lt

s' kry\4t-aK(ervN qr.(:

l. Lead Nitrate
S{N\w Cl.1-4,2
I. PRE,LIMINAI{Y'|ESTS
EXPI]R]MENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I COI,OI]R Colourless Absence olcopper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF }TEAT Decripitation occuls with Mav be Nitrate.
A small amount of the salt is heated gently evolutior.r of leddish blown gas.
in a drv test tube.
J FLAME ]'EST: No charactelistic colouled flarne. Absence ofCopper. Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCI is made into a paste and Barium.
introduced into the Bunsen Ilame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCI Reddish brown turning nToist Presence of nitlate

Salt + dilute HCI f'errous sulphate papet' brorvn
evolves

5 ACTION WITII Con HzSO+ Reddish brown gas turning Plesence of nitrate
Salt+ Con Il2SOa+ heat aciditled ferrous sulphate paper
gleen evolves

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide

Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SOa + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: Reddish blown gas moist ferrous Plesence of nitlate
Salt + Copper Turnings * conc. Sulphuric sulphate paper brown evolves
acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Abser-rce of Arnrlonium.
Salt+NaOH+heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No led orange vapoul's evolved Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichlornate +
conc. Sulphuric acid + heated.
III. TESTS WITI-I SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A sn,all amountof salt is mixed with tu,ice the amountof sodiurn carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added. boiled fbr l0
minutes. cooled and fittered. The filtrate is called "Sodium carbonate extract".
E,XPERIMF],NT OBSERVATION TNFERENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATE TEST: No bhalacteristic precipitate is rippeared.. Absence of chloride . brornide and
E,xtract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the efl'ervescence ceases + 2 ml ol Silver
N itrate

lt LEAD ACETATE TEST: No r,rhitc precipitate is appealcd. Absence of sulphate

Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the ef'fbrvescence ceases + 2 rnl of lead
acetate

t2 BARIUM CHI-ORIDE TEST: No rvhite precipitate. Abpence of Sulphate

Extract + dilute I{ydlochloric Acid
added until the efl-ervescence ceases
* Barium chloride solution
l3 BROWN RING'|EST: Brown ring is tbn.r.red atlhe junction of Nitrate is cqnflrmed.
Extlact + dilute Sulphuric acid is added the two layers.
ultil the cf'feryescence ceases + f'reshly
plepared FeSOa + conc Sulphulic acid is

L
 added drop by drop.

t4 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence ofphosphate

I ml ofthe extlact +.dil HNO., + 2bsu1 precipitate is forrned.
1 mLeach ofamrnonium rnolvbdate
and Conc. HNO-
t5 Testwith sodium No purple or violet colouration Absence of sr"rlphide.
nitrobruside: lrnL of the appears
sodiurn carbonate extract * 1mL
ofdil.aommonia. +
few drops of sodium nitro bruside.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to l5 ml of distilled
\\,ater .

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
.EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I 0- group: : No Reddish bro'"vn precipitate is Absence of Animoniim.
Original solution ' Nessler"s l'eagent appeared
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.

2 I - group: White plecipitate soluble when boiled Presence of lead.

Oliginal solution + 2 ml oidil.Hcl. with water isobtained.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I - gloup: Y.ellorv precipitate soluble in hot rvater Lead is conflrnred.
Original solution + 2 ml oiPotassium which reappears as golden yellow
lodide. spangles on cooling.

RESUL I- ,

The given simple salt contains l..Basic Radical I Lead 2. Acid Radical : Nitrate
. The given sirnple salt is : Lead Nitlate.

-4'
 2.Copper Sulphate
I. PRI]I-IMINARY'TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I COLOUR Blue/ Gleen May be copper Sulphate

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF I{EAT No chalacteristic change Absence of Zinc, ammonium and
A srnall amount of the salt is heated gently Nitrate
in a drv test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: Bluish Green flame. Presence ofCopper
Salt * conc. HCI is made into a paste and
introduced into the Bunsen llame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCI No characteristic change. Absence of Sulphide , nitrate and

Salt + dilute HCI Carbonate.

) ACTION WITH Con H2SOa No characteristic gas evolved Absence of nitrate. chloride and
bromide
Salt+ Con I-l2SOa+ heat

II. IDENTIFICATION. OF ACID'RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnOz No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + MnO, + Con FI2SO4 + heat

7 COPPER TURNINCS TEST: No Reddish bror,vn gas is evolved. Absenc.e of Nitlate.

Salt + Copper Turnings * conc. Sulphuric
acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. :Absence of Ammonium.
Salt+NaOH+heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours evolved. Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassiun, Dichrornate -l-
conc. Sulphur-ic acid + heated .

ril. TESTS WiTI-l SODIiJM CARBONAI-E EXTRACT PREPAII.ATION OI-- SODIUM

. CARBONATE PXTRRC'I' :
A srnali arrount of salt is with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilldd watcr is added, boilcii fbr l0
mixec.l
minutes, cooled and tlltered. The filtrate is called "Sodium carbonate extract""
I]XPERIMENT OBSERVATIQN INFERENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATE, TEST: No characteristic precipitate is appeared. Absence ot'chloride, bromide and
sulphide.
Extract + dilute Nitlic Acid added until
the efl'eryescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate
lt LEAD ACE'|ATE TEST: A white precipitate soluble.in excess Presenco ol .
sulphate
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until ammonium acetate is fbrmed.
the efl-ervescence ceases + 2 nrl of lead
acetate

t2 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: A rvhite precipifate insoluble in dilute Sulphate is conllrmed

Extract + dilute Hydrochlolic Acid Il2SOa is lbrmed. :

added until the eflervescence ceases

* Barium chlolide solution
l-) BROWN RINC TEST: No Brorvn ring is fbrmed Absence of Nitrate is conflnned.
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the eflervescence ceases + fi'eshly
prepared FeSOo + conc Sulphuric acid is
 added drop by drop.

Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence of Ihosp"hate

I rnlofthe ettract + di I H.NO,+about precipitate is formed.
I m L each ofamrnoni uminoly,bdate
and Conc. HNO
Testwith sodium :
No purple'or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
nitrobruside: l mL of the appears
sodium carbonate extrbct+ 1mL
of dil .aommonia, +
few drops of sodium rritro bruside.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAT- SOIUT f ON: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in I0 to l5 ml ol distilled

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
0 - group: No Reddish brorvn precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original selution + Nessler's l'Eagent + appeared
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
1 No White precipitate is obtained. Absence o1'lead.
Original solution + 2 ml o1'di1 Hcl.

3 A black plecipitate is obtained Presence of Copper

To the above solution, H2S g.as is passed

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
II - group: No, piecipitate is obtained but the Copper is confirmed.
Original solution + 2 ml of Ammonium solution is blue
Hydroxide

RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical Copper 2. Acid Radical : Sulphate
The given simple salt is : Copper Sulphate

Jt
 3. Copper Carbonate
I. PREI.IMINAI{Y TESI'S
E]XPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFI]RENCE

COLOUR Green IVIay be copper carbonate

Colour of the salt is noted

2 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic change.
A small amount ol-the salt is heated gently
in a dlv test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: Bluish Green flarne. Presence ofCopper
Salt + conc. HCI is made into a paste and
introduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF'DIL HCI Coloulless, Odourless gas Carbonate is confirmed

Salt + dilute HCI turning lime watel milky is
evolved.

5 ACTION WITH Con HzSO+ No characteristic gas evolved Absence of nitrate, chloride and
Salt+ Con H2SOa + heat bromide

I], IDI]N T'IFICATION OF ACID RADICAL

6 ACTION WITH MnOu No chalacteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + MnO2 + Con FI2SOa + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No Rcddish bror.r n gas is evolr cd. Absence of Nitrate.
Salt + Coppel Turnings + conc. Sulphuric
acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Absence o1'Ammonium.
Salt+NaOLI+heated.
o CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours evolved. Absence ofchloride.
Salt + a pincl.r of Potassiun.r Dichromate *
conc. Sulphuric acid + heated .

III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION OF SODIUM

CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A sm'all amount of salt is mixed with twice the amour.]t of sodiurn carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled tbr l0
minutes. cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called "Sodium carbonate extract"'
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic preclpitate is appeareci 'Absence of chloride, bromide and
sulphide.
Ext|act + dilute Nitric Acid added until
the ef'lervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate
ll LEAD ACETATE TEST: No rvhite precipitate is formed. Absence of sulphate
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the efl-ervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate

t2 BARTUM CLILORIDE'IEST: No white precipitate is fbnned. Absence olsulphate

.
Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
aCded until the etl-ervescence ceases
+ Barium chloride solution
r3 BROWN RING TEST: No Brown ring is lblmed Absence of Nitrate
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added :

until the efTer.vescence ceases + fi.eshly

preDared FeSOr + conc Sulphuric acid is
 added drop by drop.

t4 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yel.low Absence of phosphate

I rnlofthe extract+ di1 HNO,* about precipitate is formed.
I mLeach ofammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO.
l5 Testwith sodiUm No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
nitrobruside: I mL'bf the appears
sodium carbonate extract+ l.mL
of dil .aommoniai+
few droos of sodium nitro bruside.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTIOi\: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in dilute HCI .

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
0 - group: No Reddish brorvn precipitate is Absence of Ammoniuni.
Original solution -| Nessler's reagent + appeared
excess ofSodium Hydroxide. .

2 [ - group: No White precipitate is obtained. Absence of Iead.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

J II - group: A black precipitate is obtained Presence ofCopper.

To the aborre solution H2S gas is passed

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
II - group: No precipitate is obtained but the Copper is conflrmed.
Original solution + 2 ml of AnTmonium solution is blue
Hydroxide

RESULT
The given simple salt contains l. Basic Radical : Copper 2. Acid Radical : Carbonate
The given simple salt is : Copper Carbonate

s
 4.Ferr ic Chloride

I. PRELIMINAI{Y'fESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION TNFERENCE

I COLOUR Brorvn May b€ Fen'ic chloride

Colour ol'the salt is noted
2 ACTIONOF TiEAT No characteristic change Absence of nitrate, zinc and ammonium
A srr,all amount of the salt is heated gently
in a drv test tube.
-) FLAME TEST: No charactelistic flanle. Absence of Copper, Calcium,
* conc. IlCl
is made into a paste and Rarium
Salt
introduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL IJCI No chalactcristic change Absence of nitrate, carbonate and

Salt + ditute HCI sulphide

5 ACTION WITH Con H:SO+ A colourless gas evolves. It gives a Presence ol chloride.
dense rvhite tur.nes rvhen a glass lod
Salt+ Con H2SOa+ heat
dippcd in liquid arnrnonic is
blousht close to its mouth..
II. IDI]NTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
6 ACTION WITH MnO2 A greenish yellow gas turning Presence ol'chloride.
Salt + MnO2 + Con H,SOa + heat starch iodide paper blue evolves

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No Reddish brown gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphulic
acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Absence of Ammonium.
salt+NaoFI+heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TE,ST: Red orange vapours evolves and Presence ofchloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichromate + gives yellow precipitate with lead
acetate solution.
conc. Sulphuric acid + heated .

III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARAI'ION OF SODIUM

. CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small arnount of salt is n-rixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled fbr l0
minutes, cooled and tlltered. The filtrate is called "Sodiunr cat'bonate extt'act".
F,XPI]RIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
lo SILVER NITRATE TEST: Curdy white precipitate soluble in Chloride is confirmed.
Extract + dilute Nitlic Acid added until ammonium hvdroxide is evolved.
the etl-ervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate
ll LEAD ACETATE IEST: No u,hite precipitate is tbrmed. Absence of sulphate
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the eftervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate

t2 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No r,vhite precipitate is fbrmed. Absence ofsulphate

Extract + dilute Hydrochlolic Acid
added until the efl-elvescence ceases
* Rariurn chloride solution
13 BROWN RING TES'f: No Brorvn ring is fbrmed Absence of tr-itt'ate
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is adcjed
until the eflervescence ceases - lieshll'
prepared FeSOa + conc Sulphuric acid is

*--t
 added drop by drop.

14
Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence ofphosphate
I mlofthe extract+ dil HNO:+ about precipitate is fbrmed.
I rnLeach ofammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO-
15
Testwith sodium No purple or violet colouration Absenr:e of sulphide.
nitrobruside: lmL of the appears
sod i um carbohate extract + 1 mL
ofdil.aommonia. *
few drops of sodiurn nitro bruside.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATIONOFORICINALSOLUTION: Theoriginal solutionispreparedbydissolvingthesaltin l0to l5ml of distilled
\\ ater .

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I 0 - gloup: No Reddish brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution + Nessler's reagent + appeared
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.

2 I - group: No White precipitate is obtained. Absence of lead.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

J II - group: No black precipitate is obtained Absence ofCopper.

To the above solution I{2S gas is passed

4 III - group: A bror,r,n precipitate is obtained Plesence of Iron

Original solution + 2 ml of dil NH4CI +
lml NHaOH

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICAI,S

EXPERIMENT OI]SERVATION INFERENCE
III * group: A Blue precipitate is obtained lron (Ferric) is conflrmed
Original solution + I ml of dilute HCI and
boil it + 1 n.rl potassium f'erro cyanide

RESULT
The given simple salt contains l. Basic Radical : Felric 2. Acid Radical : Chloride
The given simple salt is : Ferric Chloride
 5.Aluminium Sulphate

I. PRELIMINARY TES'TS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INF'ERENCE

COLOUR Colourless Absence olcopper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF I-IEAT No charactelistic change Absence of nitrate,
A srnall amount o1'the salt is heated gently in a dry ammonium, and zinc.
test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: No chalacteristic Absence of Copper', Calciurn and
Salt + conc. IlCl
is made into a paste and coloured flame.. Barium.
introduced into the Bunsen flarne.

4 ACI'ION OF DIL HCI No characteristic change. Abs'ence of'nitrate. Sulphide and

Salt + dilute HCI Carbonate.

5 ACTION WITH Con H2SOa No chalacteristic gas Absence of riitrate, chloride and
evoli,ed blomide
Salt+ Con H:SO+ + heat

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnOr No charactelistic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + vnO, +oCon H2SOa + heat :

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brown gas is Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphulic acid + evolved.
heated.

8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas Absence of Ammonium.

Salt+NaOH +heated. evolved.

9 CHROMYL CHI-ORIDI] TEST: No Red orange vapours Absence of chloride.

Salt + a pinch of Potassiurr.r Dichlorr.rate -f conc, evolved.
Sulphuric acid + heated .
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATEEXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT':
A small amount of salt is mixed with trvice the amount o1-sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled r.vater is added. boiled fbr 10
mirrutes, cooled and tlltered. The filtrale is called ''Sodiunr carbonate extract".
I]XPE,RIMENT OBSERVATION INI.'ERENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATE TEST: No chalacteristic precipitate is appeared. Absence of chloride , bromide and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the efl-ervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate
n LEAD ACETATE TEST: A white precipitate soluble in Presence ofsulphate.
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until ammonium acetate is tblmed
the effelvescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate

t2 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: A rvhite precipitate insoluble in dil Sulphate is conflrmed.

Extract + dilute Hydlochloric Acid H2SO4

added until the efl'ervescence ceases

+ Bariun, chloride solution

"I
 l3 BROWN RING TEST: No brorvn ring is appeared. Absence of Nitrate.
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
untii the ef-fervescence
ceases fi.eshly *
orepared FeSOo + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by ilrop.
t4 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow ppt is Absence ofphosphate
I rrlofthe extract+ dil HNO.+about formed.
Im L each ofatnmoniuln m olvbdate
and Conc. FINO^

l5 Testwith sodium No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.

nitrobruside: I mL of the appears
sodium carbonate extract * 1 mL
ofdil.aommonia. *
few drops of sodium nitro brr,rside.
.
IV. IDENTIFICAfION OP TIJE BASIC RADICAI,S
PREPARATION OF ORICINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is preparcd by dissolving the
water
salt in I0 to l5 ml of distillccj
.

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I 0 - group: No Reddish brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution * Nessler's reagent + appeared.
ercess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I * group: No lvhite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 rnl of dil Hcl.

-) II - group: No black precipitate is appear.ed. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml ofilil HCI +
H2S gas.

4 III - group: : Gelatianous white plecipitate is appeared. Presence of Aluminium.

Original solution I ml + NH*CI + 2
ml NHrOH :

. V. coNpIRMAToRY TESTS FoR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERI\4ENT
lll - group: A.biight red lake is appeared. Aluminium is confirmed.
Original solution -F Ammoni.un.r
Hr dloxide - Aluminon reagent.

RESULT
The given simple salt contains l. Basic Radical : Aluminium 2. Acid Radical : Sulphate
: The given simple salt is : Alunrinium Sutphate.

tt
 6.Aluminium Nitrate

I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR Colourless Absence ofcoppel and iron salts

Coloul of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF HEAT Decripitation occurs with Mav be Nitrate.
A small amount of the salt is heated gently evolution olleddish brown gas
in a drv test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteristic colout'ed flame. Absence of Copper, Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCI is made into a paste and Bariurn.
intloduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL I-ICI Reddish brown gas turning.rnoi'st Presence of nitrate

Salt + dilute I-{Cl fen'ous sulphate paper brorvn
evolves

) ACTION WITH Con H2SOa Reddish brown gas turning Presenie of nitrate
Salt+ Con H2SOa+ heat acidilled ferrous sulphate paper
green evolves

I I. IDI]NTIFICA'I'ION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characieristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide

Salt + Mr.rO2 + Con HzSO4 + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: Reddish brown gas turning moist Presence of Nitrate.
Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric ferrous sulphate paper b.rown
acid + heated. evolves

8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Absence of Ammonium.

Salt+Naol'l+heated.
9 CI_IROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapour3 evolved. Absedce of chloride
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichron-rate +
conc. Sulphuric acid + heated .
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EX'[RACT': :

A small amount of salt is mixed with twioe the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled',vater is added, boiled for l0
minutes. cooled arrd tlltered. The tlltrate is called "Sodium carbonale extract"' :

dxppruusNl OBSERVATION INFERENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate is appeared. Absence of chloride, blomide and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the eff'ervescence ceases + 2 r-r-rl of Silver
Nitrate
l1 LEAD ACETATE TEST: Absence of sulphate
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate

12 BARIUM CI]LORIDE TESI-: No rvhite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Sulphate

Extlact + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the el'fervescence ceases
-f Barium chloride solution

lt
 l3 BROWN RING TEST: Bror.vn ring is fbrmed at the junction of Nitrate is confirmed.
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added the two layers.
until the eff-ervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSOo + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.
t4 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow ppt is Absence of phosphate
I mlofthe extract+ dil HNOr+ abolrt fornred-
I m Leach ofarnmonium m olybdate
and Conc. HNO-
l5 Testwith sodium No pLrrple or violet colouratiorr Absence of sulphide.
nitrobruside: lmL of rhe appears
sodium carbonate extract* lmL
ofclil.aommonia. * )

few drops of sodiurn nitroibruside.

: IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICAI,S
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to t5 rnl of distilled
\\atet. :

GROUP IDENTIFICATION

.EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

0- group: : No Reddish blor,rn precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution f Nessler's realent + appeared.
excess of So$ium Hydroxide.

2 I * group: No u,liite precipitate is appealed. Absence of Lead

Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.
:

3 No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper

Original solution + 2 ml ofdil HCI +
FI2S gas.

4 lll - group: : Gelatinous white precipitate is obtained. Presence of Alun.rinium.

Original sdlution I ml + NH4CI + 2
ml NHaOLI

V. CONFiRMATORY TESTS FOII BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
III - grciup: A bright led lake is ohLained. Aluminium is confirmed.
Original solution f Anlmenium.
Ilydroxide + Aluminon rdagent.

RESLJLT

t,.
 8.Zinc Sulphide
I. PRE,I,IMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I COLOUR Colourless Absence ofcopper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF I]EAT 'lhe r,vhite salt turns yellow on May he Zinc.
A small amount of the salt is heated gently in a heating.
drv test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: No characteri stic coloured f'lanre. Absence ofCopper, Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCI is made into a paste and Barium.
intloduced into the Bunsen t'lame.

4 ACTION OI,- DIL FICI Colorless rotten egg smelling Presence ofSulphide
Salt + dilute HCI gas turning Lead acetate paper
black.

) ACTION WITII Con HzSOa No characteristic gas evolved Absence otl nitrate, chloride
and bromide
Salt+ Con I{2SOa + heat

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITII MnOz No characteristic change. Absence of chlolide and bron.ride
Salt + MnO: + Con H2SOa + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brou,n gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings * conc. Sulphuric.acid
+ heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Absence of Ammonium.
salt+NaoH+heated.
9 CHROMYL CHI-ORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours evolved Absence ofchlolide.
Salt + a pinch of Potassiun.r Dichron.rate + conc.
Sulphuric acid + heated .

III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT :

PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with tr.vice the amount of sodium calbonate and 20 ml oldisiilled u'ateris added, boiled fbr l0
nrinutes, cooled and flltered. The filtrate is called "Sodium carbonate extt'act",
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATE TEST: Plesence ofSulphide

Ilrtract + dilute Nitric Acid added until
the eflelvescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitlate
II LI]AD ACETATE TEST: No rvhite precipitate is obtained . Absence of Sulphate
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the eflervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate

12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TE,ST: No r.vhite precipitate is obt4ined. Absence of Sulphate

Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the effervescence ceases
* Barium chloride solution
IJ BROWN RINC TEST: No blown ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added ;
until the etl'ervescence ceases + fi.eshly
prepared FeSOr + conc Sulphuric acid is

1*
 added drop by drop.

l4 Ammonium molybddte test: No canary yellow Absence of plrosphate

I mlofthe extract* dilHNO.,+abotrt precipitate is fbrmed.
1 rnLeach ofarnrnon ium molybdate
and Conc. HN-O
l5 Testwith sodium A purple or violet colouration Sulphide is confirmed.
nitrobru.sidei lmL of the appears
sodium carbonate extract* 1mL
oldil.aommonia. +
lew droos of sodiurn nitro bruside.
. IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICAI-S
:

PREPARATION.OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: Thebriginal solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in l0 to l5 ml of dilute
IICI
GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No Reddish brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution f Niessler's reagbnt + appeared.
excess of Sodium Hydloxide.

2 I - gloup: .:
No r,r'hite precipitate is appeat'ed. Absence of Lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II - group: No.black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCI +
H2S gas.

4 III - group: No gelatinous white plecipitate is Absence of Aluminium.

Original solution + 1 ml NHaCI + appeared.
2ml NHaOH
5 IV - group: Dirty white precipitate is obtained. Presence ofZinc.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4CI + 2
rnl NHaOH + H2S gas.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
l8 IV - group: White precipitate soluble in excess of Zinc is
Original solution * Potassiun.r Ferro Sodium hydroxide and insoluble in confirmed
cvanide. dilute acid.

RESULT
The given simple salt contains 1. Basic Radical : Zinc 2. Acid Radical : Sulphide
The given simple salt is : Zinc Sulphide.

t'-
|,l
 7.Zinc Sulphate
I. PRF]I,tMINAIIY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR Colourless Absence ofcopper and ilon salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF LIEAT The white salt turns May be Zinc.
A srnall amount of the salt is heated gently in a dry yellow on heating.
test tube.
3 FLAME TEST: No cl.raracteristic coloured Absence ofCopper, Calcium and
llarne. Barium'.
Salt + conc. HCI is rnade into a paste and
ir.rtloduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACI'ION OF DIL HCI No characteristic change is Absence of nitrate, Sulphide and

obtained. Carbonate.
Salt + dilute HCI

) ACTION WITH Con HzSOq No charactelistic gas Absence of nitrate, chloride

evolved and brornide
Salt+ Con H2SOa + heat

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnOz ,

No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bromide
Salt + MnO, + Con H2SOa + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brorvn gas is Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric acid + evolved.
heated.

8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas Absence of Amnronium.

Salt+NaOH+heated. evolved.

o CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: t.r-o Red orange vapours Absence ofchloride.

Salt + a pinch olPotassium Dichromate + cono. evolved.
Sulphulic acid + heated .

III. TI]S"IS WITII SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT

PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A srnall amount of salt is mixed with twice the anrount of sodiurn carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled fbr 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The tlltrate is called "Sodium cal'botrate extract".
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATE TE,ST: No characteristic precipitate. Absence of chloride, bromide and

sulphide.
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate

1l LEAD ACETATE TEST: A white precipitate soluble in Presence of:sulphate.

Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until ammonium acetate is fbrmed

the efl'ervescence ceases + 2 rnl of lead
acetate

t2 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: A white precipitate, insolubld in dil. Sulpliate is confirmed.

Ilxtract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid H2SO4

added until the eff'ervescence ceases

+ Barium chloride solution

r<
!*2
 J3 BROW\ RINC TEST: No bror.vn ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the e1J-eivescence ceases + fieshly
prepared FeSOo + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop. i
t4 Ammonium molybdate test: ' No canary yellow Absence ofphosphate
I mIofthe extract+ diI HNO., + about precipitate is formed.
I rn L eac h ofammonilur'molybdate
and Conc. HNO-
I5 Testwith sodium No purple'or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
nitrobrusid€l 1mL of the appears
sodium carbonate extract * lrnl-
of dil.aommonia. *
few drops of sodium nitro bruside.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICAI,S
PREPAR{TION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of distilled
watet

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
0 - group: No Reddish blorvn precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solLrtionNessler's reagent +
-l- appeared.
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.

2 I - gloup: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.

Originat solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

J ll - group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCI +
H2S gas.

4 III - group: No gelatinous white precipitate is Absence olAluminium

Original solution + 1 ml NHaCI + appeared.
2rpl NH4OH
5 lV - group: Dirty rvhite precipitate is obtained. Presence ofZinc.
Oliginal solution + I ml NHaCI + 2
ml NHaOH + I-l2S gas.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICAI,S

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
IV - group: White precipitate soluble in excess o1' Zinc is
Original solution + Potassium Ferro Sodium hydroxide and insoluble in conflrmed.
cyanide. dilute acid.

RESULT
The given simple salt contains L Basic Radical : Zinc 2. Acid Ra<Jical : Sulphate
The given simple salt is : Zinc Sulphate.

lL-
 9.Calciurn Calborratc.
I. PRI]I,IMINARY'fESTS
I'XPERIMI]N'f OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I COLOUR Coloulless Absence ofcopper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic change Absence of zinc, ammonium and
A smalt amount of the salt is heated gently in nitlate.
a drv test tube.
J FLAME TES'I: Brick led coloured l]ame. Presence ofCalcium
Salt + conc. HCI is rnade into a paste and
introduced into the Bunsen tlame.

4 ACTIONIOF DII. HCI Brisk etfervescence of colouriess, Carbonate is confirrned.

Salt + dilute HCI od,rurless gas tulning Lirne water. rnilkl .

5 ACTION WITFI Con HzSO,r No charactelistic gas evolved Absence of nitrate,

Salt+ Con H2SOa + heat chloride and blomide

II. IDENTIFICATION Ot] ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and brornide
Salt + MnOz + Con HzSO+ t l.reat

'7
COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish bror,vn gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.
Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric
acid + heated.
8 AC'l'lON OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Absence of Ammonium.
salt+NaoH+heated.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours evolved. Absence ofchloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassiutn Dichlor.nate r
conc. Sulpliuric acid + heated .

III. TESTS WITII SODIUM CARBONATI] EX'IRACT

PREPARATION OF SODIL]M CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A sn.rall amount of salt is mixed with t.,vice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled'"vater is added. boiled for l0
minutes, cooled and filtered. The tlltrate is called "Sodium carbonate extract".
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
to SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate is obtained. Absence of chloride, bromide and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the ef'f-ervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate

t1 I,EAD ACETATE TEST: No rvhite precipitate is obtained. Absence ofsulphate

Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate

t2 BARIUM CI-ILORIDE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of Sulphate

Extract + dilute Hydlochloric Acid
added until the efTervescence ceases
* Balium chloride solution

t'l
 13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown rir.rg is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the efl'ervescence ceases + fi'eshly
prepared FeSOo + conc Sulphuric acid is
addcd drop by drop.

l4 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence ofphosphate

I mlofthe extract+ di I HNO:+about precipitate is forrred.
I m L each ofammon ium molvbdate
and Conc. HNOI
l5 Testwithsodium No pLrrple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
nitrobruside: l rnl- of the appears
sodilrm carbonate extract* lmL
ofdil.aommonia. +
few drops ofsodium nitro bruside.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepaled by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of dil FICI

GROUP IDENTII"ICATION

EXPI]RIMF]NT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

0 - gloup: No Reddish brorvn plecipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solufi.on t Nessler's reagenl + appeared.
exoess of Sodium Hydroxide.

2 I - group: No u,hite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.

Original solution + 2 rnl of dil Hcl.

-) II - group: No black precipitate is appeared. Atrsence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCI +
H2S gas.
J III - group: No gelatinous u,hite precipitate is Absence of Aluminium
O|iginal solution + 1 ml NFl4Cl + appeared.
2ml NHaOH
5 lV -'group: No dirty white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Zinc.
Original solution + I ml NH*Cl + 2
ml NHaOH + H2S gas.
6 V- group: . . White precipitate is obtained. Presence of Calciun, or Barium.
Oliginal solution + I mlNl-laCl + 2 0
ml NI{aOH + 2 ml (NH4)zCO3 Solutions

V..CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
V- gt'oup: : White precipitate insoluble in Aceiic Calciurn is conflrmed.
Original solution + Ammoniurn a6id.
Hydroxide * Ammonium Oxalate.

RESULT .

Thegir'ensimplesaltcontains l.BasicRadical
..
: Calcium 2.AcidRadical :Carbonate
The given simple salt is : Calciurn Carbonate.

'
:
 I. PRELIMINARY TES'TS
EXPERIN{ENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

I COLOUR Colourless Absence ofcoppel and iron salts

Coloul of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF IIEAT No characteristic change. Absence of
A sn.rall amount of the salt Nitrate, Anrmonium and Zinc.
is heated gently in a dry test tube.
., FLAME TEST: Grassy green f'lame. Presenie of Barium.
Salt + conc. HCI is made into a
paste and introduced into the
Bunsen flame'.
4 ACTION OF DIL I.ICI No chalacteristic ohange. Absence of nitrate.
Salt + dilute HCI Sulphide and Calbonate.

5 ACTION WITH Con HzSO+ A colourless gas evolves. It gives a dense r,vhite .
Presence of chloride.
fumes when a glass rod dipped iri liquid ammonia
Salt+ Con H2SOa+ heat
is brought close to its mouth.. :

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAT,S

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 A greenish yellou" gas turning Staroh iodide.paper Presence of ohloride.
Salt + MnO, + Con H,SO+ + heat bluc evolvcs :

'l COPPER TURNINCS TEST: No reddish blonn gcs is cvolr ed Absence of Nitrate.
Salt + Copper Tulnings + conc.
Sulphuric acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. :
Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + Na'oH +oheated.
9 CI-IROMYL CFILORIDE TESI': Red orange vapours evolved ale passed through Presence of ihloride
Salt+apinchofPotassium water to get a yellor.v solution. rvhich on
Dichromate + conc. Sulphulic acid ad<1ing Lead acetate fbrms a yellorv precipitate.
* heated .

III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT

PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONA'fF] EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed rvith trvice the amount ol'sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled rvater is added. boiled lbr l0
minutes, cooled and tlltered. The tlltrate is called "Sodium carbonate extract"'
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATE TEST: A curdy white plecipitate, soluble in Chloride is contlrmed,

Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until excess of Ammoniurr hydl'oxide.
the ellelvescence ceases + 2 ml o1'Silvcr
Nitrate
1l LEAD ACETATE TEST: Absence of sulphale.
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the el'felvescence ceases + 2 rnl ol lead
acetate

t2 BARIUM CHLORIDE TESI-: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of Sulphate

Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the eflervescence ceases
* Barium chlolide solution

r ll
 13 BROWN RING TEST: No brorvn ling is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the effen,escence ceases + tieshly
prepared FeSOa + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.
t4 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence of phosphate
I rnlofthe extract+ d iI HNO., + about precipitate is formed.
Im L each ofammoniutx lx olybdate
and Conc. HNO.
t5 Testwith sodium No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
nitrobruside: lmL of rhe appears
sodir-rm carbonate extract * 1mL
ofdil.aornmonia. +
few drops of sodium nitro brLrside.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF TFIE BASIC RADICAI-S
PITEPARATiON OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is preparerj by dissolving the salt in .l
\\,atef.
0 to 15 ml of distilled

GROUP IDENI-IFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCF]
0 - groupr No Reddish brorvn precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solition + Nessler's reagent + appeared. 0

excess of Sodium Hydloxide.

2 I - group: No rvhite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.

Original solution - z mt oiOit rict.

-) Il - group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil.HCl +
H2S gas. :

4 III - group: Nc gelatinous lvhite precipitate is Absence of Aluminiurn

Original solution + I ml NH+CI t appeared.
2m.l NHaOH

) No dilty rvhite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Zinc.

Original solution + I ml NHICI + 2
ml NH,tOH + H:S gas. ,

6 V - group: ..
White precipitate is obtained, Presence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution + I mlNH;Cl + 2
ml NH.OH 2 ml iNl-lot;i\)j solurions

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPIRIMTNI
V - group: Yellow precipitate. soluble in acid. Barium is confir'med.
Original solufion * Oo,ur;,u.
Chrornate is added.

RESULT
 I 3.Magnesium Calbonate
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
I]XPI]RIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR Colourless Absence ofcopper and ilon

Colour of the salt is noted salts

2 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic change Absence.of zinc, ammonium.and

A small amount of the salt is heated gently in nitrate.
a drv test tube.
-) FLAME TEST: No characteristic coloured tlame. Absence of Copper, Calcium
Salt + conc. llCl
is made into a paste and and Barium.
introduced into the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCI B risk eff'ervescence o I colourless, Calbonate is confirmed.

Salt + dilute HCI odourless gas turning I-ime waler milky.

5 ACTION WITH Con HzSO.I No charactei'istic gas bvolved Absence of nitrate,

Salt+ Con H2SO4 + heat chloride and bromide

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic chanee. Absence of chloride and bromide

Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SOa + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish bloun gas is evolved. Absence ofNitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric
acid +'heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas evolved. Absence olAmmonium.
Salt+NaOH+heated.
9 CH ROIVIYL CHLORI DE TEST: No Red orange vapours. Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch ol-Potassium Dichronrate t
conc. Sr"rlphuric acid + heated .
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE L,XTRACT. .

A small amount ot'salt is mixed with twice the arnount of sodium carbonate and 20 nrl of distilled.water is added, boiled for l0
minutes. cooled and trltered. The tlltrate is called "socliunr carbonate extract".
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATI] TEST: Absence olchloride, brornide and

Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until suJphide.'
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml ofSilver
Nitrate

l1 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of sulphate.

Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the effen,escence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate

12 BARILM CHLORIDE TES'f: No rvhite precipitate is obtained. Absence ol Sulphate

Extlact + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the ef-fervescence ceases
r Barium chloride solution
r3 RROWN RING TEST: No blorvu ring is obtained. Ahsence of Nitrate.
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the ef-fervescence ceases + lr.eshly
prepared FeSOa + conc Sulphuric acid is
 added drop by drop.

14
Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence ofphosphate
1 mlofthe extract+ dilHNOr*about
precipitate is formeC.
ImLeach ofarnmonium molybdate .

and Corrc. FINO, c

t5 Testwith sodium |r{o purple or violet colouration Absence of sLrlphide.

nitrobruside: l mL of the appears
sodium carbonate extract i- I mL
of dil .aornrnonia. *
Few drops oIsodiurn nitro bnrside.
. : IV.]DENTIFICATION OF TFIE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prcpared by dissolving
the salt in l0 to l5 ml of dil.
HCI

GROUP IDENTIFICA f ION

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I 0 - group: Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution + Nessler's r.eagent +
excess of Sodium
2 I - group: ; No i,l,hite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.
Oliginal solution + 2 ml of.dil Hcl.

J I[ - group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Coppcr

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCI +
Il2S gas.
4 III - group: No gelatinous r.vhite precipitate is Absence olAlunrinium
Original solution + 1 ml NH4CI + appeared.
2ml NH+OH
5 IV - group: No dirty white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Zinc.
Original solution + 1 ml NH4CI + 2
rnl NHaOH r H25 gas.
6 V - group: No rvhite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution'* I rnlNiIoCl + 2
ml NHaOH + 2 ml (NHa)2COi sdlutions
7 VI - group: White precipitate is obtained. Presence of Magnesium.
Original solution + t ml NH4CI + 2
ml NHaOH + 2 ml Di Sodium
Hydrogen Phosphate.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMF\T ] OBSERVATION NFERENCE
VI - group: Blue precipitate is obtained. Magnesium is confirmed.
Original solution -f Magneson reagent

RESUI-T
The given simple salt contains L Basic Radical : Magnesiurn 2. Acid Radical : Carbonate

. The given sirnple salt is : Magnesium C'arbonate.

 I l.Magnesium Sulphate

I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
I]XPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and iron salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF I{I]AT No characteristic change. Absence of Nitrate. Ammonium andZinc
A snlall amount of the salt is heated gently in a dry
test tube.
J FLAME TEST: No characteristic coloured Absence of Copper, Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCI is made into a paste and flame. Barium.
introduced into the Bunsen f'lame.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCI No characteristic change. Absence of nitrate,Sulphide and

Salt + dilute HCI Carbonate.

5 ACTION WITLI Con HzSO+ No characteristic gas Absence o1'nitrate, chloride and
evolved brornide
Salt+ Con H2SOa+ heat

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 No characteristic change Absence of chloride and bromide

Salt + MnO: + Con Fl,SOo + heat

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish bror.vn gas is Absence of r-itrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc. Sulphuric acid + evolved.
heated.

8 ACTION OF NaOl-l: No pungent smelling gas Absence of Ammonium.

Salt+NaOH+heated. evolved.

9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours. Absence of chloride.

Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichromate + conc.
Sulphuric acid + heated .

III. 'I'ESTS WT|II SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT

PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE.EXTRACT:
A small amountof salt is mixed with twice the amountof sodium carbonate and 2Oml of d.istilled water is added, boiled lor 10
nrinutes, cooled and tiltered. The liltrate is ctrlled "sodium carbonate extlact".
EXPEITIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate is obtained. Absence of chloride . bromide and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until sulphide.
the eff-ervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver
Nitrate

lt LEAD ACETATE TES I: A white precipitate soluble rn Pre.sencc of sulphate.

E,xtract + dilute acetic Acid addcd until ammonium acetate is obtained
the efTervescence ceases + 2 rnl of lead
acetate

12 BARIUM Cl.ILORIDE TEST: A rvhite precipitate, insoluble in dil Sulphate is ponlirmed.

Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid I-luSO+ is obtained. :

added until the effer-vescence ceases

-r Barium chloride solution

l3 BROWN RING TEST: No brou,n ring is obtained. Abs'ence of Nitrate.

Extraot + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the ef-fervescence ceases * freshly
prepared FeSOa + conc Sulphuric acid is

/")
 added dlop by drop.

14
Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence of phosphate
1 nil ofthe extract +.di I HNO j + about precipitate is lorrled.
I mL each ofantmoniummolybdate
and Conc. HNOr
l5 Testwith sodium nitrobruside No purple or violet colouration Absence ofsulphide.
I mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extract - I rnL'ofdil .aommonia.. -
fer.v drops of sodium nitro bruside
: IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICAI-S
PREPARATION OF ORICINiL SOLUTION: The original solution is plepare<i by dissolving the salt in l0 to l5 ml of distilled
water.
.

GROUP IDENTIFICAl'ION
EXPERIMENTT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I 0 - group: No. Reddish blorvn precipitate is Absence of Ammoniun-r.
Original solution + Nessler's l'eagent + appeared.
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I - group: No rvhite precipitate is appeared. Absence ofLead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II - group: No black plecipitate is appealed. Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil IICI +
I-l25 gas.

4 lll - group: No gelatinous rvhite precipitate is Absence of Aluminium

Original solution + I ml NI-{aCl + appeared.
2ml NH.OI{
5 IV - group: No dirty white plecipitate is appeared. Absence ofZinc.
Original solution + I ml NI-IaCl + 2
ml NHaOH + H2S gas.
6 V - group: No u,hite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution + 1 mlNHaCl + 2
ml NHaOH + 2 ml (NFI4)2CO3 solutions
,7
Vl - group: White precipitate is obtained. Presence olMagnesium.
Original solution + 1 ml NHaCI + 2
ml NHaOH + 2 ml Di Sodium
Hydrogen Phosphate.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
VI - group: Blue precipitate is obtained. Magnesium is confi rnred.
Oliginal solution + Magneson reagent

RESLJLT
1-he given simple salt contains l. Basic Radical : Magnesiurn 2. Acid Radical : Sulphate
The given sirnple salt is : Magngsiurn Sulpl.rate.

,}
 1 2.Magnesium Phbsphate
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATTON INFERENCE

COI,OI-IR Colourless Absence of coppel and.ir.on salts

Colour of the salt is noted
2 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic change. Absence of
A small amount of the salt is heated gently in a dry Nitrate. Ammonium andZinc.
test tube.
J FLAME "fEST: No characteristic coloured Absence of Copper, Calcium and
Salt + conc. HCI is rnade into a paste and flanre. Barium.
introduced irrto the Bunsen flame.

4 ACTION OF DIL IICI No characteristic ohange. Abscnce of nitrate, Sulphide and

Salt + dilute HCI Carbonate.

) ACTION WITH Con HzSO+ No characteristic gas Absence of nitrate, chloricie and
evolved brornide
Salt+ Con HzSOa + heat

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACI'ION WITI-I MnO: No characteristic change. Absence of chloride and bror.nide

Salt + MnOz + Con I-l2SOa + heat

7 COPPER 1'URNINCS TEST: No reddish blown gas is Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper'Iurnings + conc. Sulphuric acid + evolved.
heated.

8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling gas Absence of Ammonium.

salt+NaoH+heated. evolved.
o CHROMYL CI-ILORIDE TE,ST: No Red orange vapours. Absence ofchloride,
Salt + a pinch of Potassium Dichron.rate + conc.
Sulphuric acid + heated .

III. 1-I]STS WITI-I SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT PREPARATION OF SODIUM

CARBO I'ATE EXTRACT:
A small anlount of salt is mixed with twice the anrount of sodium carbonate and 20 mt of distilled water is added, boiled fbr 10
nrinutes. cooled and flltered. The t'iltrate is called "sodiurn carbonate extt'act''.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

lo SII,VER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic precipitate is obtained. Absence of chlolide, blomide and
sulphide.
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until
the etl'ervescence ceases + 2 ml of Silver'
Nitrate

ll LEAD ACETATE TE,ST: No white precipitate is Absence of sulphate

Extlact + dilute acetic Acid added until obtained
the effelvescence ceases + 2 ml of lead
acetate

12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained Absence of Sulphate.

Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the efl'ervescence ceases
+ Barium chlolide solution
No blown ring is obtained. 'Absence of Nitrate.
13. BROWN RING TEST:
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
runtil the eft-ervescence ceases + treshly
prepared FeSOa + conc Sulphulic acid is
 added drop by drop.

t4 Ammonium molybdate test: A'canary yellow Phosphate is confirmed

Irrlof theextract+ dilHNO3 +about precipitate is.formed.
1 n-rL each ofammoni um mol vbdate
and Conc. HNOj
t5
Test with sodium nitrobruside No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
lmL of the sodium carbonate appears
extracl - lrnL o[dil .aomrnonia. -
few drops ofsodium nitro bruside
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATIoN OF oRICINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is plepared by dissolving the salt in l0 to l5 ml
of distilled
water.

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION iNFERENCE
0 - group: No Reddish'brown precipitate is Absence of Ammonium.
Original solution * Nessler's r.eagent + appeared.
excess of Sodium Hydr.oxide.

2 I - group: No rvhite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

3 II - group: No black precipitate is appeared. Absence of Copper

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCI +
H2S gas.

4 III - group: No gelatinous rvhite precipitate is Absence of Alun.rinium

Original solution + I ml NH4CI + appeared.
2ml NI-IaOFI
5 IV - group: No dirty rvhite plecipitate is appeared. Absence of Zinc.
Original solution + I rnl NHaCI + 2
.ml NHaOH + Ll2S gas.
6 V - group: No rvhite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution + I mlNHlCl + 2
ml NHaOH + 2 ml (NH+)zCOj solutions
7 VI - group: White precipitate is obtained. Presence of Magnesium
Original solution + I ml NI'IaCl + 2
rril NHaOH + 2 ml Di Sodium
I lydrogen Phosphate.

V. CONFIRMATORY TESI'S FOII BASIC RADICALS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
V[ - group: Blue precipitate is obtained. Magnesium is conllrmed.
Originat solution * Magneson reagent

RESULT
The given simple s4lt contairjs l. Basic Radical : Magnesium 2. Acid Radical : phosphate , o

' The given simple salt is : Magne-sium phosphate.

j

::
 I4-Ammonium Chloride
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION : INFERENCE

COLOUR Colourless Absence ofcopper and iron

salts
Coloul of the salt is noted

2 ACTION OF HEAT Salt sublimes with evolution o1- pungent smelling Mav be Ammonium.
A small amount of the salt gas giving dense white funles with a glass rod
is heated gently in a dry test tube. dipped in conc HCI and also tLu'ns red litmus
paper bl ue

J FLAME'II]ST: No chalacteristic coloured t'larne. Absence of Copper.

C.alcium'and Barium.
Salt + conc. HCI is made into a paste
and introduced into the Bunsen flar.ne.

4 ACTION OF DIL HCI No characteristic chpnge. Absence of nitrate,

Salt + dilute HCI Sulphide and Carbonate.

5 ACTION WITII Con HzSO.r A colourless gas evolves. It gives a dense white fumes Presence of chloride.
when a glass lod dipped in liquid ammonia is:brought
Saltl- Con H2SOa+ heat
0 close to its u.routh..

II DENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO: A greenish yellow gas turning starch iodide paper Presence of chloride.
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SOa + heat blue evolves

7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No reddish brou'n gas is evolved. Absence of Nitt'ate.

Salt + Copper Tulnings + conc.
Sulphuric acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: Pungent smelling gas fblming dense white tumes Plesence o1'Ammonium.

salt+Naoli +heated. rvith a glass lod dipped in conc. IICI and also tut'ns
led Litmus papel blue.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: Red orange vapours evolved are passed through Presence of Chlolide.

Salt + a pinch of Potassium water to get a yellow solution. rvhich on adding Lead
Dichrornate + conc. Sulphulic acid + ccetatc lb|rns a yellorv plecipitate.
heated .

III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT

PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is rnixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20 ml of distilled water is added, boiled fbr 10
minutes. cooled and flltered. The tlltrate is called "Sodiunr carbonate extract".
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION TNFERENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATE TEST: A culdy white plecipitate, soluble in . Chloride is conflrmed

Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added until excess of Ammonium hydloxide.
the effervescence ceases + 2 ml oiSilver
Nitrate
t1 LEAD ACI]TATE TEST: No white plecipitate is obtained. Absence of sulphate
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added until
the eflervescence ceases * 2 ml of lead
acetate

12 BARIUM CHLORIDE, TEST: Absence of Sulphate

Extlact + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the efl-ervescence ceases
-r Barium chloride solution
 l3 BROWN RINC TESI-: No brorvn ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
Extract + dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the eff-ervescence ceases + fieshly
prepared FeSOo + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.
14
Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow Absence ofphosphate
I mloftheextract+ dilHNO3 +about plecipitate is fbnned.
1 mL each ofammoniumlnolvbdate
and Conc. HNO3
l5 Test with sodi um nitrobruside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
1mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extracl t llnL ofdil .aornmonia. +
few drops of sodiurn nitro bruside.

IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

PREPARATION oF oRICINAL SOLUTIoN: The original solution is plepared by dissolving the
water.
salt in l0 to l5 ml of distilled

GROUP IDENTIITICATION

I 0 - gloup:
Original solution * Nessler's reagent +
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.
2 I - group: No rvhite precipitate is appcared. Absence of Lead.
Original soltrtion + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

-) II - group: No black precipitate is appear.ed. Absence of Copper

Original solution + 2 rnl of dil HCI +
LI2S gas.

4 III - group: No gelatinous white precipitate is Absence of Aluminium

Original solution + I ml NHaCI + appeared.
2mlNFI+OFI'
) lV -'group: ;
No dirty white precipitate is appeared. Absence ofZiic.
Original solution + I ml NH4C1 + 2
ml NH.OH + FI2S gas. j
6 V - group: No rvhite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution I I ml NH4CI - 2
ml NH,OH - 2 ml iNH,;2CO-i solutions
7 VI - gloup: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Magnesium.
Original solurion , 'l ml NHoCI r 2
ml NH.OFI 2 rnl Di Sodium
I ll drogen Plrosphare.

. V. CONFIRMATORY T'ESTS FOR BASIC I{ADICALS

. rxPERrME\T --I-,
0 - group: Reddish brown precipitate is obtained. Ammonium is confirmed.
Original solution + Sodium.
Hydroxide -l Nessler's reagbnt

RESUL-I
hegiven simple salt contains l. Basic Radical :Ammonium 2. Acid Radical : Chloride
: The given simple salt is : Ammonium Chloride.
 I 5.Arnrnoniunr Bronride
I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
I]XPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

COLOUR Colourless Absence ofcopper and iron

Coloul of the salt is noted salts

2 ACTION OF HEA'T Salt sublin.res with evolution of puhgent smelling . May be Ammoniun.r
A small amount of the salt gas giving dense white fumes with a glass rod
dipped in conc HCl . and also turns'red litmus
is heated gently in a dry test tube
paper blue
J FLAME TEST: No characteristic coloured flarne Absence of Copper. Calciunr
Salt + conc. IJCI is rnade into a paste anci Barium.
and introduced into the Bunsen flarne
No characteristic coloured flarne

J ACTION OF DIL HCI No characteristic change Absence of nitrate, calbonate

Salt + dilute HCI and sulphide.

5 ACTION WITH Con H:SO4 A reddish brou,n gas turning moist fluolescein Presence of bromide.
paper green evolves.
Salt+ Con H2SO++ heat

II. IDENTIF'ICAI'ION OF ACID RADICALS

6 ACTION WITH MnO2 A reddish brown gas turning moist fluorescein Presence of bromide.
Salt + MnO2 + Con H2SOa + heat naper green er olr es. .

1 COPPER TURNINGS'|EST: No reddish brolvn gas is evolved. Absence of Nitrate.

Salt + Copper Turnings + conc.
Sulphuric acid + heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOFI: Pr.rngent srnelling gas fbrming dense ''vhite fumes Presence of Ammoniurn.
Salt+NaOH+heated. rvith a ghss rocl dipped in uonc. FICI and also turns
red Litmus paper blue.

9 CIIROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange vapours Absence of chloride.

Salt + a pinch of Potassium
Dichromate + oconc. Sulphuric acid +
heated .

]II. ]'ESTS WITII SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT

PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONAI'E EXTRACT:
A srrall amount of salt is mixed with trvice the amount of sodiurn calbonate and 20 ml of distilled tvater is added, boiled for l0
minutes. cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called "Sodium calbonate extt'act".
EXPERIME,NT OBSERVA'|ION INFI]RENCE

l0 SILVER NITRATE TEST: A pale yellow precipitate Brornide is confimed

Extract + dilLrte Nitric Acid added until sparingly solLrble in ammonia is
the efl-ervescence ceases + 2 nrl of Silver fonned
N itrate

ll LEAD ACETATE TEST: No white precipitate is obtained. Absence of sulphate.

E,xtlact + clilute acetic Acid added until
the el'f-ervescence ceases * 2 nrl o1'lead
acetate

)..tc,
 12 BARILJM CHLORIDE TEST: No rvhite precipitate is obtained. Absence of Sulphate
Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
added until the eflervescence ceases
f Barium chloride solution
l3 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring is obtained. Absence of Nitrate.
Extract - dilute Sulphuric acid is added
until the effervescence ceases + fi.eshly
prepared FeSOa + conc Sulphuric acid is
added drop by drop.
t4 Ammonium molybdate test: No canary yellow ppt is Absence ofphosphate
1 mloftheextract+ dil HNO3 + about formed.
I m L each ofamlronillmllol vbdate
and Conc. HNg:
l5 Test with sodium nitrobruside: No purple or violet colouration Absence of sulphide.
I mL of the sodium carbonate appears
extract + lmL ofdil .aomrnonia. +
f-ew drops of sodiLrm nitro bruside.

IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS

PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepa-rcd by dissolving the salt in l0 to l5 ml of distilled
water.

GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT I OBSERVATION INFERENCE
I 0 - group: Reddish brown precipitate is obtained. Ammonium is confirmed.
Original solution * Nessler's reagent +
excess of Sodium Hydroxide.

2 I - group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Lead.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil Hcl.

J II - group: No black precipitate is appeared Absence of Copper.

Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCI +
I-l25 gas. -
4 III * group: No gelatinous rvhite plecipitate is Absence of Aluminium
Original solution + I ml NI-lqCI + appeared.
2ml Nl'laOH
) IV - group: No dirty lvhite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Zinc.
Original solution + I ml NHaCI + 2
ml NllaOH + II2S gas.
6 V - group: No white precipitate is appeared. Absence of Calcium or Barium.
Original solution + I ml NHaCI + 2
rrl NHaOH + 2 ml (NHa):CO: solutions
7 VI - group: No rvhite precipitate is appeared. Absence of Magnesium.
Original solution + I ml NHaCI + 2
rnl NHaOFI + 2 rnl Di Sodiurn
Hydrogen Phosphate.
V. CONFIR ATORY TESTS FOII BASIC RADICALS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVAI'ION INFERENCE
0 - group: Reddish brorvn precipitate is obtained. Ammonium is conflrrned.
Original solution + Sodiuni
Hl droride -r Nessler's reagent
RESLILT :

The given simple salt contains L Basic naAicat : Ammonium 2. Acid lladical : Bromide The
' given sirnpie salt is : Ammoniunt Blomide