Date : 13/09/2025

Chemistry Chapter : 1, 2, 3 & 7

Time : 3 hours Std 11 : Chemistry Total Marks : 134

Chemistry

Section A

Answer the following questions as directed. (1 Úke 2 «§ku) [2]

1. If 10 volumes of dihydrogen gas reacts with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many volumes of water vapour would be produced?

2. How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO4) ?

Section B

Answer the questions 3 to 30 as directed. Each question carries 2 Marks. [56]

3. Explain the law of conservation of mass.

4. Explain the law of multiple proportion.

5. What is called limiting reagent?

6. Calculate the atomic mass (average) of chlorine using the following data :

% Natural Abundance Molar Mass

35 75.77 34.9689
Cl

37 24.23 36.9659
Cl

7. Calculate the mass percent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)

8. Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when

(i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air.
(ii) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g dioxygen.
(iii) 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.

9. Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required to make 500 ml of 0.375 molar aqueous solution. Molar mass of sodium acetate
is 82.0245 g mol–1.

10. If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L–1. What is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M solution ?

11. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g mL–1 and the mass percent of nitric acid in
it being 69%.

12. Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wavenumber of a light wave whose period is 2.0 × 10–10 s.

13. (i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1 What is the energy associated with the fifth orbit?
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.

14. Explain Rutherford’s Nuclear model of atom with diagram.

15. Explain the dual behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation.

16. Explain the limitations of Bohr’s model.

17. Explain Aufbau Principle with example.

18. Discuss Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity.

Page No.: 1
19. Give and explain Pauli’s law of exclusion.

20. Write Newland’s rule of octaves and write octaves.

21. What is Covalent Radius and Metallic Radius? Explain with example.

22. What is shielding or screening effect? Explain.

23. The electron gain enthalpy of oxygen and fluorine is less negative than that of the elements after them in their group. Explain this.

24. What is electron gain enthalpy (ΔegH)? When is its value positive and negative?

25. Among the second period elements the actual ionization enthalpies are in the order Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne. Explain why
(ii) O has lower ∆l H than N and F ?

26. Explain the rule of triads with examples.

27. Explain about transition elements.

28. Explain the combination reaction with example.

29. Explain Decomposition redox reactions with example.

30. What is redox reaction ? Write its uses.

Section C

Answer the questions 31 to 44 as directed. Each question carries 3 Marks. [42]

31. What is mixture? Discuss different types of mixture.

32. Explain precision and accuracy with example.

33. Write a note on Dalton’s atomic theory.

34. Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water in which the mole fraction of ethanol is 0.040. (Assume the density of water to be one)

35. A photon of wavelength 4 × 10–7 m strikes on metal surface, the work function of the metal being 2.13 eV. Calculate (i) the energy of the
photon (eV), (ii) the kinetic energy of the emission, and (iii) the velocity of the photoelectron (1 eV= 1.6020 × 10–19 J).

36. What is the wavelength of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes transition from an energy level with n = 4 to an
energy level with n = 2 ?

37. What is ionization enthalpy? In what order are the values of 1st, 2nd, 3rd ionization enthalpies? Explain with reason.

38. What are the elements of p-block called? Explain the major groups involved and write about metallic properties.

39. Write about Mendeleev’s periodic table.

40. Explain the definition of oxidizing agent and reducing agent with example.
Oxidizing agent :

41. What is displacement reaction? Explain the metal displacement reaction.

42. Explain the disproportionation redox process with example.

43. Write the steps for balancing redox reaction by half-reactions.

44. Write the steps for balancing redox reaction using oxidation number method.

Section D

Answer the questions 45 as directed. Each question carries 4 Marks. [4]

45. What information can be obtained from all four quantum numbers?

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 Section E

Answer the questions 46 to 51 as directed. Each question carries 5 Marks. [30]

46. A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in oxygen gives 3.38 g carbon dioxide, 0.690 g of water
and no other products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at STP) of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate (i) empirical formula, (ii)
molar mass of the gas, and (iii) molecular formula.

47. Write a note on photo electric effect.

48. What is hydrogen spectrum? Explain

49. Explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

50. State the rules for calculating oxidation number.

51. What is an electrochemical cell? Write the equation of Daniel cell, write and explain the chemical reaction at anode and cathode.

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 Date : 13/09/2025
Chemistry Chapter : 1, 2, 3 & 7
Time : 3 hours Std 11 : Chemistry Total Marks : 134

Answer Key

Section A

Answer the following questions as directed. (1 Úke 2 «§ku) [2]

1. If 10 volumes of dihydrogen gas reacts with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many volumes of water vapour would be produced?

 2 volumes of dihydrogen react with 1 volume of dioxygen to produce 2 volume of water vapour. Hence, 10 volumes of dihydrogen will react
with five volumes dioxygen to produce 10 volumes of water vapour.

2. How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO4) ?

 Molar mass of CuSO4 = Cu + S + 4(O)

= 63.5 + 32 + 4(16)
= 159.5 g/mol
1 mol CuSO4 → 1 mol Cu
159.5 g CuSO4 → 63.5 g Cu
∴ 100 g CuSO4 → (?)

=
= 39.81 g Cu can be obtained.

Section B

Answer the questions 3 to 30 as directed. Each question carries 2 Marks. [56]

3. Explain the law of conservation of mass.

 In 1789 Antoine Lavoisier stated that ‘Matter can neither be destroyed nor be created’.
 He performed careful experimental studies for combustion reactions and reached to the conclusion that in all physical and chemical changes,
there is no net change in mass during the process.
 This law formed the basis for several other developments in chemistry. This was the result of exact measurement of masses of reactants and
products.

4. Explain the law of multiple proportion.

 “This law was proposed by Dalton in 1803. According to this law, if two elements can combine to form more than one compound. the masses
of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in the ratio of small whole numbers.”
 For example, hydrogen combines with oxygen to form two compounds, namely, water and hydrogen peroxide.

 Here, the masses of oxygen (i.e. 16 g and 32 g) which combine with a fixed mass of hydrogen (2g) bear a simple ratio, i.e. 16:32 or 1:2.

5. What is called limiting reagent?

 Many a time, reactions are carried out with the amounts of reactants that are different than the amounts as required by a balanced chemical
reaction.
 In such situations, one reactant is in more amount than the amount required by balanced chemical reaction. The reactant which is present in the
Page No.: 1
 least amount gets consumed after sometime and after that, further reaction does not take place whatever be the amount of the other reactant.
 Hence, the reactant, which gets consumed first, limits the amount of product formed and is, therefore, called the limiting reagent.

6. Calculate the atomic mass (average) of chlorine using the following data :

% Natural Abundance Molar Mass

35 75.77 34.9689
Cl

37 24.23 36.9659
Cl

 Average atomic mass of chlorine : = (0.7577) (34.9689) + (0.2423) (36.9659)

= 26.49594 + 8.95684
= 35.45278 gram/mol

7. Calculate the mass percent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)

 Molar mass of Na2SO4 = 2Na + S + 4(O)

= 2 (23) + 32 + 4 (16)
= 46 + 32 + 64
= 142 g/mol
 Mass % of Na = = 32.39%
 Mass % of S = = 22.54%

 Mass % of oxygen = = 45.07%

8. Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when

(i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air.
(ii) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g dioxygen.
(iii) 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.

 The combustion reaction of carbon

(i) 1 mol of carbon reacts with 1 mol of dioxygen to form 44 g of carbon dioxide.
(ii) 1 mol of carbon requires 32 g of dioxygen for complete combustion, but here, only 16 g dioxygen is available, which is limiting
reagent. Therefore, by reacting with 16 g of dioxygen 22 g of carbon dioxide will produce.
(iii) Here again, dioxygen is the limiting reagent. 16 g dioxygen can react only with 0.5 mol carbon to produce 22 g (i.e. 0.5 mol) carbon
dioxide.

9. Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required to make 500 ml of 0.375 molar aqueous solution. Molar mass of sodium acetate
is 82.0245 g mol–1.


Molarity =

Mass of sodium acetate =

= 15.38 gm

10. If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L–1. What is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M solution ?

 Here, the density of methanol = 0.793 kg L-1

= 0.793 × 103 g L-1
Molar mass of solute = 32 g/mol
Final volume (V2) = 2.5 L
Final molarity (M2) = 0.25 M

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 Initial molarity (M1) =

Now, M1V1 = M2V2

∴V1 =

=
= 0.0252 liter
= 25.2 ml

11. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g mL–1 and the mass percent of nitric acid in
it being 69%.

 % w/w = 69%
Means, 69 g HNO3 is present in 100 g solution
Density = 1.41 g/ml
Molar mass of HNO3 = 63 g/mol

Molarity =

= 15.44 M

12. Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wavenumber of a light wave whose period is 2.0 × 10–10 s.

 Sol. :

Frequency (υ) = = = 5 × 109 s–1

Wave length (λ) = =

= 6.0 × 10–2 m

Wave number ( )= =

= 16.67 × m–1

13. (i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is –2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1 What is the energy associated with the fifth orbit?
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.

 Sol.:
(i) Here the energy E5 associated with n = 5,

∴ En = – J.atom–1

∴ E5 = – J.atom–1

∴ E5 = –8.72 × 10–20 J.atom–1

(ii) Hydrogen is molecule so, z = 1 and n = 5
Radius (rn) = n2

r5 = nm

= 1.325 nm

14. Explain Rutherford’s Nuclear model of atom with diagram.

 Rutherford and his students Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden bombarded very thin gold foil with α –particles.
 This experiment is famous as Rutherford’s α –particle scattering experiment.

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 Rutherford’s α –particle scattering experiment
 A stream of high energy α –particles from a radioactive source was directed at a thin foil (thickness ~ 100 nm) of gold metal.
 The thin gold foil had a circular fluorescent zinc sulphide screen around it.
 Whenever α –particles struck the screen, a tiny flash of light was produced at that point.

15. Explain the dual behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation.

 The particle nature of light posed a dilemma for scientists, (i) it could explain the black body radiation and (ii) photoelectric effect
satisfactorily.
 Subsequently, Huygens proposed the principle of wave nature of light based on phenomena such as diffraction and interference of light waves.
 The duality of light is that light behaves as waves and particles flow as waves.

16. Explain the limitations of Bohr’s model.

 If fails to account for the finer details of doublet of the hydrogen atom spectrum observed by using spectroscopic techniques.
e.g. The spectra of other molecules are not explained by the Bohr model.
 Zeeman effect: Bohr’s theory does not explain the H-spectrum in the presence of a magnetic field (Zeeman effect).
 Stark effect: Bohr’s theory does not explain the H-spectrum in the presence of an electric field (Stark effect).
 Bohr theory does not explain spectral line deviations.
 Bohr’s theory also did not explain the ability of atoms to molecules atoms by chemical bonding.

17. Explain Aufbau Principle with example.

 The word Aufbau in German means building up. The building up of orbitals means the filling up of orbitals with electrons.
 Principle: “In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in order of their increasing energies”.
OR
 “Electrons first occupy the lowest energy orbital available to them and enter into higher energy orbitals only after the lower energy orbitals
are filled.”
 Order of filling of orbitals:

 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s...
 Starting from the top, the direction of the arrows gives the order of filling of orbitals, that is starting from right top to bottom left.

 Orbital s p d f

Maximum e– capacity 2 6 10 14

18. Discuss Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity.

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 This rule deals with the filling of electrons into the orbitals belonging to the same subshell.
 Rule: “Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same subshell (p, d or f) does not take place until each orbital belonging to that
subshell has got one electron each i.e., it is singly occupied.”
OR
 Only after one electron is arranged in each orbital in the subshell (s, p, d, f) does such an electron pair form in another electron orbital.
 There are three p-orbitals, five d-orbitals and seven f-orbitals. Hund’s multiplication rule can be well understood from the following table.
 Electronic configuration
Atomic number Element
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz

5 Boron

6 Carbon

7 Nitrogen

8 Oxygen

9 Fluorine

10 Neon

19. Give and explain Pauli’s law of exclusion.

 The number of electrons to be filled in various orbitals is restricted by the exclusion principle, given by the Austrian scientist Wolfgang Pauli
(1926).
 Principle: “No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers”.
 Another way: Only two electrons may exist in the same orbital and these electrons must have opposite spin.
 This means that the two electrons can have the same value of three quantum numbers n, l and ml, but must have the opposite spin quantum
number.
 Use: Pauli’s principle helps to calculate the maximum number of electrons that can be contained in a subshell.
 Sub-shell Number of Maximum number of electron = (l × 2)
orbitals (l)

s 1 (1 × 2) = 2

p 3 (3 × 2) = 6

d 5 (5 × 2) = 10

f 7 (7 × 2) = 14

 If principal quantum number = n

 Number of squares in n = n2
 Maximum number of electrons in n = 2n2

20. Write Newland’s rule of octaves and write octaves.

 John Alexander Newland arranged the elements in ascending atomic wight and gave the rule of octaves.
 Rule : “The properties of each eight element are similar to the properties of the first element.”
 This was the kind of relationship that in a musical octave each eighth note is the same as the first note.
 The octaves of Newland are as follows :

 Newland’s rule of eight proved to be true up to the element calcium.

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 In 1887 Newland was awarded the Davy Medal by the Royal Society London for his work.

21. What is Covalent Radius and Metallic Radius? Explain with example.

 Covalent radius: “In covalent atoms, the average distance between the centers of two non-metallic atoms joined by a single bond is called the
covalent radius.”
 For example, a chlorine molecule (Cl2,) has a Cl–Cl bond length of 198 pm. Half of this value 99 is taken as the atomic radius of chlorine.

rCl = = 99 pm

 Metallic Radius : “In metals, half of the distance between two adjacent atomic centers in a metallic crystal is taken as the metallic radius of
that metal.”
 For example, the distance between two adjacent copper atoms in solid copper is 256 pm. Hence the metallic radius of copper is taken to be 128
pm.
 rCu = = 128 pm

 Covalent radius and metallic radius are taken as atomic radius for simplicity.

22. What is shielding or screening effect? Explain.

 “Since the innermost electrons of an element lie between the nucleus and the valence electrons, the valence electrons are called shielded from
the nucleus. This effect is called shielding effect.”
 In other words, the shielding effect is the reduction of the centripetal effect on the outermost electron by the electron between the outermost
electron and the nuclear charge.
 Ex. The valence electrons (2s1) of lithium (Z = 3) are wrapped by the 1s electrons in its inner shell for attraction towards the nucleus.
 Thus, the value of the effective nuclear charge for the valence electrons of lithium is less than the actual nuclear charge (+3).

23. The electron gain enthalpy of oxygen and fluorine is less negative than that of the elements after them in their group. Explain this.

 When an electron enters oxygen and fluorine, the added electron moves to a lower energy level (n = 2) where it has special repulsion with pre-
existing electrons.
 When sulphur and chlorine have electrons in higher energy levels (n = 3). There it has a large area in space, so there is very little electron-
electron repulsion.

24. What is electron gain enthalpy (ΔegH)? When is its value positive and negative?

 “A gaseous neutral atom (X) gains an electron to form a negative ion. The enthalpy change that takes place is called electron gain enthalpy
(ΔegH).”

X(g) + e– → X –(g) (∆egH)

 Whether the process of electron absorption by an atom is exothermic or endothermic depends on the nature of the element.
 If the process of electron absorption by an atom is exothermic, electrons will be absorbed more easily and energy will be released. In such a
state the electron gain is negatively charged. For example, group-17 elements (halogens) have much more negative values of electron gain
enthalpy.
 If the process of electron absorption by an atom is endothermic, electron absorption is very difficult. And then energy has to be given for the
process. In such a situation the electron gain enthalpy is positive. E.g. Noble elements have a more positive value of electron gain enthalpy.

25. Among the second period elements the actual ionization enthalpies are in the order Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne. Explain why
(ii) O has lower ∆l H than N and F ?

 The value of the first ionization enthalpy of oxygen is lower than the first ionization enthalpy of nitrogen. This is because the three outermost
2p-electrons of nitrogen are distributed in different p-orbitals. (According to Hund’s law)

7N : [He] 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1, (unsaturated)

 Whereas in oxygen two of the four 2p-electrons are filled in the same 2p-orbital.

8O : [He] 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz2 (2 electron in p)

 Hence, the electron-electron repulsion increases. As a result it is easier to remove the fourth electron out of the four 2p-electrons of oxygen
than it is to remove one of the three 2p-electrons of nitrogen.
 Hence ionization enthalpy of O is less than that of N.

Page No.: 6
26. Explain the rule of triads with examples.

 In 1829, John Doberner gave the rule of triads. Rule : “The atomic weight of the element in the middle of the triads is found to be half the total
atomic weight of the remaining two elements.”
 The properties of the elements in the middle are found to be similar to those of the remaining two elements.
 Examples :

Triads Elements

1 Li (7), Na (23), K (39)

2 Ca (40), Sr (88), Ba (137)

3 Cl (35.5), Br (80), I (127)

 The rule of triads was rejected as a coincidence since it was observed for very few elements.

27. Explain about transition elements.

 The elements in groups 3 to 12 in the middle of the periodic table are referred to as the d-block elements.
 “These elements can be identified based on the electron filling in their inner d-orbitals, hence they are called d-block elements.”
 The general electronic configuration of these elements is (n – 1)d1–10 ns0 – 2. All these elements are metals, primarily forming colored ions and
exhibiting various valence (oxidation states). Ions of d-block elements possess paramagnetic properties. d-block elements are also utilized as
catalysts.
 Although Zn, Cd, and Hg have a common electronic structure of (n – 1) d10 ns2, these metals lack many characteristics typical of transition
elements.
 The d-block elements serve as a bridge between the more chemically active s-block elements and the less active group 13 and group 14
elements. Therefore, the d-block elements are referred to as transition elements.

28. Explain the combination reaction with example.

 “The reaction when two elements or an element and a compound combine with each other is called a combination reaction.”
 All combination reaction are combination redox reaction.
Example :

(1)

(2)

(3)

29. Explain Decomposition redox reactions with example.

 Decomposition reactions are the opposite of combination reactions. Precisely, a decomposition reaction leads to the breakdown of a compound
into two or more components at least one of which must be in the elemental state.
Examples :

(1)

(2)

(3)

 Not all decomposition processes are redox processes.

Page No.: 7
 Examples : The decomposition process of calcium carbonate is not a redox process

30. What is redox reaction ? Write its uses.

 “A process in which both oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously is called a redox process.”
Uses : (i) These processes are widely used in medicine, biology, industry, metallurgy and agriculture.
(ii) They are used in redox processes in the following areas such as in domestic, transport and commercial sectors to obtain energy from
the combustion of various fuels, in electrochemical processes for the extraction of reactive metals and non-metals, in the production of
chemicals such as caustic soda, in the operation of dry and wet batteries, in metal alkalis.
(iii) Presently redox reaction is also seen in environmental topics like hydrogen economy (use of liquid hydrogen as fuel) and ‘depletion
of ozone layer’ etc.

Section C

Answer the questions 31 to 44 as directed. Each question carries 3 Marks. [42]

31. What is mixture? Discuss different types of mixture.

 “A mixture contains particles of two or more pure substances which may be present in it in any ratio.”
 Many of the substances present around us are mixtures. For example, sugar solution in water, air, tea, salt water etc.
 Pure substances forming mixture are called its components.
 A mixture may be classified in two categories.
(i) Homogeneous mixture
(ii) Heterogeneous mixture
(i) Homogeneous mixture: In a homogeneous mixture, the components completely mix with each other. This means particles of
components of the mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the bulk of the mixture and its composition is uniform throughout.
 Sugar solution and air are the examples of homogeneous mixtures.
(ii) Heterogeneous mixture: In a heterogeneous mixture, the composition is not uniform throughout and sometimes different components
are visible.
 For example, mixture of salt and sugar, grains and pulses along with some dirt (often stone pieces) are heterogeneous mixtures.
 The components of mixture can be separated by using physical methods, such as simple hand-picking, filtration, crystallization, distillation,
etc.

32. Explain precision and accuracy with example.

 Every experimental measurement has some amount of uncertainty associated with it. However, one would always like the result to be precise
and accurate. Precision and accuracy are often referred to while we talk about measurement.
 Precision refers to the closeness of various measurements for the same quantity. However, accuracy is the agreement of a particular value to
the true value of the result.
 For example, if the true value for a result is 2g and student ‘A’ takes two measurements and reports the results as 1.95 g and 1.93 g. these
values are precise as they are close to each other but are not accurate.
 Another student ‘B’ repeats the experiment and obtains 1.94 g and 2.05 g as the result of two measurements. These observations are neither
precise nor accurate.
 When the third student ‘C’ repeats these measurements and reports 2.01 g and 1.99 g as the result, these values are both precise and accurate.

Measurements/g

1 2 Average (g)

Student A 1.95 1.93 1.940

Student B 1.94 2.05 1.995

Student C 2.01 1.99 2.000

33. Write a note on Dalton’s atomic theory.

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 Although the origin of the idea that matter is composed of small indivisible particles called ‘a-tomio’ (meaning indivisible) dates back to the
Democritus, a Greek philosopher (460-370 BC).
 In 1808, Dalton published ‘A New System of Chemical Philosophy’, in which he proposed the following :
(i) Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
(ii) All the atoms of a given element have identical properties including identical mass. Atoms of different elements differ in mass.
(iii) Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio.
(iv) Chemical reactions involve reorganisation of atoms. These are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
 Dalton’s theory could explain the laws of chemical combination.

34. Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water in which the mole fraction of ethanol is 0.040. (Assume the density of water to be one)

 Molarity means moles of solute dissolved in 1 l of solution.

Here, solvent is water,
Therefore, mass of water = 1000 g (1L)

∴ moles of H2O =

= 1000/18
= 55.55 mole
 The sum of mole fraction of the solution is always one
∴ + XEthanol = 1

= 1 – XEthanol
= 1 – 0.040
= 0.96

Now, =

0.96 =

nEthanol =

nEthanol = 2.315 mol

 Thus, in 1 l solution 2.315 mol of ethanol is dissolved, so molarity of the solution is 2.315 M.

35. A photon of wavelength 4 × 10–7 m strikes on metal surface, the work function of the metal being 2.13 eV. Calculate (i) the energy of the
photon (eV), (ii) the kinetic energy of the emission, and (iii) the velocity of the photoelectron (1 eV= 1.6020 × 10–19 J).

 Sol. :
λ = 4 × 10–7 m

1 ev = 1.6020 × 10–19 J
2.13 ev = ?
= 1.6020 × 10–19 × 2.13
= 3.412 × 10–19J
(i) Energy of photon = E =

= 4.9615 × 10–19 J
(ii) Kinetic energy of emission = Energy of photon – work function (W)

= (4.9615 × 10–19) – (3.412 × 10-19)

= 1.557 × 10–19J

= ev

= 0.972 ev
(iii) Calculation of Velocity of photo electron (v)

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 Kinetic energy (KE) = mv2

V2 =

V2 = 0.3429 × 1012 J.kg–1

V=
V = 0.5855 × 106 m.s–1

V = 5.85 × 105 m.s–1

36. What is the wavelength of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes transition from an energy level with n = 4 to an
energy level with n = 2 ?

 Sol.:

∆E = 2.18 × 10­–18 J

= 2.18 × 10–18 J

= 2.18 × 10–18 J

= 2.18 × 10–18 J
–19
= –4.0875 × 10 J
Now,
λ=

= 4.8631 × 10–7 m
= 4.8631 × 10–7 m × 10–9 nm
= 486.31 nm

37. What is ionization enthalpy? In what order are the values of 1st, 2nd, 3rd ionization enthalpies? Explain with reason.

 A quantitative measure of an element’s tendency to lose electrons is represented by ionization enthalpy.

 “Definition : The energy required to remove one electron from a free gaseous neutral atom in it’s ground state is called ionization enthalpy.”
 The value of ionization enthalpy is expressed in unit kJ. mol–1.
 The energy required to remove the first electron from element X to form X+ is denoted by the first ionization (ΔiH1).

X(g) → X(g)+ + e– (∆iH1)

 The energy required to remove the second most weakly bonded electron from an element is called the secondary ionization enthalpy (∆iH2).

X(g)+ → X(g)2+ + e– (∆iH2)

 Energy is always required to remove an electron from an atom. Thus, the ionization enthalpy is always positive.
 The value of the second ionization enthalpy of an element is greater than the first ionization enthalpy. Because, it is more difficult to remove
an electron from a positively charged ion than from a neutral atom.
 Similarly the value of third ionization enthalpy is greater than the value of second ionization enthalpy.
 ∆ iH1 < ∆iH2 < ∆iH3

38. What are the elements of p-block called? Explain the major groups involved and write about metallic properties.

 “Elements in which the last electron is filled in the p-orbital are called p-block elements.”
 The p-block of the periodic table consists of groups 13 through 18.
 The outermost electronic configuration of elements in the p-block varies from ns2 np1 to ns2 np6.
 The elements of s-block and p-block are collectively called representative elements or main group elements.
 Each period in the p-block ends with the electronic configuration of a noble gas element ns2 np6.
 In noble gas elements all the orbitals of the valence cell are filled with electrons. Since it is very difficult to change this position by adding or
removing electrons, the reactivity of noble elements is very low.

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 There are two chemically important groups of metals before the noble group. As these groups, the 17th group is called the halogen elements
and the 16th group (chalcogen) is called the oxygen group.
 Elements of both these groups have high negative electron enthalpies.
 These elements readily accept one or two electrons respectively to attain a stable electron configuration similar to that of a noble gas.
 Going from left to right in the period increases metallicity.

39. Write about Mendeleev’s periodic table.

 Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer are credited with developing the modern periodic table. Both scientists independently asserted that if the
elements are arranged in ascending order of their atomic weights, the physical and chemical properties of the elements are similar at regular
intervals.
 The periodic law was first formulated by Mendeleev as follows : “Properties of elements are functions of their atomic weights.”
 Mendeleev organized the elements in horizontal rows and vertical columns of the table in ascending order of their atomic weights, ensuring
that elements with similar properties are grouped in vertical columns or groups. Mendeleev’s approach was often more detailed than Lothar
Meyer’s.
 Mendeleev comprehensively understood the significance of periodicity and widely considered physical and chemical properties as the basis for
the classification of elements.
 Mendeleev specifically relied on the proportional formulas of the compounds formed by the elements and the similarity of their properties.
 Mendeleev realized that many elements did not qualify if the atomic weight order were strictly followed, so he disregarded the atomic weight
order and grouped elements with similar properties together.
 For example, iodine with an atomic weight less than tellurium is placed in Group IV along with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine because the
properties of iodine are similar with Group VII.
 Mendeleev left some blanks in the periodic table for many elements that were undiscovered at the time.
 For instance, both the elements gallium and germanium were undiscovered when Mendeleev published the periodic table. He reserved space
below aluminium and silicon for these undiscovered elements. Mendeleev characterized these elements as Aka-aluminium and Aka-silicon,
respectively.
 Mendeleev not only predicted gallium and germanium but also described some of their general physical properties. Mendeleev’s daring and
successful predictions made him and his periodic table popular. The periodic table published by Mendeleev in 1905 is as follows.


Eka-
Gallium Eka-Silicon Germenium
Properties Aluminium
(founded) (predicted) (founded)
(predicted)

Atomic weight 68 70 72 72.6

Density 5.9 5.94 5.5 5.36

Melting point Low 302.93 High 1231

Formula of oxide E2O3 Ga2O3 EO2 GeO2

Formula of chloride ECl3 GaCl3 ECl4 GeCl4

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40. Explain the definition of oxidizing agent and reducing agent with example.
Oxidizing agent :

 “A substance which gives oxygen or gains hydrogen during the reaction is called oxidizing agent.”
 A reactant that accepts electrons is called an oxidizing agent.
 Reduction of the oxidizing substance takes place.
 Reducing agent :
 “A substance which donates hydrogen or receives oxygen during the reaction is called a reducing agent.”
 A reactant that loses electrons is called a reducing agent. Oxidation of the reducing agent occurs.

 Sodium which is oxidized in the above reaction. It is called reducing agent and chlorine which when reduced is called oxidizing agent.
 in short,
Oxidation : Loss of electrons by a species
Reduction : Gain of electrons by a species
Oxidizing agent : Electron acceptor
Reducing agent : Electron donor

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41. What is displacement reaction? Explain the metal displacement reaction.

 “In a displacement reaction, an ion (or an atom) in a compound is replaced by an ion (or an atom) of another element. It may be denoted as:”
X + YZ → XZ + Y
 Metal displacement : A metal in a compound can be displaced by another metal in the uncombined state. Metal displacement reactions find
many applications in metallurgical reaction in which pure metals are obtained from their compounds in ores.
Example :

 In each case, the reducing metal is a better reducing agent than the one that is being reduced which evidently shows more capability to lose
electrons as compared to the one that is reduced.

42. Explain the disproportionation redox process with example.

 “Disproportionation reactions are a special type of redox reactions. In a disproportionation reaction an element in one oxidation state is
simultaneously oxidised and reduced.”
 One of the reacting substances in a disproportionation reaction always contains an element that can exist in at least three oxidation states. The
element in the form of reacting substance is in the intermediate oxidation state; and both higher and lower oxidation states of that element are
formed in the reaction.
 The decomposition of hydrogenperoxide is a familiar example of the reaction, where oxygen experiences disproportionation.

 Here the oxygen of peroxide, which is present in –1 state, is converted to zero oxidation state in O2 and decreases to –2 oxidation state in H2O.
 Phosphorous, sulphur and chlorine undergo disproportionation in the alkaline medium as shown below :

(1)

(2)

(3)

43. Write the steps for balancing redox reaction by half-reactions.

 Step 1 : Produce unbalanced equation for the reaction in ionic form.

Step 2 : Separate the equation into half reactions.
Step 3 : Balance the atoms other than O and H in each half reaction individually.
Step 4 : Add H2O to balance the O atom and H+ to balance the H atom if the reaction takes place in an acidic medium. Add OH– ions
equal to the number of H+ ions on both sides of the equation for a basic medium.
Step 5 : Add electrons to one side of the half reaction to balance the charges. If need be, make the number of electrons equal in the two
half reactions by multiplying one or both half reactions by appropriate number.
Step 6 : Add the two half reactions to achieve the overall reaction and cancel the electrons on each side.
Step 7 : Verify that the equation contains the same type and number of atoms and the same charges on both sides of the equation.

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44. Write the steps for balancing redox reaction using oxidation number method.

 Step 1 : Write the correct formula for each reactant and product.
Step 2 : Identify atoms which undergo change in oxidation number in the reaction by assigning the oxidation number to all elements in
the reaction.
Step 3 : Calculate the increase or decrease in the oxidation number per atom and for the entire molecule/ion in which it occurs. If these
are not equal then multiply by suitable number so that these become equal. (If you realise that two substances are reduced and nothing is
oxidised or vice-versa, something is wrong. Either the formulas of reactants or products are wrong or the oxidation numbers have not
been assigned properly).
Step 4 : Ascertain the involvement of ions if the reaction is taking place in water, add H+ or OH– ions to the expression on the appropriate
side so that the total ionic charges of reactants and products are equal. If the reaction is carried out in acidic solution, use H+ ions in the
equation; if in basic solution, use OH– ions.
Step 5 : Make the numbers of hydrogen atoms in the expression on the two sides equal by adding water (H2O) molecules to the reactants
or products. Now, also check the number of oxygen atoms. If the number of oxygen atoms in the reactants and products is same, the
equation then represents the balanced redox reaction.

Section D

Answer the questions 45 as directed. Each question carries 4 Marks. [4]

45. What information can be obtained from all four quantum numbers?

 (i) Principal quantum number (n): n defines the shell, determines the size of the orbital and largely determines the energy of the orbital.
 (ii) Azimuthal quantum number (l): Each n cell has the number of subshells n, l identifies the subshells and determines the shape of the
orbitals.

 Each light subshell contains (2l + 1) type orbitals i.e. one s-orbital (l = 0) and three p-orbitals (l = 1) and five d-orbitals (l = 2) per
subshell.

 It determines the energy of the orbital in the higher electron atom.

 (iii) Magnetic quantum number (ml): ml represents the divinity of the orbital.

 Its value is 2l + 1 for every given value of l, which is equal to the number of shells in each subshell.

 That is, the number of orbits (2l + 1) is the number of ways in which those orbits are divided.
 (iv) Spin quantum number (ms) : ms refers to the spin divinity of electron. Spin ↑ ( )or ↓ ( )

Section E

Answer the questions 46 to 51 as directed. Each question carries 5 Marks. [30]

46. A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in oxygen gives 3.38 g carbon dioxide, 0.690 g of water
and no other products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at STP) of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate (i) empirical formula, (ii)
molar mass of the gas, and (iii) molecular formula.

 (i) Empirical formula:

First let us calculate weights of hydrogen and carbon.
18 g of H2O contains 2 g of hydrogen

∴ 0.690 g of H2O will contain hydrogen = = 0.0767 g hydrogen

44 g of CO2 contains 12 g of carbon

∴ 3.38 g of CO2 will contain carbon = = 0.9218 g carbon

 As hydrogen and carbon are the only elements of the compound, now the total mass of compound
= 0.0767 g + 0.9218 g
= 0.9985 g
Therefore, % of C in the compound = = 92.32%

And, % of H in the compound = = 7.68%

The total per cent = 92.32 + 7.68 = 100%

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
Element Percent (%) Atomic mass Atomic ratio Simple ratio

C 92.32 12 = 7.69 7.69/7.68 = 1

H 7.68 1 7.68/1 = 7.68 7.68/7.68 = 1

∴ Empirical formula = CH .....Ans-(i)

(ii) Molar mass of the gas:
Weight of 10 L of gas at STP = 11.6 g
∴ weight of 22.4 L of gas at STP = = 25.984 ≈ 26 g

∴ molar mass of the gas = 26 g/mol .....Ans-(ii)

(iii) Molecular formula:
Empirical formula mass = C + H
= 12 + 1
= 13 g

Multiplying factor (n) = = =2

 Molecular formula = n X empirical formula

= 2 X CH = C2H2 ......Ans-(iii)

47. Write a note on photo electric effect.

 According to Hertz experiment, “when some metals potassium, rubidium, cesium was exposed to a beam of light, they emitted electrons, which
is called the photoelectric effect.”

 When light of a specific frequency strikes a metal surface in a vacuum chamber, electrons are ejected from the metal.
 The results observed in this experiment were:
(i) The electrons are ejected from the metal surface as soon as the beam of light strikes the surface.
Prediction: There is no time lag between the striking of light beam and the ejection of electrons from the metal surface.
(ii) The number of electrons ejected is proportional to the intensity or brightness of light.
Prediction: Number of electrons α Intensity of light
(iii) For each metal, there is a characteristic minimum frequency below which photoelectric effect is not observed, which is known as
threshold frequency.
Prediction: A Photoelectric effect does not occur at frequencies below v0 only if v > v0.

 Based on these results, Einstein was able to explain Planck’s particle theory in 1905.
[Energy of light beam used] α
[frequency of light] α (kinetic energy of photon emitted) and [number of electrons emitted] α [intensity of light]
 Example of Threshold Energy:

 Any intensity of red light (v = 4.3 to 4.6 × 1014 Hz) striking (shining) a piece of potassium metal for hours does not result in the emission
of photoelectrons.

 If weak yellow light (v = 5.1 to 5.2 × 1014 Hz) strikes (shines) potassium metal, a photoelectric effect occurs and electrons are emitted.

 Hence the value of threshold energy frequency (v) for potassium metal is 5.0 × 1014 Hz.

48. What is hydrogen spectrum? Explain

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 When an electric charge is passed through gaseous hydrogen, the atom dissociates by absorbing the radiant energy. And the hydrogen molecule
gets excited and goes into a higher energy excited state.
 It then immediately returns to its original steady state by emitting energy, and produces electromagnetic spectrum of different frequencies. This
spectrum is called the hydrogen spectrum.
 Characteristics:

 The hydrogen spectrum is an emission, linear and discontinuous spectrum. Hydrogen is named after the scientists who discovered the
spectral range.

 In 1885, a scientist named Balmer showed that the visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum, representing the spectral line by wave number (
), obey the following formula.

 (wave number) = 109677 cm–1

 Where n = 3, 4, 5,..

 This series is called Balmer series. Balmer series lines are in the visible section.

 Swedish spectroscopist Johannes Rydberg gave the following formula for all series of lines in the hydrogen spectrum.

= 109677 cm–1

n1 = 1, 2, 3,...
n2 = (n1 + 1), (n1 + 2), (n1 + 3),...

Rydberg constant for hydrogen = 109677 cm–1 = RH

 Remember:
 The line spectrum of the hydrogen atom is the simplest of all the elements. Hydrogen spectrum is a linear emission spectrum.
 Variation of hydrogen spectrum: Of all the elements hydrogen has the simplest spectrum but for heavier molecules the line spectrum becomes
more and more complex.

49. Explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

 In 1927, the German physicist Heisenberg introduced the uncertainty principle.

 “Principle: It is impossible to determine the exact position and velocity or momentum of an electron simultaneously.”
 Mathematically,
∆x ­· ∆px > or

∆x · ∆(mvx) >

∴ ∆x · m · ∆vx >

 Where, Δx is the uncertainty in position

 ΔP = uncertainty in particle velocity
 Δs is the uncertainty in momentum (or velocity) of the particle
 Explanation: If the position of electron (Δx) is very small, even if it is known with precision, the value of electron velocity Δvx will be very
large.
 Even if the velocity of the electron is known precisely, the location of e– will be uncertain.
 “If we make a physical measurement of the position or velocity of an electron, the result will always be a fuzzy and blurry picture.”
 Determining the position of an electron:
 To determine the position of the electron one must use a scale bar marked in units with dimensions less than the dimensions of e– and note that
the electron is point mass and will be dimensionless.
 The e– can be illuminated with light or electromagnetic radiation to observe the electron. The wavelength of the light taken in this must be
shorter than the parameters of the electron.
 The high momentum photons of such light would change the energy of electrons by collisions. In this process we, no doubt, would

Page No.: 16
 be able to calculate the position of the electron, but we would know very little about the velocity of the electron after the collision. Thus,
position accuracy is obtained but velocity accuracy is not.
 Significance: The significance of this theory is that “it rules out existence of definite paths or trajectories of electrons and other similar
particles.”
 The trajectory of an object is determined by its location and velocity at various moments.
 Since for a sub-atomic object such as an electron, it is not possible simultaneously to determine the position and velocity at any given instant
to an arbitrary degree of precision, it is not possible to talk of the trajectory of an electron.
 Limitation: This principle is negligible for microscopic objects but meaningless for macroscopic objects. For example, the corresponding
precision ΔV ⋅ ΔX value for a particle electron is as small as 10–4 m2s–1, while for a 1 milligram object this value is as large as 10–28 m2 · s–1.
 Accurately determining the position of the electron has an uncertainty as small as 10–8 but the uncertainty in its motion is as large as 10–4 m2s–
1
.

50. State the rules for calculating oxidation number.

 (1) In elements, in the free or the uncombined state, each atom bears an oxidation number of zero.
Example : Na, Mg, Ca, Ba, H2, Cl2, Br2, P4, S8, NaCl, CaO, BaCl2, AlCl3, C6H12O6 etc.
(2) For ions composed of only one atom, the oxidation number is equal to the charge on the ion.
Example : Na+ = +1
Mg+2 = +2
Al+3 = +3
Fe+3 = +3
Cl– = –1

O–2 = –2
 In their compounds all alkali metals have oxidation number of +1, and all alkaline earth metals have an oxidation number of +2. Aluminium is
regarded to have an oxidation number of +3 in all its compounds.
Example : Alkali metal = Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+
Alkaline earth metals = Be+2, Mg+2, Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2
(3) The oxidation number of oxygen in most compounds is –2.
Example : Oxidation number of O in H2O, H2SO4, KMnO4 is –2.
However, we come across two kinds of exceptions here.
Exception 1 : Oxidation number of oxygen in peroxide (O – O) compounds is considered to be –1.
Example : K2O2, Na2O2, BaO2, H2O2 etc

Exception 2 : Oxidation number of oxygen in superoxide compound is .

Example : KO2, CsO2 etc.
Exception 3 : Oxidation numbers of oxygen in compounds with fluorine are considered positive. Because the electronegativity of F is
greater than the electronegativity of O.
Example :
(i) Oxidation number of O(oxygen) in O2F2 (oxygen monofluoride) = +1.
(ii) Oxidation number of O in OF2 (oxygen difluoride) = +2.
(4) Oxidation number of hydrogen in compounds of hydrogen is +1, but as an exception in metal hydride compounds oxidation number
of hydrogen is -1.
Example :
(i) The oxidation number of hydrogen in H2S, NH3, PH3, H2O, H3PO4, H2SO4 is +1.
(ii) But in metal hydrides such as LiH, BeH₂, NaH, AIH₃, CaH2, etc., the oxidation number of hydrogen is −1.
(5) Consider the oxidation number of halogen (F, CI, Br, I) in a halide compound to be –1.
Example : Assume oxidation number of halogen atom in HF, BaCl2, NaBr and KI to be –1.
Exception : Oxidation number of halogen in oxides of halogen and oxoacids of halogen is considered positive.
Example :
Oxidation number of Cl in Cl2O6 = +6
Oxidation number of CI in HCIO2 = +3
Oxidation number of Br in HBrO3 = +5

Page No.: 17
 Oxidation number of I in HIO4 = +7
(6) The algebraic sum of the oxidation number of all the atoms in a compound must be zero. In polyatomic ion, the algebraic sum of all
the oxidation numbers of atoms of the ion must equal the charge on the ion. Thus, the sum of oxidation number of three oxygen atoms
and one carbon atom in the carbonate ion, ( ) must equal –2.

51. What is an electrochemical cell? Write the equation of Daniel cell, write and explain the chemical reaction at anode and cathode.

 “A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy is called an electrochemical cell.”
 Take copper sulphate solution in one beaker and put the copper rod in it and in another beaker take zinc sulphate solution and put the zinc rod.
 Therefore, the reduced and oxidized forms of the same chemical will appear simultaneously at the interface of the metal and its salt solution in
both the beakers, which is called a redox couple.
 Here, a straight or diagonal line is used to separate the oxidized form from the reduced form (eg, solid/solution). In this example the two
redox-couples are represented by Zn2+/Zn and Cu2+/Cu. In both cases the oxidized form is placed before the reduced form.
 Now the two beakers are placed side by side (figure) and connected with a salt bridge. (Chloride or ammonium nitrate is boiled with agar-agar,
filled into a U-shaped tube, cooled to form a jelly-like form.)
 These two solutions are electrically contacted without mixing each other.
 The zinc and copper rods are connected by metal wires through Ammeter and switches. The arrangement shown in the figure is called a
Daniell cell. When the switch is closed, no reaction takes place in any of the beakers and no current passes through the metal wire. Turning on
the switch results in the following observations.
(1) The transfer of electrons now does not take place directly from Zn to Cu2+ but through the metallic wire connecting the two rods as is
apparent from the arrow which indicates the flow of current.
(2) The electricity from solution in one beaker to solution in the other beaker flows by the migration of ions through the salt bridge. We
know that the flow of current is possible only if there is a potential difference between the copper and zinc rods known as electrodes here.

Anode : Zn Zn2+ + 2e– (Oxidation)

Cathode : Cu2+ + 2e– Cu (reduction)

2+ 2+
Cell Process : Zn + Cu Zn + Cu (redox)

Page No.: 18