetics and the Changing View
of Human Evolution 230
Human Evolution and the DNA Beginnings of
Vocal Expression: Birdsong and Language 231

Epilogue to the First Edition

Glossary 233
Bibliography 245
257

x
 Preface
Israel Rosenfield, Edward Ziff, & Borin Van Loon

This book is about DNA, the molecule that has a broad impact on
our daily lives, affecting virtually all our activities. The original version
of this book, DNA for Beginners, appeared at a time when DNA was
already considered a fascinating subject, but no one would have
foreseen that more than twenty years later its impact would reach
almost every nook and cranny of human activity. The subject itself
has radically changed. Our aim is to acquaint readers with this
change and point to the deep moral, political, legal, financial, and
scientific implications that now come into play.

The unveiling of the human genome has given us a new

understanding of where we come from, who we are, and what we
might become. It has shed light on our health and states of mind and
affected our political and social relations. It has changed the study
and practice of medicine – in terms of both diagnosis and treatment.
The use (and abuse) of DNA in the courtroom has become common
practice and has altered our notions of law. DNA has transformed
our very understanding of what life is all about and has changed our
view of evolution; we now have new insights into how our bodies are
formed and a new understanding of our relation to other species.

It is our hope that this book combines humor, scientific depth,

and philosophical and historical insights and that it will interest
a wide range of readers, including those without any scientific or
philosophical background, who seek to gain a sophisticated sense
of the subject. The book can be read at several levels. Those not
wanting to spend time with too many details can skim over or skip
some of the more technical passages and can be easily carried
along by the humorous illustrations, which often convey scientific
and philosophical information. Some readers and students may
 want a deeper sense of the subject, and they may reread or spend
more time on passages that delve into aspects of DNA that make
it scientifically unique. It is important to realize that the humor and
illustrations are as much a part of our conception of the book as the
scientific text.

The idea for this revised version of the book came from Jim Jordan,
the director of Columbia University Press. Its unusual format –
the cartoons and the need for technical accuracy – required
considerable assistance from the staff of the press, and we owe a
special debt of gratitude to Milenda Lee for her gracious acceptance
of our numerous revisions of both text and drawings. Our thanks
to Patrick Fitzgerald for his editorial comments and to the two
anonymous reviewers for carefully correcting and improving the text
and drawings. We also thank Irene Pavitt for her fine proofreading of
the book.

xii
A GRAPHIC GUIDE
to the
MolECUlE that
SHook the WoRlD
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