LESSON 1: - Philosophical quest for a profound understanding of

the inanimate (no soul) physical being or of the

Philosophy material universe
- search for truth (real def.) 5. Social or Political Philosophy
- Philo (Love), Sophia (wisdom)
- Love of Wisdom - Philosophical exploration on knowledge of the
- coined by a great ancient philosopher named human person on the ultimate foundation of the
Pythagoras. state, its ideal form, power, and man’s place in
society. (ex.Communism)
According to Pythagoras, “Man cannot fully achieve
wisdom for it is only proper to the Supreme Being 6. Philosophy of Man
(GOD), man can only love and search for it.”
- Philosophical study of man and his relationship with
Definition of Philosophy himself, with others and with God.

HISTORICAL FOCUS OF NAMES USED TO 7. Ontology or General Metaphysics

PERIOD THE IDENTIFY THE
- Philosophical exploration for what reality is in the
PERIOD PERIODS
final analysis and the principles of being and reality of
Ancient Period Creation Cosmocentrism
Medieval God Theocentrism things in general.
Period 8. Theodicy or Special Metaphysics
Modern Period Man Anthropocentrism
Contemporary Holistic Holistic - Philosophical inquiry into the essence and
Period existence of God, His nature and relation to man.

9. Rational / Philosophical Psychology

What comes into your mind when we speak about - Philosophical inquiry on living beings and the
love? ultimate principles of life.

1. Eros - love for self 10. Aesthetics

2. Filial - love for others - Philosophical exploration for a profound

apprehension of knowledge of beauty, its nature and
3. Agape - love for God appreciation.
Fields of Philosophy

1. Ethics or Moral Philosophy LESSON 2:

- Philosophical analysis of human acts; the Ethics
exploration for living a good life; and the ultimate
foundation of what is good and evil. - act and science of the morality of the human
act.
2. Logic
Ethikos
- Philosophical exploration on science and art of
correct critical thinking. - Ethos (Character)
o It is something that develop anytime.
3. Epistemology - Ethike (custom)
- Philosophical quest on the principles of Human o Set of rules or tradition we need to
Knowledge, its extent, and limitations (quest for follow.
truth).

4. Cosmology or Philosophy of Nature

Ethics as a Discipline (importance) 2. Societal Norms

1. Studying Philosophy - These are standards for group cohesion and

strengthening the bonds that keep the community
- where one becomes a specialist, the learner only
together. This primarily covers values, customs,
studies everything about and gains mastery over the
manners, and practices that are considered
subject matter, he is not by any means obliged to give
appropriate by the society.
his assent or commitment to it.
e.g.
2. Philosophizing
1. Fitting manners and attire.
- where one becomes a generalist, the learner now 2. Appropriate ways of speaking and conducting
brings everything he has learned through the study oneself.
and find sits application in different contexts. By 3. Proper ways of doing the rituals and ceremony.
doing this, man can now either give his assent and 4. One is ought to knock before opening the door.
commitment to the subject or simply reject it. 5. One should not pick one’s nose or fart in public.
Object of Ethics
3. Aesthetic Norms
1. Material Object - From the Greek root aesthesis, which means sense
- the act or conduct that is distinctively human. or feeling, these are standards that correspond to
human perception which become the basis of our
2. Formal Object approval or disapproval of things that has something
- focuses on the determining the morality, that is, the to do with material appearances like color, taste,
goodness or badness of the said act. odor, texture, and sound.

LESSON 3: e.g.

Norms 1. The red colour in the funeral is bad.

2. Country music in a restaurant is good.
- Latin root “norma” which means “a 3. The orange colour in the eggplant is not
carpenter’s pattern”. acceptable.
- NORMA is referring to the laying down of the 4. Wearing of tattered and obscene dress in school is
correct angles. a terrible idea.
- standards of wrong and right 5. Adding curses and vulgar words in your regular
conversation.
TYPES OF NORMS
4. Ethical or Moral Norms
1. Technical Norms
In this type, man and his actions re judged to be good
- These are standards that has something to do with
or bad, right or wrong. This refers to some ideal vision
craft of art (from the root techne) as an application of
of Human Person, an ideal stage of perfection of
knowledge (in Latin episteme), hence the term. These
his/her being, which is the Ultimate Goal and
norms pertain to survival, well-being, and health.
Ultimate Norm. All other norms are to be
e.g. subordinated to this moral norm.

1. The right way of preparing the field for planting rice. e.g.
2. The correct way of building the roof of a house.
All other examples of norms above if done correctly
3. The precise way of operating the brain
4. The proper way of washing the dishes. or properly is considered moral, yet if they are
5. The right manner of dribbling the ball. violated or go against the norms then they are
considered as immoral.
LESSON 4.
Example:
On human behavior in Ethics

- Human behavior is the potential and 1. A tradition in the dani tribe in Indonesia. When a
family member passes away, women from this tribe
expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and
have to suffer physical pain besides suffering from
socially) of human individuals or groups to
emotional grief. And to do so, they cut off apart of
respond to internal and external stimuli their fingers.
throughout their life.

Factors in the Development of Human Behavior 4. Religion

-the concepts of morality and religiosity have been
1. Nature associated with each other in a manner that these
two co-exist and they are of equal importance for a
- acc. To Aristotle, “man is a social animal”. human person’s eventual ideal character.
- acc. To Marc d. Hauser, “man is born with a moral
Example:
grammar wired into his neural circuits as a product of
evolution”.
1. Islam allows polygamous marriage while
Example: Christians don’t.
2. Other religion prohibits the eating of some foods
1. Man is completely aware of the immorality of like pig or blood, but others do so.
murder even if he is far from civilization. 3. For Catholics, they consider civil marriage as
2. A mother takes care of her child after birth. immoral act.
3. A person knows how to relate with others outside
of him/herself LESSON 5:

Determinism
2. Nurture

- nurture us also plays a big part informing human - That all things are determined (Pre-Destined,
behavior. Man acquires moral precepts from a Planned)
number of external factors. Man becomes moral from - There is no such thing as FREE WILL.
his involvement with family, friends, and other social
structures and institutions which he belongs in, like - Thus, the fact that man is in no control over his
culture, school, religion, and even the media. actions, whether good or evil, has no bearing on such
actions being good or evil.
Example:
Example:
1.man knows how to respect elders and other people
in the community. Therefore, if a man kills someone, that man has no
2. Man knows how the proper way of relating to moral obligation since the person who was killed was
others. destined to die in such manner and the person who
3. Man knows how to understand the rules, norms, killed that person had no free will on doing such
and laws around him/her action since what have happened must happen.

3. Culture Relativism
- morality promotes individual and collective
goodness, and man’s sense of wrong and right may -. “Man is the measure of all things,”
stem up from his cultural beliefs. Culture may affect -There are NO common or universal or objective
our moral decisions and dispositions. How we view moral values.
and treat people, for example, can be heavily dictated -Moral values are subjective.
by culture. - Ethical views and opinions being conditioned by
circumstances.
- Good may depend upon his upbringing, education, study, yet he is free either to study or not (freedom).
religious instruction, and even ethnic background. For the good of himself, he wills to do his duty and
study his lessons (voluntariness)
Example:
Modifiers of Human Act
Therefore, if a male stranger kisses a woman in public
1. Ignorance
and tells that woman that he believes that kissing a
woman in public is the most respectful thing a man - Ignorance is basically either negative (the mere
can do, then that male stranger cannot hold himself absence of intellectual knowledge) or positive
immoral for such an act even if the woman disagrees. (presence of what is falsely supposed to be
knowledge) or privative (absence of knowledge that
LESSON 6:
ought to be present).
Acts of Man
TYPES OF IGNORANCE
- Involuntary
A. Invincible Ignorance – no knowledge or opportunity
- Acts that man has in common with animals.
at all
- Natural acts of vegetative and sense faculties
(biological &physiological) Example: A man married his sister not knowing that
o Appetition they are closely related by blood and not knowing he
▪ Hunger had a lost sister
▪ Thirst
B. Vincible Ignorance- you only have knowledge
▪ Lust
(neutral)
o Faculties(senses)
▪ Smelling Example: A student has heard from his classmate
▪ Taste that eating inside the classroom is prohibited but he
▪ Hear etc. is unsure whether the prohibition is true or not. Hies
- Other acts or activities ignorant as to the truth of the prohibition, so to
o Acts during sleep speak. In this case, the doubt created by the
o Acts done in infancy (baby) statement of the classmate in his mind must have
o Acts done in insanity. made him aware of his ignorance. With due diligence,
in asking the proper authorities, he can very well
NOTES: “ONLY HUMAN ACTS CAN BE STUDIED IN
dispel said ignorance. In this case, his ignorance is
ETHICS.ACTS OF MAN ISNEITHER ETHICALOR
vincible.
UNETHICAL.”
C. Affected Ignorance- there opportunity or
Human Acts
knowledge but you avoid learning the truth.
- It is an act which proceeds from the
Example: A student heard that there was a change
deliberate free will of man.
schedule in exam. Yet, the student avoid asking his
- Consciously performed by a human being
classmate or teachers if this is true, so that he has
1. Deliberate (knowledge) - an agent is aware of what the excuse of not taking the exam.
he is doing.
2. Concupiscence
2. free (Freedom) - It means that the act is
- PASSIONS or bodily tendencies of man.
determined by the agent himself (free from coercion).
Example: Love, Hatred, Joy, Grief ,Desire, Aversion,
3. Voluntary (Willingness) - the act must have
Hope, Despair, Courage, Fear and Anger
proceeded from the will of the agent himself.

Example:

A um student knows that on July 1 will be there first

exam (knowledge). As a student he has the duty to
TYPES OF CONCUPISCENCE - Once it has become his habit after months or years
of frequent repetition, it will become natural For man
A. Antecedent Concupiscence
to tell the truth in any given situation.
- Same time of action and reaction
EXAMPLE: When somebody keeps on telling
Example: The joy felt upon receiving the yes from the falsehood, he develops the habit of lying. When
woman of your dream. confronted he will more likely lie than tell the truth.

B. Consequent Concupiscence BASIC ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

- it is consequent in so far as it happens after a 1. INVINCIBLEIGNORANCEDESTROYS

certain act of the will. THEVOLUNTARINESSOF AN ACT.
2. VINCIBLEIGNORANCELESSENS BUT DOESNOT
- considered human act DESTROYS THEVOLUNTARINESS OFAN ACT.
3. AFFECTEDIGNORANCE IN ONEWAY LESSENS AND
Example: A friend decides to hate his best friendafter
INANOTHER WAYINCREASESVOLUNTARINESS.
she heard her back fights. 4. ANTECEDENTCONCUPISCENCEDOES NOT
3. Fear DESTROYBUT LESSENS THEVOLUNTARINESS OFAN
ACT.
- Fear generally refers to the “agitation of the mind” 5. CONSEQUENTCONCUPISCENCE, HOWEVER
caused by an impending danger. GREAT, DOES NOT LESSENTHE VOLUNTARINESSOF
AN ACT.
TYPES OF FEAR 6. AN ACT DONE FROMFEAR, HOWEVER GREAT, IS
A. Actions done FROM fear SIMPLY VOLUNTARY, ALTHOUGH IT ISREGULARLY
ALSOCONDITIONALLYINVOLUNTARY.
- In some cases, fear becomes the cause of the 7. ACTS DECLINED BY THEWILL ARE NOT SUBJECT
action. The action then, is done from fear so to TOVIOLENCE; EXTERNAL ACTSCAUSED BY
speak. VIOLENCE, TOWHICH DUE RESISTANCE ISOFFERED,
ARE IN NO WISEIMPUTABLE TO THE AGENT.
Example: A student who is afraid of failing the 8. HABIT DOES NOT DESTROYVOLUNTARINESS AND
examination resorted to cheating. ACTSFROM HABIT ARE ALWAYSVOLUNTARY; AT
LEAST INCAUSE, AS LONG AS THEHABIT IS
B. Actions done WITH fear ALLOWED TOENDURE.
- n some cases, fear is not the cause of the action but 9. T HE AGENT ISRESPONSIBLE FOR THEFORESEEN
is an accompanying circumstance. EVIL EFFECTSOF AN ACT THAT HE/SHEIS FREE TO
AVOID.
Example: A student who resort to cheating for fear of 10. AN ACT, WHICH HAS BOTHGOOD AND EVIL
failing the examination (from fear) is also afraid of EFFECTS, ISPERMISSIBLE PROVIDEDTHAT THE
being caught by the teacher (with fear). RESULTING EVIL ISONLY A SECONDARY
ANDUNINTENTIONAL EFFECT.
4. Violence LESSON 7:
- Violence is an external force done by an agent in Consequentialism
order to compel or force somebody to do something
that he does not want to do. - an act is good in reference to its consequence
or result.
Example: When somebody is forced to sign on an - Also known as “Teleological ethics”
illegal document, for example, violence is done to o “telos” which means “end”.
him
Classification:
5. Habit
A. egoism – “I”
- Habit pertains to the facility of acting in a certain b. hedonism – “now”
manner and is brought about by frequently reported c. pragmatism – “practical”
acts. d. utilitarianism – “majority”
 - he advocates for the importance of the self or
Hedonism individuals over the imposed rules and
external commands.
1. intensity - How intense is the pleasure or pain?
KNOWLEDGE
2. duration - How long does the pleasure or pain last?
A. A Posteriori - these are that knowledge we
3. certainty or uncertainty - How probable is the
acquired using our senses after our experience.
occurrence of pleasure or pain
e.g.: After reading the mechanics of the
4.nearness or remoteness - Also known as
basketball we now know the theoretical way of
Propinquity: How far off is the pleasure or pain?
playing basketball.
5. fecundity- its chance of being followed by
B. A Priori - these are knowledge which we acquired
sensations of the same kind (pleasure by pleasure,
even before we experienced or learned something.
pain by pain)
This is done by virtue of pure reason devoid of any
6. purity- its chance of not being followed by experiences.
sensations of the opposite kind (pleasure by pain,
e.g.: Helping a person hit by a car in the
pain by pleasure).
street.
7. extent- the number of persons to whom it extends
ACT
or (in other words) who are affected by it.
A. Good Act- these are actions which corresponds to
Hedonic Calculus
the what the society conform to be good.
Utilitarianism - Action is permissible if it promotes
- These are simply acts without inherent reason of
pleasure or happiness for the majority.
why the action is done. It is simply done because it is
Jeremy Bentham (quantitative/does not follow the good, no more no less.
law) – founder of this norm finds the problem that
e.g,: Giving a beggar a food.
during his time lies the incapability of the laws to help
people attain happiness. B. Good will - these actions which are result of the
inner god desire of the human person, an act with
John Stuart- Mill (qualitative/ follow the law) - “it is
good motivation.
not enough to base the goodness of the action from
the act alone. (if we do so, we can only get quantity of - internal to us/ act beyond happiness
pleasure).
e.g.: Telling your best friend the truth even if it
will destroy your friendship.
LESSON 8:

Deontology WILL
- “Deon” which means “duty or obligation” A. Heteronomy of the will- this will is not free from
- “Duty ethics” any dictate or external influences or external motive.
- By universality we mean ‘an act deemed to be
done by everyone for the basis that it should - act with corresponding reward or punishment
be done universally. e.g.: We do household chores because we are
o This should be universal accepted by afraid that our mother will spank us if we don’t.
everyone.
B. Autonomy of the will- free from any dictates of
Immanuel Kant external influences such as command and rewards.

- doing an act without expecting a reward or because

of impending punishment.
 e.g.: Secretly you give food to a beggar in the Elements of Soul
street. -Intellect
-Will
PRINCIPLE - emotion
Cardinal Virtues
A. Hypothetical Imperative (FAKE) - it is a rule of
-prudence
conduct that is understood to apply to an individual
- justice
only if he or she desires a certain end and has chosen - courage
(willed) to act on that desire. - temperance
e.g.: If you want to be trusted, you should
The rational part of the soul or mind- which is copied
always tell the truth.
from the eternal and immutable world- must govern
B. Categorical Imperative (AUTHENTIC) - these are the spiritual, emotional and appetitive parts in order
rules of conduct that are understood to apply to all to lead all desires and actions to eudaimonia or
individuals, no matter what their desires are. happiness.
e.g.: Always tell the truth, do not kill/steal Aristotle- “moral man is the man of virtue.”
UNIVERSALIZABILITY PRINCIPLE - Virtue is the mean between two extremes–
middle way.
- in order for an action to be considered good it
- Finding the middle way is the key to leading a
should be universally accepted as good.
moral life.
PRINCIPLE OF HUMANITY
Principle of Moderation
- Act in such a way that you treat humanity,
- Excess
whether in your own person or in the person
- Moderate
of any other, never merely as a means, but
- Deficient
always at the same time as an end.

PRINCIPLE OF ENDS
LESSON 12:
- rational human beings should be treated as
MINOR THEORIES
an end in themselves and not as a means to
something else. The fact that we are human 1. Natural Law Theory - you do act according to what
has value in itself. is natural

- St. Thomas Aquinas

-Influenced by Aristotle
LESSON 9: 2. Legalism - also known as “Human Positive Law”
Virtue Ethics - if you follow in accordance with the law
- focused on understanding the essential 3. Divine Command Theory
“character traits” of a person as a way to
- if you follow the will of God
attain virtues.
4. Levinas Morality -living as morality if you focus the
e.g.: helping others.
perspective of good towards other.
- It is good because it is manifestation of one’s
5. Existentialism - you know to be exist and how to
virtue of being helpful.
exist acc to.
Proponent of Virtue Ethics
Soren Kierkegaard- consciousness if you are
Plato – “moral person is the truly happy person” conscious then you exist.
John Paul Sartre- you must be free in order for you to - G.E. Moore
exist.
13. whose philosophy did Emmanuel Levinas hated
6. Intuitionism - you don’t need to explain what is so much that he can forgive many Germans but not
good simply good is good. this philosopher?

7. Emotivism - usually making use of our emotion to - Martin Heidegger

dwell/to dig something good out of those emotions
14. Who is the main proponent of the Ethical Theory
that we have.
called emotivism?
QUIZ
- A.J Ayer
1. what is good acc to A.J. Ayer
15. who was known as the aesthetics existentialist
- “Use emotion to persuade others”. who reject the existence of God due to his
omnipotence?
2. good acc. C.L. Stevenson
- John Paul Sartre
-to do good to others even without anything in
return 16. what is the basis of good acc. To legalism

3. good acc. To G.E. Moore - Laws created by man

- good is to exist in consciousness 17. what is the basis of good acc. To divine command
theory.
4. good acc. Jean Pual Sartre
- laws mandated by God
-good exist with freedom
18. what is the basis of good acc. to St. Thomas
5. food acc. Soren Kierkeegard
Aquinas?
- good is to follow the ordinary circumstances
- Laws of nature
of like
19. what is the other name of the Ethical Theory
6. good acc. Emmanuel Kant
called Divine Command Theory?
-good is to allow others to succeed
- Divine Law
7. good acc. Divine command theory
20. Who is the father of the Ethical Theory called
- good is to follow the will of God Existentialism?

8. good acc. Legalism -Soren Kierkegaard

- good is to follow the human created law

9. good acc. The natural law theory

- good is to exist

10. good acc. Existentialism

- good is to exist with freedom

11. Who was the philosopher whose philosophy was

Christianized by St. Thomas Aquinas?

- Aristotle

12. who is the main proponent of the ethical theory

called intuitionism?