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Historical Dictionary of Descartes
and Cartesian Philosophy

Second Edition

Roger Ariew, Dennis Des Chene, Douglas M. Jesseph,

Tad M. Schmaltz, and Theo Verbeek

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD

Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK
Published by Rowman & Littlefield
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://www.rowman.com

Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB

Copyright © 2015 by Roger Ariew, Dennis Des Chene, Douglas M. Jesseph, Tad M.
Schmaltz, and Theo Verbeek

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ariew, Roger, author.

Historical dictionary of Descartes and Cartesian philosophy / Roger Ariew, Dennis Des Chene,
Douglas M. Jesseph, Tad M. Schmaltz, and Theo Verbeek. -- Second Edition.
pages cm -- (Historical dictionaries of religions, philosophies, and movements)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-4422-4768-0 (cloth : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-4422-4769-7 (ebook)
1. Descartes, René, 1596-1650--Dictionaries. I. Des Chene, Dennis, author. II. Jesseph, Douglas
Michael, author. III. Schmaltz, Tad M., 1960- author. IV. Verbeek, Theo, 1945- author. V. Title.
B1831.H57 2015
194--dc23
2014043786

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America

A portrait of Descartes by Frans van Schooten
 Contents

Editor’s Foreword xi

Preface xiii

Reader’s Note xv

Chronology xvii

Introduction 1

THE DICTIONARY 17

Bibliography 339

About the Authors 387

ix
 Editor’s Foreword

Like so many other things, philosophers and philosophies come and go, and
not many are of special interest just a few decades on. Certainly, hardly any
have the staying power of René Descartes and Cartesianism. Active, and also
path-breaking if sometimes controversial during the early and mid-17th cen-
tury, some of this heritage is still vigorous and useful in the early 21st
century. Admittedly, Descartes’s work on mathematics, physics, and other
scientific subjects has been largely superseded, although that was once his
main claim to fame. But his thought on the human condition, his approach to
science and reasoning in general, and his meditations on the mind and soul
and even God, remain valid for some and challenging for others. In this more
intellectual sphere we are still searching, nearly four centuries later, and if we
are closer to the truth than before, it is partly because Descartes and the
Cartesians pointed us in the right direction. Moreover, in certain ways most
of us, at least indirectly, are their heirs, doubtless more so on the European
continent than in the Anglo-Saxon countries, let alone further afield, and if
we search for traces some are bound to be found.
This is now the second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Descartes
and Cartesian Philosophy, and it is considerably larger and more complete
than the first. This applies especially to the core of the book, the dictionary
section, which includes numerous entries on Descartes’s writings, concepts,
and findings. Since it is historical, there are entries on those who supported
him, who criticized him, who corrected him, and who together formed one of
the major movements in philosophy: Cartesianism. To better understand the
period and his role in it, there is a brief chronology, and to see how Descartes
and Cartesianism fit into the general picture, there is a helpful introduction.
Since everything cannot be summed up in one volume, there is an ample
bibliography that directs readers to numerous other sources on persons and
issues of particular interest.
This second edition was written by the same group of eminent scholars
who wrote the first. They are all specialists on Descartes and Cartesianism,
whose collective knowledge is very extensive (and detailed at the end of the
book). They are Roger Ariew, who organized and coordinated the project;
Dennis Des Chene; Douglas M. Jesseph; Tad M. Schmaltz; and Theo Ver-
beek. Among them, they have produced an impressive number of books and
articles while teaching at notable universities in the United States and Eu-
rope. Most important, they cover a wide array of specializations, which is

xi
xii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD
essential to draw an accurate picture of a philosopher with so many varied
concerns. With more information than before, certainly it will be appreciated
by the many who enjoyed the first edition, as well as by others.
Jon Woronoff
Series Editor
 Preface

We usually divide the history of the philosophical world into periods—an-

cient, medieval, and modern—and teach modern philosophy beginning with
René Descartes and ending with Immanuel Kant. The reason for this typical-
ly involves a view of modern philosophy as consisting of two distinct camps:
continental rationalists (Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz), who it is said emphasize reason at the expense of the senses, and
British empiricists (John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume), who
accentuate the senses after rejecting innate ideas. As we teach him, Des-
cartes, “the father of modern philosophy,” breaks with Scholasticism and
medieval philosophy by calling all beliefs into doubt (especially those based
on the senses); he seeks to ground all knowledge on the innate ideas he
discovers within himself and then reflects upon, beginning with the one he
has of himself as a thinking thing (in the cogito). The other rationalists
follow, trying to come to a clear and distinct conception of their own ideas
and to establish knowledge about the world with the same kind of absolute
certainty and necessity attainable in mathematics. Locke and the empiricists,
in turn, break with the rationalists by rejecting innate ideas, claiming instead
that the content of all of our mental states stems from experience, whether
through sensation or reflection. The proper task of philosophy becomes ana-
lyzing the meaning of the ideas we receive from sensation and reflection and
determining what we can come to know about the world on that basis. Given
this picture, Kant is then presented as the culminating figure of modern
philosophy because of his attempt to synthesize the rationalist and empiricist
traditions.
While there is some truth in the simple schema we teach, its greatest
deficiency is that it misses too much of the real Descartes. In the 17th centu-
ry, Descartes was known as well, if not more, for his achievements in mathe-
matics, physics, cosmology, physiology, philosophical psychology, and so
forth. It would be difficult to overstate the influence of Descartes on practi-
cally every aspect of 17th-century thought, even such far-flung subjects as
geology and medicine. Moreover, the followers of Descartes were extraordi-
narily committed to their master’s thought, and anti-Cartesians were just as
determined to condemn Cartesianism, to refute it, to be rid of it in any way
possible. The tension broke into open intellectual warfare. Cartesians lost
many battles: some Cartesian priests were corrected and disciplined by their
superiors; a few Cartesian professors were expelled from their teaching posi-
tions. But they ultimately won the war. Perhaps because of the intense strug-
xiii
xiv • PREFACE
gle, however, the 17th century was a period rich in debate and remarkable in
philosophical doctrine. We hope to be able to impart the flavor of these
debates, that is, to say something about the people taking part in them and the
doctrines they supported or opposed.
 Reader’s Note

In the dictionary entries, the texts we quote from Descartes are usually given
in our translations. We also provide footnotes to those texts, referring to the
standard edition of Descartes’s work, that is, the 11-volume Oeuvres de
Descartes, edited by C. Adam and P. Tannery, begun in the 1890s and given
a second, expanded edition in the 1970s; this is referred to in the footnotes as
AT, volume, page. All good editions and translations of Descartes’s works
provide the AT pagination in the margin of their texts, so their readers can
locate particular texts.
The entries cover not only figures whom we now recognize as philoso-
phers and topics that we now categorize as philosophical, but also figures
whom we might now recognize as scientists and topics that we might now
categorize as scientific. This reflects the fact that during the early modern
period there was no science as we now understand it, but rather the discipline
of “natural philosophy,” which included not only empirical investigations in
cosmology, physics, and physiology, but also metaphysical speculation con-
cerning ultimate principles of nature and the relation of creation to its creator.
The author of each entry is identified at the end of each annotation using
initials: [RA] is Roger Ariew; [DD], Dennis Des Chene; [DJ], Douglas Jes-
seph; [TS], Tad Schmaltz; and [TV], Theo Verbeek.
To facilitate the rapid and efficient location of information and to make
this book as useful a reference tool as possible, extensive cross-references
have been provided in the dictionary section. Within individual annotations,
terms that have their own entries are in boldface type the first time they
appear. Related items that are not discussed in the annotation but have their
own entries are indicated as See also cross-references. See cross-references
direct the reader to the entries that deal with a particular topic.

xv
xvi • READER’S NOTE

Portrait of Descartes by Sébastien Bourdon, painted in Stockholm a few years

after Descartes died.
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