Introduction

This research focuses on evaluating the bonding strength of biodegradable

glue made from banana peel and vinegar. The study is about the potential of
using natural and eco-friendly materials as an alternative to adhesives glue.
By testing the effectiveness of banana peel and vinegar as main
components, the research aims to determine their viability as a sustainable
adhesive solution.

Local

Comparative Study Between Commercial Glue and Glue Made from Banana
Sap

 According to Nazarene E. Obrique and colleagues (year not specified),

in their study “Comparative Study Between the Properties of
Commercial Glue and Glue Made from Banana Sap” uploaded on
Scribd, banana sap and peel were used as raw materials to produce a
low-cost and natural adhesive. The glue was tested on different
surfaces such as paper and wood, measuring its viscosity, density, and
bond strength. Results showed that the banana-based glue worked well
on porous materials, especially when it was thicker, though it was still
weaker compared to commercial glue.

 Explanation: According to Obrique et al., banana sap glue can be a

good alternative to commercial adhesives, especially in places where
resources are limited. It may not be as strong as branded glue, but it is
affordable, eco-friendly, and useful for simple applications like school
or household use.

 Site & Date:

 Authors: Nazarene E. Obrique et al.
  Published: (Nothing is listed)
 Site: Scribd

The Effectiveness of Musa paradisiaca (banana) peel poultice application on

wound healing among selected pre-school children with open wounds in Sitio
Tube Ice, Barangay Banilad, Mandaue City, Cebu

 According to Letigio et al. (2009), in their thesis “The Effectiveness of

Musa paradisiaca (banana) peel poultice application on wound healing
among selected pre-school children with open wounds in Sitio Tube Ice,
Barangay Banilad, Mandaue City, Cebu,” banana peel poultice was
applied for three days to open wounds of preschoolers. Measurements
were taken before and after treatment, showing significant reductions
in wound size and exudate levels.

 Explanation: The study demonstrates that banana peel has therapeutic

properties helpful in wound healing, suggesting that the peel contains
bioactive compounds effective in tissue repair. This supports using
banana peel beyond waste or food use, showing potential in medical or
material science applications.

 Site & Date:

 Authors: Giselle Mae S. Letigio et al.
 Published: Bachelor of Science in Nursing thesis, Cebu Doctors’ College
of Nursing, 2009
 Site: HERDIN PLUS (Phillipine Health Research Database) record from
Cebu, Philippines – 2009

The Problem and Its Background (Solid Waste Management & Banana Peels)

 According to Morton (1987); Gunaseelan (2004); Bori et al. (2007); FAO

(2010); Chillet et al. (2009), banana peel has been utilized for various
 industrial applications including bio-fuel production, bio-sorbents, pulp
and paper, cosmetics, energy related activities, organic fertilizer,
environmental cleanup and biotechnology related processes (Morton,
1987; Gunaseelan, 2004; Bori et al., 2007). Its mass cultivation and
consumption in the recent decades made it the world second largest
fruit crop with an estimated gross production exceeds 139 million
tones (FAO 2010)… after harvest, the tree is cut down and abandoned
in the fields, which foments Sigatoka (Chillet, et al., 2009).

 Explanation: Solid waste management is a serious environmental

challenge in the Philippines and other developing countries, especially
in urban areas. Improper disposal, inefficient collection, and lack of
facilities cause health hazards, pollution, and flooding. Banana peels,
which are also considered solid waste, can actually be repurposed for
many industrial applications such as bio-fuel, bio-sorbents, paper,
cosmetics, fertilizers, and biotechnology. Despite being the second
largest fruit crop globally, banana farming also creates waste problems
after harvest when plants are abandoned, contributing to
environmental issues.

 Site and Date: Referenced studies and reports from 1987, 2004, 2007,
2009, and 2010
 Authors: Morton et al.
 Published: Between 1987 and 2010 (based on cited works)
 Site: Studocu.com

Comparative Study between Commercial Glue and Glue made from Banana
Sap

 According to Elia Saph Moon et al. (2020) titled “Banana Peel as Glue,”
they created an adhesive using banana sap mixed with cassava
starch, water, and glycerin. The glue was tested on paper, cloth, and
wood, and the results showed that it had good bonding ability. This
suggests that banana peel can be turned into an affordable and eco-
friendly alternative adhesive.
  Explanation: The research proves that banana sap combined with
starch and glycerin can be processed into glue with high density and
stickiness. While commercial glue still works better in some cases, the
study shows that banana peel glue is a sustainable and practical
option, especially in places where bananas are abundant.

 Site & Date:

 Authors: Elia Saph Moon et al.
 Published: 2020
 Site: Scribd – Banana Peel as Glue

Rheological Behavior of Purified Banana Peel Pectin from ‘Saba’ Banana Peel
Applied to Beverage

 According to Rivadeniera et al. (2020) in their study “Rheological

behaviour of purified banana peel pectin from ‘saba’ banana peel
applied to beverage,” they purified pectin from banana peel and tested
it on whey protein solution, orange juice, and soybean oil. The results
showed that the banana peel pectin increased thickness, stability, and
emulsifying ability, proving that it can be used as a natural food
ingredient. This means banana peel, usually treated as waste, can
actually be turned into something useful.

 Explanation: According to Rivadeniera et al. (2020), banana peel pectin

improved the texture and stability of drinks and oils, showing its
potential as a safe and sustainable food additive. Their study proves
that banana peel waste can have value in food production.

 Site & Date:

 Authors: Rivadeniera et al.
 Published: 2020
 Site: Penerbit Akademia Baru
Foreign

Synthesis of Glues with Citric Acid and Sulfuric Acid Protonic Acid-H⁺ as
Catalysts Using Banana Peel and Kaki

 According to Rabeharitsara, Hanitriniaina, Rakotomalala, Rakotosaona,

and Randriana (2021), in their study “Synthesis of Glues with Citric
Acid and Sulfuric Acid Protonic Acid-H⁺ as Catalysts Using Banana Peel
and Kaki as Valorised Raw Materials”, banana peel and persimmon
(kaki) waste were converted into eco-friendly adhesives through
esterification. Two glues were produced: ecological glue using citric
acid and S-glue using sulfuric acid as catalysts. When tested on
notebook paper and cardboard, the sulfuric acid glue performed better
because of its stronger protonic activity, creating stronger bonds and
higher adhesion compared to the citric acid-based glue.

 Explanation: According to Rabeharitsara et al. (2021), fruit waste like

banana peel can be turned into useful glue through chemical
processes. Their findings show that sulfuric acid glue had stronger
sticking power, while citric acid glue was safer but slightly weaker. This
proves that agricultural waste can be reused in making sustainable
adhesives.

 Site & Date:

 Authors: Rabeharitsara, Hanitriniaina, Rakotomalala, Rakotosaona, and
Randriana
 Published: 2021
 Site: ResearchGate

A banana peel/silicon glue coated stir bar for extraction of aspirin, diclofenac,
ibuprofen and mefenamic acid followed by HPLC-UV detection
  According to Jafari and Hadjmohammadi (2020), in their study
published in Analytical Methods, banana peel was combined with
silicon glue to create a biodegradable coating for stir bar sorptive
extraction of drugs in biological samples. The banana peel–silicon glue
composite showed high bonding stability, reproducibility, and could be
reused up to 64 times without losing performance.

 Explanation: Although this application was in analytical chemistry, the

findings demonstrate that banana peel can interact with adhesives
(like silicon glue) to form strong, stable composites. This supports the
concept that banana peel has bonding potential when integrated with
adhesives.

 Site and Date:

 Authors: Zahra Jafari, Mohammad Reza Hadjmohammadi
 Published: 2020
 Site: Royal Society of Chemistry (Analytical Methods Journal)

Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber: Preparation, Characteristics, and Applications

 According to the studies of “Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber: Preparation,

Characteristics, and Applications,” bananas are one of the most well-
known and useful plants in the world. Almost all the parts of this plant,
that is, fruit, leaves, flower bud, trunk, and pseudo-stem, can be
utilized. This chapter deals with the fiber extracted from the pseudo-
stem of the banana plant.”—Asmanto Subagyo and Achmad Chafidz,
Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber: Preparation, Characteristics, and
Applications

 Explanation: The chapter discusses the extraction and production of

banana pseudo-stem fiber, including its preparation processes
(plantation, harvesting, retting, and degumming), as well as its
characteristics such as morphological, mechanical, thermal, chemical,
 and antibacterial properties. It also highlights various applications of
banana pseudo-stem fiber, including ropes, mats, cardboard, tea bags,
textiles, absorbents, and polymer/fiber composites.

 Site and Date: IntechOpen, 2018

 Authors:Asmanto Subagyo and Achmad Chafidz
 Published: IntechOpen
 Site: IntechOpen

A Comparative Study of the Adhesive Effects of Cassava eels, Banana peels,

and Potato peels on the Durability of Briquettes made from Coconut Husk
Charcoal

 In the study of Mng’onya et al. (2025) titled “A comparative study of

the adhesive effects of cassava peels, banana peels, and potato peels
on the durability of briquettes made from coconut husk charcoal,” they
tested which peel works best as a binder. They mixed coconut husk
charcoal with potato, cassava, or banana peels and checked how
strong the briquettes were. The results showed that potato peel made
the briquettes strongest, cassava peel was okay, and banana peel
gave the weakest performance.

 Explanation: Mng’onya et al. (2025) proved that different fruit and crop
wastes can affect the quality of charcoal briquettes. Potato peel worked
the best because it gave high strength and water resistance, while
cassava and banana peels were less effective. This shows that potato
peel can be a good natural adhesive for making durable and eco-
friendly briquettes.

 Site & Date:

 Authors: Mng’onya et al.
 Published: 2025
  Site: AIP Advance s

Bioplastic Synthesis Using Banana Peels and its Characterization

 According to Noorjahan 1, S. Nishra Banu 2, V. Subhashree3 in their

study, Plastic materials are prized for their many advantages and their
versatility, which allows them to be made into sheets, panels, and films
that can be tailored to a variety of uses. Plastics are very competitive
with other materials in industrial settings because they combine
strength, flexibility in size and shape, light weight, and an attractive
appearance at a low cost.

 Explanation: The section now introduces the attractiveness of plastics.

Industries such as packaging, construction, and electronics often prefer
plastics, as they are flexible and low-cost. Ironically, these two factors
have made today’s overdependence on plastic.

 Site & Date:

 Author: Noorjahan et al.
 Published: 2022
 Site: JPNR