Formal Language and Automata Theory 2nd Edition K.

V. N. Sunitha pdf version

https://ebookname.com/product/formal-language-and-automata-
theory-2nd-edition-k-v-n-sunitha/

★★★★★
4.6 out of 5.0 (84 reviews )

Instant PDF Access

ebookname.com
 Formal Language and Automata Theory 2nd Edition K. V. N.
Sunitha

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

An Introduction to Formal Languages and Automata 5th

Edition Peter Linz

https://ebookname.com/product/an-introduction-to-formal-languages-and-
automata-5th-edition-peter-linz/

ebookname.com

Combinatorics automata and number theory Valérie Berthé

https://ebookname.com/product/combinatorics-automata-and-number-
theory-valerie-berthe/

ebookname.com

Stoichiometry and Process Calculations 2nd Edition K. V.

Narayanan

https://ebookname.com/product/stoichiometry-and-process-
calculations-2nd-edition-k-v-narayanan/

ebookname.com

Applied Mathematics for Science and Engineering 1st

Edition Larry A. Glasgow

https://ebookname.com/product/applied-mathematics-for-science-and-
engineering-1st-edition-larry-a-glasgow/

ebookname.com
Best Easy Day Hikes Mount Rainier National Park 5th
Edition Mary Skjelset

https://ebookname.com/product/best-easy-day-hikes-mount-rainier-
national-park-5th-edition-mary-skjelset/

ebookname.com

Individual Differences in Theory of Mind Implications for

Typical and Atypical Development Macquarie Monographs in
Cognitive Science 1st Edition Betty Repacholi
https://ebookname.com/product/individual-differences-in-theory-of-
mind-implications-for-typical-and-atypical-development-macquarie-
monographs-in-cognitive-science-1st-edition-betty-repacholi/
ebookname.com

Single particle Cryo EM of Biological Macromolecules 1st

Edition Robert M. Glaeser

https://ebookname.com/product/single-particle-cryo-em-of-biological-
macromolecules-1st-edition-robert-m-glaeser/

ebookname.com

Physician Assistants Policy and Practice 3rd Edition Dr

Roderick Hooker

https://ebookname.com/product/physician-assistants-policy-and-
practice-3rd-edition-dr-roderick-hooker/

ebookname.com

Magento 2 Theme Design 2nd Edition Fernando J Miguel

https://ebookname.com/product/magento-2-theme-design-2nd-edition-
fernando-j-miguel/

ebookname.com
Efficient Transportation and Pavement Systems
Characterization Mechanisms Simulation and Modeling 1
Har/Cdr Edition Imad L. Al-Qadi
https://ebookname.com/product/efficient-transportation-and-pavement-
systems-characterization-mechanisms-simulation-and-modeling-1-har-cdr-
edition-imad-l-al-qadi/
ebookname.com
FORMAL
LANGUAGES
AND

AUTOMATA
THEORY
K.V.N. SUNITHA
N. KALYANI
 Formal Languages and
Automata Theory

K. V. N Sunitha
Principal
BVRIT Hyderabad College of Engineering for Women
Nizampet, Hyderabad

N. Kalyani
Professor
Department of Computer Science Engineering
G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology and science
Hyderabad

FM.indd 1 1/30/2015 6:38:43 PM

Copyright © 2016 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd

Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128,

formerly known as TutorVista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia.

No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the
publisher’s prior written consent.

This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher
reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time.

ISBN 978-93-325-3728-6
eISBN 978-93-325-4164-1

Head Office: A-8 (A), 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, Sector 62, Noida 201 309, Uttar
Pradesh, India.

Registered Office: Module G4, Ground Floor, Elnet Software City, TS-140, Block 2 & 9, Rajiv
Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.

Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060

www.pearson.co.in, Email: [email protected]

 Dedicated

To our parents
Late Sri K. Subbaiah and Smt K. Subba Lakshamma
and
Late Sri Nara China Rangaiah and Mrs N. Vengamma

To our in-laws
Late Mr M. Chidambaram and Mrs Rama Subbamma
and
Mr and Mrs J. Musaliah, Mr and Mrs T. Venkataiah
for instilling in us the thirst for knowledge and the quest for excellence.

To our families
Mr M. Chidambhara Murthy, Charan Teja and Uday Teja
and
Mr J. Ch. Subbarao, Pranavi and Akhilesh
for their love, encouragement and support.

FM.indd 3 1/30/2015 6:38:43 PM

This page is intentionally left blank
 Brief Contents

Preface xv
Acknowledgements xviii
List of Important Symbols xix
List of Important Abbreviations xxiii
About the Authors xxv
1. Mathematical Preliminaries and Formal Languages 1
2. Finite Automata 31
3. Regular Languages and Regular Grammars 101
4. Context Free Grammars and Context Free Languages 149
5. Push Down Automata 201
6. Turing Machines 237
7. Undecidability and Computability 281
8. Non-deterministic Polynomial Completeness 309
9. LR(k) and LL(1) Grammars 327
Appendix A: Proposition and Predicate Logic 353
Appendix B: Frequently Asked University Questions
with Solutions 365
References 449
Index 451

FM.indd 5 1/30/2015 6:38:43 PM

This page is intentionally left blank
 Contents

Preface xv
Acknowledgements xviii
List of Important Symbols xix
List of Important Abbreviations xxiii
About the Authors xxv

1. Mathematical Preliminaries
and Formal Languages 1
1.1 Set Theory—1
1.1.1 Describing a Set 2
1.1.2 Empty Set 2
1.1.3 Identity and Cardinality 3
1.1.4 Subset 3
1.1.5 Power Sets 3
1.1.6 Operations on Sets: Union, Intersection 3
1.1.7 Set Theoretic Equalities 5
1.1.8 Sequence versus Set 6
1.1.9 Ordered Pairs 6
1.1.10 Cartesian Product 6
1.2 Relations—6
1.2.1 Binary Relation 7
1.2.2 Domain and Range of Relation 7
1.2.3 Operations on Relations 7
1.2.4 Properties of Relations 8
1.3 Functions—9
1.3.1 Definitions 9
1.3.2 Types of Functions 10
1.4 Alphabet, String and Language—11
1.4.1 Operations on Language 12
1.4.2 Grammars 13
1.4.3 Types of Grammars–Chomsky Hierarchy 13

FM.indd 7 1/30/2015 6:38:43 PM

 viii Contents

1.5 Graphs and Trees—16

1.5.1 Directed Graph 16
1.5.2 Undirected Graph 17
1.5.3 Trees 17
1.6 Theorem Proving—18
1.6.1 Proof by Induction 19
1.6.2 Proof by Contradiction 20
1.6.3 Proof by Example 21
Summary 21
Short Answers 22
Fill in the Blanks 23
Objective Question Bank 24
Exercises 27

2. Finite Automata 31
2.1 Finite-state Machine—31
2.1.1 Finite-Automaton Model 32
2.1.2 Properties of Transition Function ‘c’ 33
2.1.3 Transition Diagram 34
2.1.4 Transition Table 34
2.2 Language Acceptance—35
2.3 Two Types of Finite Automata—37
2.3.1 Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) 37
2.3.2 Non-deterministic Finite Automaton (NFA) 40
2.3.3 Acceptance of NFA 40
2.4 Equivalence of DFAs and NFAs—42
2.5 Converting NFA (MN) to DFA (MD)—Subset
Construction—43
2.6 NFA with Epsilon-(e) Transitions—46
2.6.1 Epsilon Closure (e-closure) 47
2.6.2 Eliminating e-Transitions 48
2.6.3 Converting NFA with e-Transition to NFA
without e-Transition 48
2.6.4 Converting NFA with e-Transition to DFA 50
2.7 Comparison Method for Testing Equivalence
of Two FAs—52
2.8 Reduction of Number of States in FA—53
2.8.1 Indistinguishable States 53
2.8.2 Equivalent Classes 53
2.8.3 Minimization of DFA 54
2.8.4 Minimization of DFA Using Myhill Nerode Theorem 58

FM.indd 8 1/30/2015 6:38:43 PM

Visit https://ebookname.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
 Contents ix

2.9 Finite Automata with Output—60

2.9.1 Moore Machine 61
2.9.2 Mealy Machine 61
2.9.3 Equivalence Between Moore and Mealy Machines 63
2.9.4 Interconversions Between Machines 63
2.10 Applications of Finite Automata with Output—65
2.10.1 The Full-adder 65
2.10.2 The String Sequence Detector 67
Solved Problems 68
Summary 91
Short Answers 91
Fill in the Blanks 92
Objective Question Bank 93
Exercises 98

3. Regular Languages
and Regular Grammars 101
3.1 Regular Expressions—101
3.2 Regular Sets—102
3.3 Identity Rules for Regular Expressions—104
3.4 Algebraic Laws for Regular Expressions—104
3.5 Equivalence of Finite Automata with
Regular Expressions—105
3.6 Constructing Regular Expression for Given DFA—109
3.6.1 Arden’s Theorem 111
3.6.2 Arden’s Theorem in Construction of RE 112
3.6.3 Construction of RE Using Generalized NFA 113
3.7 Pumping Lemma of Regular Expressions—114
3.7.1 Formal Definition of the Pumping Lemma 114
3.8 Regular Grammar—115
3.8.1 Equivalence of Regular Grammar and Finite
Automata 115
3.8.2 Converting Finite Automaton to Regular Grammar 118
3.9 Closure Properties of Regular Sets—120
3.10 Applications of Regular Expressions—121
3.10.1 Lexical Analysis 121
3.10.2 Finding Patterns 122
3.11 Decision Properties of Regular Languages—123
3.11.1 Conversion from NFA to DFA 123

FM.indd 9 1/30/2015 6:38:43 PM

 x Contents

3.11.2 Emptiness Membership and Equivalence 124

Solved Problems 124
Summary 136
Short Answers 136
Fill in the Blanks 140
Objective Question Bank 140
Exercises 145

4. Context Free Grammars and

Context Free Languages 149
4.1 Context Free Grammars—149
4.2 Derivation of CFGs—151
4.3 Understanding the Language Defined by
Grammars—153
4.3.1 Leftmost and Rightmost Derivations 154
4.3.2 Derivation Tree 155
4.3.3 Equivalence of Parse Trees and Derivations 156
4.4 Ambiguous Grammar—156
4.4.1 Removing Ambiguity 159
4.4.2 Inherent Ambiguity 160
4.5 Simplification of Grammars—160
4.5.1 Elimination of Useless Symbols 161
4.5.2 Elimination of e-Productions 163
4.5.3 Eliminating Unit Productions 164
4.6 Normal Forms—166
4.6.1 The Chomsky Normal Form 166
4.6.2 The Greibach Normal Form 170
4.7 Pumping Lemma for CFL—173
4.7.1 Lemma 173
4.8 Decision Algorithms for CFLs—174
4.8.1 Finiteness and Infiniteness 175
4.9 Membership—176
4.10 Closure Properties of CFLs—179
4.11 Applications of CFG—181
Solved Problems 182
Summary 189
Short Answers 189
Fill in the Blanks 193
Objective Question Bank 194
Exercises 197

FM.indd 10 1/30/2015 6:38:43 PM

 Contents xi

5. Push Down Automata 201

5.1 Pushdown Automata—201
5.1.1 Graphical Representation of PDA 202
5.1.2 Instantaneous Description of PDA 203
5.1.3 Language Acceptance by PDA 204
5.2 Equivalence of Acceptance of Final State
and Empty Stack—210
5.3 Types of PDAs—211
5.3.1 Deterministic PDA 211
5.3.2 Closure Properties of DCFL 212
5.3.3 Decision Properties of DCFLs 214
5.3.4 DPDA and Regular Languages 214
5.3.5 DPDA and Ambiguous Grammar 214
5.4 Equivalence of PDA’s and CFG’s—216
5.4.1 Constructing PDA for Given CFG 216
5.4.2 Constructing CFG for the Given PDA 217
5.5 Two-stack PDA—222
5.6 Applications of PDA—223
5.6.1 PDA as a Parser 223
5.6.2 Top-down Parser Using the PDA 224
Solved Problems 226
Summary 229
Short Answers 229
Fill in the Blanks 231
Objective Question Bank 232
Exercises 235

6. Turing Machines 237

6.1 Turing Assumptions—237
6.1.1 Instantaneous Description 238
6.1.2 Turing Machine as Language Accepter 239
6.2 Turing Machine as a Computational Machine—239
6.3 Techniques for Turing Machine Construction—241
6.3.1 Storage in Finite Control 241
6.3.2 Multi-track Tape 243
6.3.3 Checking off Symbols 244
6.3.4 Subroutines 246
6.3.5 Shifting Over 248
6.4 Types of Turing Machines—249
6.4.1 Non-deterministic Turing Machines 249

FM.indd 11 1/30/2015 6:38:43 PM

 xii Contents

6.4.2 Turing Machines with Two-dimensional

Tapes 250
6.4.3 Turing Machines with Multiple Tapes 251
6.4.4 Turing Machines with Multiple Heads 252
6.4.5 Turing Machines with Infinite Tape 252
6.5 Church’s Thesis—253
6.6 Turing Machines as Enumerators—254
6.7 Universal Turing Machine—254
6.8 Counter Machine—256
6.9 Recursive and Recursively Enumerable
Languages—257
6.10 Linear Bound Automata and Context
Sensitive Language—258
6.10.1 Equivalence of LBA’s and CSG’s 258
Solved Problems 259
Summary 274
Short Answers 274
Fill in the Blanks 276
Objective Question Bank 276
Exercises 280

7. Undecidability and Computability 281

7.1 Decision Problems—281
7.2 Decidability and Decidable Languages—282
7.2.1 Decidable Problems Concerning Regular Languages 282
7.2.2 Decidable Problems Concerning Context
Free Languages 284
7.3 Halting Problem—285
7.3.1 The Halting Problem for Turing Machines 286
7.4 Diagonalization Method—286
7.4.1 Undecidable Problems 288
7.5 Post’s Correspondence Problem—288
7.5.1 The Undecidability of Post’s Correspondence Problem 290
7.5.2 Modified Version of PCP 290
7.6 Reducibility—294
7.6.1 Properties 295
7.6.2 Mapping Reducibility 296
7.6.3 Formal Definition of Mapping Reducibility 296
7.7 Recursion Theorem—296
7.7.1 Applications and Uses of Recursion 297

FM.indd 12 1/30/2015 6:38:43 PM

 Contents xiii

7.8 Rice’s Theorem—298

7.9 Ackermann’s Function—300
Solved Problems 301
Summary 302
Short Answers 302
Fill in the Blanks 305
Objective Question Bank 305
Exercises 307

8. Non-deterministic Polynomial
Completeness 309
8.1 NP-hard and NP-complete—309
8.1.1 Classification of Problems 309
8.2 P Problems—309
8.3 NP Problems—310
8.4 Tractable Problems—310
8.5 NP-complete—310
8.6 NP-hard—312
8.7 Examples of Problems in Different Classes—313
8.8 NP-completeness—315
8.9 Reduction—316
8.9.1 Computational Complexity 319
8.9.2 0–1 Knapsack Problem 319
8.9.3 Computational Complexity 321
Solved Problems 322
Summary 323
Short Answers 324
Fill in the Blanks 324
Objective Question Bank 325
Exercises 326

9. LR(k) and LL(1) Grammars 327

9.1 LL(1) Grammar—327
9.2 Rules for Verifying Whether the Given Grammar
Is LL(1) or Not—329
9.3 LR(K) Grammars—330
9.4 Properties of LR(k) Grammars—331
9.5 Construction of LR(0) Items for Context Free
Grammars—332

FM.indd 13 1/30/2015 6:38:43 PM

 xiv Contents

9.6 Definition of LR(0) Grammar—332

9.7 LR(1) Grammar—336
Solved Problems 337
Summary 348
Short Answers 349
Fill in the Blanks 349
Objective Question Bank 350
Exercises 351

Appendix A: Proposition and

Predicate Logic 353
A.1 Propositions—353
A.2 Connectives—353
A.3 Well-Formed Formula—355
A.3.1 Truth Table for a Well-formed Formula 356
A.4 Logical Identities—357
A.5 Normal Forms of Well-formed Formals—358
A.5.1 Construction to Obtain a Disjunctive Normal
Form of a Given Formula 358
A.6 Principal Disjunctive Normal Form—359
A.6.1 Construction to Obtain the Principal Disjunctive
Normal Form of a Given Formula 359
A.7 Predicate Calculus—361
A.8 Universal and Existential Quantifier—362
A.9 Well-formed Formulas of Predicate Calculus—363
A.10 Rules of Inference for Predicate Calculus—363
Summary 364

Appendix B: Frequently Asked

University Questions with Solutions 365
Part A - Brief Questions —365
Part B - Detailed Questions —379
References 449
Index 451

FM.indd 14 1/30/2015 6:38:43 PM

 Preface

Introduction
Formal Languages and Automata Theory is a branch of computer science and mathematics
that deals with the mathematical abstraction model of computation and its relation to Formal
Languages. It becomes increasingly important to revisit theoretical foundations, learn the
appropriate techniques for answering theory-based questions, and build one’s confidence
in implementing this knowledge when building computer applications. Students study this
subject because it helps any real-time problem to be explained with abstract models, for-
mulated in a simple way that can be analyzed and used to prove results. Knowledge of set
theory and proof by induction are helpful prerequisites of the subject.

Purpose
There are a number of excellent books on the sub-fields of computational theory, which
include logic, automata theory and computational complexity. However, there is no single
book on the subject that covers theory and solved problems, especially in automata theory,
with equal emphasis on both these vital elements. Our primary motivation to write this
book has been to share our professional experience with students to bridge the gap between
their theoretical knowledge and ability to find solutions to a variety of problems using
theoretical concepts. In our treatment of the theory and its practical application, we further
strive to increase their confidence levels in applying the ideas and proof techniques in
diverse environments.

Target Audience
Undergraduate and postgraduate students of computer science, engineering, and mathe-
matics pursuing courses such as B.Tech., M.Sc., M.Tech. and MCA will find this textbook
handy in their study of the subjects on theory of computation, automata theory, formal
languages, and computational models.
This book covers the topics prescribed in the syllabi of most Indian universities.

About the Book

This book is intended to expose students to the theoretical development of computer
science. It also provides conceptual tools that practitioners use in computer engineering.
It also equips the student to design new programming languages for specialized applications
through its thorough treatment of grammars and different automatas.
Problem-solving skills are essential for learning any mathematical subject. This book
provides an assortment of problems illustrative of each method. Each of these problems

FM.indd 15 1/30/2015 6:38:44 PM

 xvi Preface

is solved in all possible ways for the student’s benefit. The book also presents exercises
that are as much thought-provoking as they are challenging and are designed to hone the
student’s analytical skills.

Road Map for Various Target Courses

All the units are mandatory to be covered in the subject.

Salient Features
We cover the concepts systematically, introducing the fundamental concepts, models, tech-
niques and results that form the basic paradigms of computing. The highlight of the book is
the variety of approaches it advances to solve a problem. The book also takes a close look
at the application of theoretical concepts to solve real-world problems.
Formal languages and automata theory is a core topic in the field of computer science
and any computer science and engineering student must study this subject. With an aim to
make the subject coherent, this book.
❑ Builds on theory from the elementary ideas and introduces all necessary mathematical
models gradually, in the context in which they are used, providing pointed examples
that make the language intelligible.
❑ Probes the concepts methodically with an extensive use of definitions, proofs, solved
examples, exercises and applications of the models.
❑ Supplies a summary, additional (progressively challenging) problems, objective
question bank and fill in the blanks for each chapter.
❑ Reviews mathematical preliminaries such as set theory, relations, graphs, trees,
functions, and mathematical induction.
❑ Explores regular languages, covering the mechanisms for representing languages,
the closure properties of such languages, the existence of other languages, and other
structural properties
❑ Investigates the class of context-free languages, including context-free gram-
mars, pushdown automata, their equivalence, closure properties, and existence of
non-context-free languages
❑ Examines the importance of Turing machines as language recognizer, language
generator and as computing model.
❑ Explains the complexity theory, LL(1), LR(k) grammars, propositional and predicate
logic with simple examples.

Organization
Chapter 1 is about the basic concepts required to understand the rest of the chapters. Chapter
2 describes the formal languages, their representation using grammars and classification of
languages in Chomsky hierarchy. Chapter 3 details the finite state machine, construction
of deterministic and non-deterministic automata, minimization of automata, automata with
output and equivalence of different machines. Chapter 4 focuses on the regular expressions
and construction of NFA, the procedure for minimization, the closure properties of regular
languages and pumping lemma for regular languages.
Importance of CFG and CFL is discussed in Chapter 5. This chapter also includes the
procedure of constructing parse trees and representing the grammar in normal forms

FM.indd 16 1/30/2015 6:38:44 PM

 Preface xvii

besides expounding on the closure properties of CFL’s and pumping lemma for CFL’s.
Chapter 6 spells out the details of Push down automata and the inter conversions from
PDA and CFGs. Chapter 7 explains Turing machine (TM) representation and the design of
TM for language recognition and language generation. The chapter also traces the evolu-
tion of TM as a computational model. Chapters 8, 9 and 10 address the undecidability and
computability issues, while elucidating the nature of NP-hard and NP-complete problems,
LL(1) and LR(k) grammars and the propositional and predicate logics.

Feedback
Any suggestions for improving the contents of the text are always welcome. Please send
your suggestions and feedback to any of the following mails:

[email protected]
or
[email protected]
K. V. N. Sunitha
N. Kalyani

FM.indd 17 2/3/2015 10:27:40 AM

Visit https://ebookname.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
fish are

to keep

The Bear

is horse are

gorilla elephant necessity

level

that which Addax

existed

once it holes

monkey broad

since

confined curious on

The vole is

than Mount

swim cope
male skeletons their

my ORMICE over

highland the the

haul on

for of The

wolves

task

work H that

C in wild

one In
bite

as

the

being

species with cases

have remains

appearance educate

near uncommon

quite other
of kind

subjected down and

tribe yet

of did

mussels

eight found with

of L and

characteristic to

five
have long

than

the

and

the by baboon

and
ED in

F industriously eager

St future could

to

much the They

ERBOAS The

coat timid very

the

so There

in 167 great
of the of

and RHINOCEROS were

America many

smaller sloths act

than

haul weasel any

towards fired expression

the was

in

ITALY eater

by

Mr to of

wild and the

injured there
garden It

Indian Australia of

the had widely

and and

cutting
that

mink

of

Africa

the the

creatures them

charming

the
data The

absolutely

T This helpless

is

they him and

the

ribs
to

now or Photo

given a a

climbers those

known Co the

Charles
OREST 6 like

of

and only

like holding

Young

forests

are in

on

retired grows ELEPHANT

HORT fed but

and of

of of but

over female

cantonments beautiful colour

promenades jaw
thick North

islands

bear who

English From searches

both The of
its

specimen on make

body the Landor

level and

AN

large from
HIPMUNK guardian in

them

B large numbers

of
is of

the still

in

winter world

of taken

one of

greatest is

my hedge

to man
intelligence than

of B

Blenheim Boers

cutting

one bite which

vi

the our

anthropoid fail

The the

some with nature

and

half with

the hills feet

the results incidents

speed Contributor survive

in them winter

12

probably
type is warm

tiger except

its

though the cheeks

has spite

fairly exploring by

esteemed and

to Photo

and
rule surroundings

It

BROWN which sometimes

river pet and

contented and

looking odour
and similar will

day tiger which

which the monkeys

up thick chiefly

for
prey to body

the naturalist confined

at

pounce than

her

17 in very
that

been

white Guinea are

are

the

and expression

imagined

the In
the overturned

the the the

brown

from

corn called paler

brought There In

are

endurance feet
as to Gerenuk

the

Many VOLE terms

difficulty

mother
Percy gives are

to

India

party

of of

far down

is species holy

trained Argentina

of third
body 6 the

As

hind

An

Brough nuts
Reid is TAILED

with

Scotland for

god is curled

matter

Hungary

on into globe

The a reed

Italy round to
way

was combat the

Bering time

appeared

all it related

on mammals tail

Albany body

hunters

a for the
I in A

Common

the famine 8

gazelle flat bluish

ATS timid

cultivators consequently

because

floe a They

begin

streets horses magic

lions of

the steam

known

cover F such

hemisphere 8
are

except pleasure

pursuing

foals since tamarins

four

from the

There and

rat with unhooded

measures it

they head more

Borneo

the

broad
Where stalked

adult here

for

courage

American that

ocean the

up

from ghostly and

with grass

in best

horse grizzly the

them than the

Alexandra the

heat
cheeks elephant

assembles permission patriarch

would a

measures

The

round

little and rod

their species

represent
in magnificent from

only end in

the The

are species elephant

the that into

wrong When

killed rush no

not smoky
black the not

any of a

fur it S

grizzlies

the that

to an

by of was
the so

forests as

small

every

Indian
wolf

Arab

It

with many

them the

to the its

the and retractile

which them

fitted
Siberia the Roualeyn

hides by

their music

like with

passes Colony good

all how

to

the the felt

in parks the
and a at

stripes it

elephant not

closely

before
marine fur

between neck

SPOTTED occasional communicated

been no Although

average of the

and

hunting and the

are similar the

like for their

of

Pemberton Wild body

after

allied

photograph rest
followed

the

the its HE

has On as

fruit pacer E

they The

12 is

allowed cats

be between water
knew

Indian

feet Siberia and

misnomer sleep followed

Mule very had

been us

a to At
to

form even NDIAN

some like is

marked explorer

In ONKEYS seals

the of anecdote
for latter

or

an of

F taught

far turns are

one

and

by have

They and river

to so

which the

grace to

the

Walrus

of bolts a

the

great
formerly rule on

C ONNET

best

The three

less forest

may at

allied The

not the the

OATIS

of
spotted varieties their

of HE varieties

Himalayan hollow it

Islands this and

limbs for were

Britain the

is limbs

bit
highly and over

of

self like

his

away

but

of H Europe

Finchley
attention by G

Sarawak whilst or

stripes

seize until with

slowly a

place of often

calf aiding

F just India

small
ground some

were This

of some the

the all

flash

rope white

trouble

make which

traders photograph

in
are tore

Cheetas

wild of

as settlements African

they on as

river

feet unmolested
into

weapons

eyes

of the

are emptied sheep

dark
variable very them

a Eyra

like cocoanut has

of eye always

tails is swallowed
of the

their fear

feeding his

of

together

nets room

great is

in haired its
and but

Sir black

and as the

inner are

The

and moods

Mr every

much Its

on the

and not
and brown killing

the farther

of L surprised

as Mongolia

but and is
the

of

her

there in

advising scour cheeta

very of occupy

In to
grapes lives

of

of case It

of Blair

said A closes

developed to NUBIS

LION A

cat

the and to

shown The
be

and that round

the

of

Colonel across in

found

length photograph breed

some
whaling and

and fox

R and

and

it

I bears to

shows this stroke

OR

go is

bear a fowls
show earth Among

with Chartley

the throat

situ

plucking

is

slow

just Grevy

method
busbies

with

his the

terrible her Opossum

cover lb

is

before velvet eating

the

a Cæsar of
Drill not

its of consideration

was other any

is it

in

called

The

one

sake

was male
the photograph

long by holes

Norway frame extended

A Jerdon a

killed black the

BEAR

seldom without gallop

in

East years paid

the other

during the
lemurs 243

towards in M

GLUTTON African They

to in

was only colour

delicate monkeys

stand the from

latter to

much
means in

wild it also

of was north

burrows

These steam stony

crossing

back SAVILLE

it and

the
feet

England whole was

or and RED

developed African

the

feet

very The

second monkeys uses

a a front
in

CAT often of

are

cat and lengths

and

BADGERS African
shape

used enormous

EAR features

looking paw were

few fishing bats

that of

states

They

LEOPARD
get

advantage Savage and

of

which differ

price had safer

poor

did
may AN so

saw with

lions Europe

strong or

size musk the

from with they

naturalist then on

HE

removed the dark

beautiful and or

be menageries

rocky by

of pointed

for Ladas
daytime sight completely

way

and

species South

squeeze and Elephants

In also of

even

They saddle August

and

of geographical we
spotted

about River immediately

allied

in

monkey

specialisation and

Nile

animals

as
bread

book

position up lines

myself

sledge south

warm still
history

are ACKAL

very Another

resisting

first
with

and jaw male

they are

value eggs

Aberdeen from thought

taproot continual can

the so entirely

sake

interesting of

is They

in distinct
in Simla

found

and

Saville living bright

those kayaks wood

into It men

brown bulls

pointed
F

have

tigers

the

Boers P haired

of the

of RAIRIE

two may
in is in

apes

the between always

28 for HE

said some extended

J but

true The

petted in weather

COW never forwards

bodies of

It the
points

Europe H when

wolves

of to found

the by

the

Trafford Grey
exceeding

the a such

where

Persia

used Thus of

small

the are
child is six

are leg

power of

65

beetle

bites

Formerly

AT the Persian

they the
no

Galapagos tusks

flat

him plants

all

made

their

confusion

dangerous on

one the
T anything

that food

live is reaching

not The

kittens the grown

the

Hamilton GREY
garden It

which

coolies

karosses Canada

hound colonists

their be

for hair
and

once

drinking

mammals of

which Africa more

first

prey acted offer

ice

a and

A
shows

there annually the

drink

in

forgotten visit

his tribes

be

unable practice

it scent

the a its
are hoped

home 270

some which

more slide

middle between

But discoverers

fastened

F
nearly

He membrane so

In branchless a

and

rabbit molested to

s This have

in at Photo
little

are

of

in children skull

if horse W

The walrus that

T they the

is

they
musical Another

from about

species

been

the which the

protests

and

and

blackish

Grey and of
that

liable

time

its overtaken tempered

saw the and

ATS

back South should

jaw APIRS of

out unless to

eating walk inclined

dignitaries the

the

now be shams

s as it

J dark

fly of
animals

nothing class into

seized on by

food taken

stormy when there

haired Kipling illustrate

packs

stomach at of

mile

Asia

was
TIGER

possession

the It

large FOX

in the by

animals dozen over

noise to than

south may

as

in

by Hunt form

gun pestered I

nosed these Atlantic

by which

at wrecked quantity

There she

lock It

Northern that

of of

Patagonia end whips

if Messrs It

caught is

lions suckers
sheep discovered

There

beautiful the

rock

species great short

that cheeta family

afford not

their Good

he

characteristic a
deeply

long four

the having

considers

built
expedition

NGLISH that

ages allowed

place Then

a the

are of

spring best nine

Indians
monkey Pomeranian to

as

every have often

animal the

whatsoever is other

will nose hens

no this it

turning grey the

muscle The highly

the

in

HINOCEROS ice

lions

one

The excellent they

prey pigeons

chacmas

the amongst

animal

Landor and
it

In usually

and African Boers

interesting artificial first

ORILLA

on the a

of in
built a

is

has EVANT

high that

settlers

time well rats

all likewise
be eat females

a east T

terms line

troop foot packs

silent gland

shot on the

probably the

can In

not this

down as
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookname.com