COMPUTERS

IN OUR
DAILY LIFE
 • In terms of communication, India app
developers have developed various social media
apps like Facebook, WhatsApp, Skype, LinkedIn
for easy and better communication with our
Clients and colleagues.

• Prior to the development of these mobile

apps, we depend totally on computers and
COMMUNICATION laptops for Skype calls and exuberant charges
for calls involving long-distances.
 • There are various entertainment apps
that allow you to watch movies,
series, listen to your favorite music,
and play games depending upon your
interest. The majority of us are
having online music apps in our
smartphones which we use while working
also to enjoy the work as well the
music. Gaming apps help to divert our
ENTERTAINMENT mind and also improve our analytical
skills.
 • Various leading educational app
development companies are making it
easy for the students to learn things
easily just by watching the videos and
then evaluate themselves by giving
practice tests.
• • These apps have provided help to the
students across the world to
EDUCATION understand the concepts easily which
they find very difficult. These apps
are of more importance to the kids for
making them learn and remember things
easily.
 • Mobile apps have made it easy for
shopping freaks to buy things online just
by sitting at home rather than going out.

• These apps provide the users with a

wide variety of things with proper
information about the item and its price
so that the user can purchase things
SHOPPING online. Users can also order groceries,
fruits, vegetables with the help of these
apps and can pay for these items online
as well as on delivery of the item.
 • In our day to day life, we commute
every day from one place to another
while going out for office or any other
purpose. We have to face several
difficulties in searching for any source
of transportation.

• Technology has come up with various

TRANSPORTATION apps like Ola, Uber that have solved our
problem to a various extent. These apps
help us to book a ride and the driver
comes to pick us at our location and
drop us at the destination within a
short time.
 Earlier we used to go to the banks and
stand in long queues waiting for our
turn to transfer money from your account
to any other account and to know our
transaction history. But With the
passing time, the banking sector has
also modernized itself by introducing
BANKING the apps that ensure users secure and
easy money transfer from the apps.

• Using these apps users can also view

their transaction history. We can easily
transfer money from one account to
another from these apps. These apps play
an important role when there is an
emergency need for money transfer.
 Online Food Delivery apps are the most
lovable apps that every person likes to
have on their smartphones. Whenever we
crave for any food item, these apps help
us to order our favorite food online and
get it delivered at our doorstep.

FOOD DELIVERY • These apps allow us to order from our

favorite restaurant and ensures the
quality of food is good enough to meet
the expectations of the customer. With
the help of these apps, we can order
food anytime and from anywhere and can
track our order from the acceptance of
the order to its delivery.
 BASIC
COMPUTER
NETWORK
• A network can be defined as a group of computers and
other devices connected in some ways so as to be able
to exchange data.

• Each of the devices on the network can be thought of as

a node;each node has a unique address.
 Addressing

Internet address
Consists of 4 bytes separated by periods
Example: 136.102.233.49
 InterNIC Register: organization in charge of the
allocation of the address ranges corresponding to
networks.
Criteria considered:
→ Geographical area (country)
→ Organization, enterprise
→ Department
→ Host
 Domain Name System (DNS)

 Mnemonic textual addresses are provided to facilitate the

manipulationof internet addresses.

 DNS servers are responsible for translating mnemonic

textual Internet addresses into hard numeric Internet
addresses.
 Computer network is an interconnection between two
or more hosts/computers. The connectivity can be
physical by using cables or virtual using wireless
network. Different types of networks include LAN,
WAN, MAN, etc.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

o Local area network (LAN) provides data
to communication with shorter distance and connects
several devices such as computers and printers.
This type of network contains computers that are
relatively closer and are physically connected
with cables and wireless media. Any network that
exists within a single building, or even a group
of adjacent buildings, is considered as LAN. It
is often used to connects separate LANs together
so they can communicate and exchange data. N
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
(LAN)
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

o Wide area network is connecting two or more LANs

together, generally across a wide geographical area.

EXAMPLE:
A company may have its corporate headquarters and
manufacturing plant located in one city and marketing
office in another city. Each site needs resources, data
and programs locally, but it also needs to share data
with other sites. To accomplish this, the company can
attach devices that connect over public utilities to
create a WAN.
 METR
(MAN

o Me
(M
ne
nu
to
no
in or
co
eq
a
pr
s ne
co
of
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

o Metropolitan area network (MAN) is an extensive

network that connects numerous corporate LANs
together. Usually MANs are not owned by sole Com
organization. Their communication devices and com
equipment are maintained by a group or single network and
provider that sells its networking services to ser
corporate customers. MANs often take the role of tra
high-speed network that allows sharing of regional dat
resources. MANs also can provide a mutual connection oth
to other networks using a WAN link. res
car
sys
ope
o S
h
n
p
a
Computer networks share common devices, functions and features
including servers, clients, transmission media, shared data, shared
printers and other hardware and software resources, network interface
card (NIC), local operating system (LOS) and the network operating
system (NOS).
o Servers- servers are computers that hold shared files, programs and the network operating system. o Net
Servers provide access to network resources to all the users of the network. There are many different car
kinds of servers, one server can provide several functions. For example, there are file servers, print a n
servers, mail servers, communication servers, database servers, fax servers and web servers. spe
o Clients- clients are computers that access and use the network and shared network resources. Client cal
computers are basically the customers (users) of the network, as they request and receive services from int
the servers. The
o Transmission media- are sometimes called transmission medium channels, links or lines. (fo
o Shared data- shared data are data that file servers provide to clients such as data files, printer access dat
program and e-mail and
flo
com
net
o Hub
tha
con
 o Network interface card- each computer in a network has a special
expansion card called network interface card (NIC). The NIC prepares
(formats) and sends data, receives data and controls the data flow
between the computer and the network.
o Hub- it is a device that splits a network connection into multiple
computers. It is like a distribution center. When a computer
, requests information from a network or a specific computer it send
are the request to the hub through the cable.
o Switch- is a telecommunication device grouped as one of computer
network components. Switch is like a Hub but built in with advance
features.
o Router- when we talk about computer network components, the other
device that used to connect a LAN with an internet connection is
called router. There are two types of router: Wired and Wireless.
The choice depends on your physical office/home setting, speed and
cost.
o LAN cable- a local area network cable is also known as data cable or
Ethernet cable which is a wired cable used to connect a device to
s, the internet or to other devices like computer, printers, etc.

b
 Concept of Network Interconnection

s  First implemented in the Defense Advanced Research Project

d Agency Network (Arpanet), in 1966 in USA.
 Consists of connecting several computer networks based on
different protocols
 Requires the definition of a common interconnection protocol on
top the local protocols.
 The Internet Protocol (IP) plays this role, by defining unique
addresses for a network and a host machine.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 is a standard that defines how to establish and maintain a
network conversation by which applications can exchange data.
Basic service that does guarantee safe delivery:
 error detection
 safe data transmission
 assurance that data are received in the correct order

e
TCP works with the Internet Protocol (IP), which defines how
computers send packets of data to each other.
The IP protocol provides two main functionality:
 Decomposition of the initial information flow into packets of
standardized size, and reassembling at the destination.
 Routing of a packet through successive networks, from the source
machine to the destination identified by its IP address.
Internet Application Protocols On top of TCP/IP, several services
have been developed in order to homogenize applications of same
nature:
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) allows the transfer of collection of
files between two machines connected to the Internet.
 Telnet (Terminal Protocol) allows a user to connect to a remote
host in terminal mode.
 NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) allows the constitution of
communication groups (newsgroups) organized around specific
topics.
 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) defines a basic service for
electronic mails.
 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) allows the management of
the network.