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Basic Structural Analysis
Third Edition
About the Author
C S Reddy served as Principal, K S R M College of Engineering, Kadapa, for
about twenty years before retiring from service. Earlier, he had been a faculty
of IIT Kharagpur for over 20 years, before joining as Professor at N B K R
Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyanagar, Nellore. He has been a Visiting
Professor at the University of Basrah, Iraq, during 1974–77. Having obtained a
PhD degree from IIT Kharagpur, he has guided several MTech and PhD students.
He is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India), Member of Senate and
Chairman, Board of Studies at Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Tamil
Nadu. Dr Reddy can be contacted at [email protected].
Basic Structural Analysis
Third Edition

C S Reddy
Principal (Retd.)
KSRM College of Engineering
Kadapa

Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited

NEW DELHI
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 Tata McGraw-Hill
Published by Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited,
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Basic Structural Analysis, 3e
Copyright © 2011, 1996, 1981 by Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
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Information contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw Hill, from sources
believed to be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw Hill nor its authors guarantee the
accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw
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 In memory of my parents
Smt. Achamma and Sri Sidda Reddy
 Contents
Preface xiii
SI Units for Structural Engineers xvii
1. Introduction to Structural Analysis 1
1.1 Forms of Structures 1
1.2 Analysis and Design 3
1.3 Loads and Forces 4
1.4 Idealization of Structures 7
1.5 Supports and Connections—Conventional Representation 8
1.6 Elastic and Linear Behaviour of Structures 8
1.7 Principle of Superposition 8
2. Statics of Structures 12
2.1 Equations of Equilibrium 12
2.2 Free-Body Diagrams 13
2.3 Sign Convention 19
2.4 Simple Cable and Arch Structures 21
2.5 Arches 24
2.6 Graphic Statics 35
Problems for Practice 42
3. Plane Trusses 46
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 Plane Truss 46
3.3 Geometric Stability and Static Determinancy of Trusses 47
3.4 Analysis of Trusses 48
3.5 Compound and Complex Trusses 66
3.6 Graphical Analysis of Trusses 68
Problems for Practice 72
4. Space Trusses 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Simple Space Truss 75
4.3 Types of Supports 75
4.4 Equilibrium and Stability Conditions 76
4.5 Analysis of Space Trusses 77
Problems for Practice 87
viii Contents

5. Displacements—Geometric Methods 89
5.1 Deflected Shapes 89
5.2 Moment-Area Method 91
5.3 Conjugate Beam Method 108
5.4 Deflection of Trusses—Graphical Method 115
Problems for Practice 120
6. Displacements—Energy Methods 124
6.1 Introduction 124
6.2 Forms of Elastic Strain Energy 124
6.3 Strain Energy in Members 128
6.4 Energy Relations in Structural Theory 130
6.5 Virtual Work 133
6.6 Betti’s and Maxwell’s Laws of Reciprocal Deflections 136
6.7 Applications of Virtual Work 138
6.8 Deflection of Trusses and Frames 146
6.9 Castigliano’s Theorems 154
Problems for Practice 166
7. Rolling Loads and Influence Lines 168
7.1 Introduction 168
7.2 A Single Concentrated Load 168
7.3 Uniformly Distributed Load Longer than the Span 170
7.4 Uniformly Distributed Load Shorter than Span 172
7.5 Two Concentrated Loads 175
7.6 Series of Concentrated Loads 178
7.7 Equivalent U.D.L 186
7.8 Influence Lines 187
7.9 Influence Lines for Panelled Beams 206
7.10 Influence Lines for Truss Members 209
7.11 Influence Lines for Three-Hinged Arches 215
7.12 Influence Lines from Deflected Shapes 228
Problems for Practice 232
8. Cables and Suspension Bridges 236
8.1 Introduction 236
8.2 Cables 237
8.3 Stiffening Girders 249
8.4 Three-Hinged Stiffening Girder 250
8.5 Influence Lines for Stiffening Girder 256
8.6 Two-Hinged Stiffening Girder 269
Problems for Practice 277
9. Approximate Analysis of Statically
Indeterminate Structures 279
9.1 Introduction 279
 Contents ix

9.2 Methods of Analysis 279

9.3 Portal Method 294
9.4 Cantilever Method 297
Problems for Practice 304
10. Indeterminate Structures—Compatibility Methods 307
10.1 Introduction 307
10.2 Degree of Indeterminancy and Stability of Structures 308
10.3 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures 313
10.4 Flexibility Coefficients 322
10.5 Theorem of Three Moments 340
10.6 The Method of Least Work 348
10.7 Two-Hinged Arches 352
10.8 Influence Lines for Continuous Members 372
Problems for Practice 382
11. Slope-Deflection Method 387
11.1 Introduction 387
11.2 Sign Convention 387
11.3 Development of Slope-Deflection Equations 389
11.4 Analysis of Continuous Beams 390
11.5 Analysis of Frames with No Lateral Translation of Joints 399
11.6 Analysis of Frames with Lateral Translation of Joints 403
Problems for Practice 415
12. Moment Distribution Method 417
12.1 Introduction 417
12.2 Development of Method 420
12.3 Analysis of Frames with No Lateral Translation of Joints 431
12.4 Analysis of Frames with Lateral Translation of Joints 435
12.5 Symmetrical Frames 453
12.6 Multistorey Frames 459
12.7 No-Shear Moment Distribution 463
Problems for Practice 469
13. Kani’s Method 473
13.1 Introduction 473
13.2 Basic Concept 473
13.3 Frames without Lateral Translation of Joints 486
13.4 Frames with Lateral Translation of Joints 493
13.5 General Case—Storey Columns Unequal in Height and
Bases Fixed or Hinged 514
Problems for Practice 521
x Contents

14. Column Analogy 524

14.1 Introduction 524
14.2 Development of the Method 524
14.7 Analysis of Frames by the Column Analogy Method 542
14.4 Gable Frames 552
14.5 Analysis of Unsymmetrical Frames 555
Problems for Practice 560
15. Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis 562
15.1 Introduction 562
15.2 Stiffness and Flexibility Coefficients 567
15.3 Member Stiffness and Flexibility Matrices 584
15.4 Energy Concepts in Structures 590
15.5 Maxwell’s and Betti’s Reciprocal Deflections 595
15.6 Strain Energy in Elements and Systems 598
Problems for Practice 601
16. Transformation of Information in Structures
through Matrices 605
16.1 Transformation of System Forces to Element Forces 605
16.2 Transformation of System Displacements to
Element Displacements 610
16.3 Transformation of Element Flexibility Matrices to
System Flexibility Matrix 614
16.4 Transformation of Element Stiffness Matrices to
System Stiffness Matrix 617
16.5 Transformation of Forces and Displacements in General 618
16.6 Transformation of Information from Member Coordinates to
Structure Coordinates and Vice Versa 620
Problems for Practice 623
17. Flexibility or Force Method of Analysis 626
17.1 Introduction 626
17.2 Generalised Method of Analysis 641
17.3 Statically Determinate Structures 642
17.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures 650
17.5 Temperature Stresses, Lack of Fit, Support Settlements, Etc. 662
Problems for Practice 664
18. Stiffness or Displacement Method of Analysis 669
18.1 Introduction 669
18.2 Development of Stiffness Matrix for a Pin-Jointed Structure 684
18.3 Development of Method for a Structure Having Forces
at all Degrees of Freedom 692
18.4 Development of Method for a General Case 701
 Contents xi

18.5 Direct Stiffness Method 713

18.6 Analysis by Tridiagonalization of Stiffness Matrix 725
18.7 Comparison of Flexibility and Stiffness Methods 739
Problems for Practice 740
19. Plastic Analysis of Steel Structures 743
19.1 Introduction 743
19.2 Stress-Strain Curve 744
19.3 Plastic Moment 744
19.4 Methods of Analysis 755
19.5 Gable Frames or Frames with Inclined Members 762
19.6 Two Bay Portal Frame 765
Problems for Practice 767
Appendix A 769
Appendix B 798
Appendix C 799
Appendix D 800
Objective Type Questions 801
Answers 822
Bibliography 836
Index 838
 Preface
Brief Overview
The use of computers for structural analysis has completely altered the method
of presentation of structural theory. While the student is expected to be familiar
with this presentation, it is far more important that he understands the basic
principles of structural analysis.
The book endeavours to present in one volume, the classical as well as matrix
methods of structural analysis. It is expected that for some time to come, the
student will be required to study both these approaches, for the matrix methods are
not very different from classical methods—the only difference is in the emphasis
laid in formulating them so as to be suitable for computer programming. An
understanding of the basic principles in both these methods necessarily requires
the solving of simple problems using hand computations.
This book is intended for a course in structural analysis following the usual
course in mechanics of solid or, as it is more commonly called, strength of
materials. It aims to provide a smooth transition from the classical approaches
that are based on physical behaviour of structures in terms of their deflected
shapes to a formal treatment of a general class of structures by means of matrix
formulation. This book can be used by undergraduate students, professionals as
well as those preparing for competitive examinations.

Rationale behind the Third Edition

Encouraged by the tremendous response to the first two editions, this book
has been revised keeping in mind the valuable suggestions received from the
reviewers, publishers, readers and colleagues. The second edition of the text
came out in 1996, i.e., 14 years back and since then has undergone 23 reprints!
Since this book is prescribed as a textbook and as a reference in many major
universities of India, to be in tandem with the changing course requirements,
revision of the text assumed prime importance. Also, to uphold the competitive
edge, I felt it was necessary to include certain pedagogical features like step-by-
step approach for the solved examples, objective-type questions and a solution
manual.

Changes in the Third Edition

It was indeed a challenging task to undertake the revision of the textbook for
its third edition! Keeping the basic approach of the first two editions intact, the
xiv Preface

third edition has been written to make the book broad-based and gain wider
acceptance amongst teachers and students.
Though arches are not included under a separate chapter, the three-hinged
arches are dealt with elaborately under cables and arches in Chapter 2, and
two-hinged arches under indeterminate structures in Chapter 10 dealing with
consistent displacements. The ILD for three-hinged arches are covered in
Chapter 7.
The scope of fixed beams is enlarged by including a large number of worked-
out examples covering point loads, uniform and varying loads, applied couples
and effect of sinking and rotation of supports.
Tension coefficient method is now included in the analysis of plane trusses in
Chapter 3 and space trusses in Chapter 4.

Organization of the Book

Chapters 1 and 2 deal with basic principles of structural analysis of simple
structures using only equilibrium equations. Chapters 3 and 4 deal with the
analysis of plane trusses and space trusses respectively. Chapters 5 and 6 deal
with displacement calculations by geometric and energy methods respectively.
Chapter 7 discusses the analysis for rolling loads by influence lines, while
cables and suspension bridges are discussed in detail in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 is
devoted to the approximate analysis of statically indeterminate structures.
Chapters 10 to 12 are devoted to the analysis of statically indeterminate
structures using classical methods, such as consistent displacement, slope-
deflection and moment distribution. Kani’s method is presented in some detail
in Chapter 13. Column analogy is covered in Chapter 14. Chapters 15 and
16 discuss the preliminaries required for the formulation matrix methods of
structural analysis. The flexibility and stiffness methods of analysis are presented
in chapters 17 and 18. Simple examples needing only hand computations have
been included in these chapters. However, the matrix formulation of the problems
and computation techniques employed are suitable for computer programs.
Finally, Chapter 19 discusses plastic analysis of steel structures.
Four appendices are given at the end of the book which cover topics like theory
of vectors and matrices, and tables on product integrals, fixed end moments in a
prismatic beam and force displacement relationship in a prismatic member.
Web Supplements
The web supplements can be accessed at and contain the following material:
Instructor Resources
• Solution manual
• PowerPoint lecture slides
Student Resources
• Links to reference material
 Preface xv

Acknowledgements
A book such as this, devoted to the basic aspects of structural analysis cannot
claim to contain any original work, and only material collected over the years
is presented. I gratefully acknowledge the sources I have consulted. I sincerely
thank all my colleagues and students who helped me in writing this text. I am
grateful to my wife for her understanding and forbearing during the long hours
I spent working on the manuscript. A word of appreciation is also due to my
children who refrained from disturbing me during that period.
Although this is the third edition of this book, I would still like to place on
record the contribution of Usharanjan Bhattacharjee and K Subba Reddy in typing
the manuscripts of the first and second editions respectively and S P Hazra for
making the final diagrams. A number of experts took pains to provide valuable
feedback about the book. My heartfelt gratitude goes out to those whose names
are given below:
S B Singh
Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Rajasthan
A K Dutta
National Institute of Technology (NIT) Durgapur, West Bengal
Nityanand Singh Maurya
National Institute of Technology (NIT) Patna, Bihar
R P Sharma
National Institute of Technology (NIT) Agartala, Tripura
Atanu Kumar Dutta
Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat, Assam
R K Ingle
Visvesvarya National Institute of Technology (VNIT) Nagpur, Maharashtra
K Rajagopalan
Government College of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
K C Pazhani
Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
K Madan Mohan Reddy
Sri Kalahasteeswara Institute of Technology, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh
I wish to offer my profound thanks and appreciation to the publishers for
their guidance and skilful incorporation of the changes in the revised edition.
Their initiative and interest in bringing out this work in a short span of time is
really commendable. Further suggestions for the improvement of the book are
welcome.
C S REDDY
Feedback
Tata McGraw-Hill invites comments, views and suggestions from readers, all of
which can be sent to [email protected], mentioning the title and
author’s names in the subject line. Feel free to report any piracy of the book
spotted by you.
 SI Units for
Structural Engineers
The international system of units (System Internationale d’Unites), commonly
called SI, is being adopted all over the world as a uniform measurement system.
While the complete transition from customary units to the SI system may take
years, the use of SI units in the fields of engineering and science is proceeding
rather rapidly, and it will soon become necessary for the modern civil engineer
to gain experience in using the SI system. Fortunately, the changeover from the
now common MKS units to SI units is quite simple, unlike the changeover from
FPS to MKS units. In this book, SI units have been used throughout, with only
minor modifications, to suit the requirements of the engineering world.
The basic and derived units for various categories of measurement are
discussed in the following sections.

TYPICAL BASIC UNITS

Geometry
The basic unit of length is the metre (m), which together with the millimetre
(mm) is used exclusively for geometrical quantities. Although the centimetre
(cm) is a convenient quantity, its use is generally avoided in the SI system. The
use of mm for section modulus and moment of inertia involves large numbers
for the majority of common flexural members. This problem is met by listing
steel sections properties as section modulus ¥ 103 mm3 and moment of inertia ¥
106 mm4. Very small sections, such as light gauge steel shapes may be listed as
section modulus x mm3 and moment of inertia x 10 mm4.

Mass and Density

Mass is a basic quantity in the system. The base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).
The use of kg should not be confused with the old metric force called kgf.
Material quantities are measured in mass units rather than in weight or force
units. Thus, the mass per length of a steel beam is expressed in kg/m, gravity
floor loading in kg/m2 and the mass of an object in kg. Mass density is given
in kg/m3. In contrast to weight units, these quantities do not depend upon the
acceleration due to gravity. Weight is not used directly in the SI system, but force
is obviously caused by gravity acting on mass.
xviii SI Units

Force, Moment and Stress

The unit of force is the newton (N), which is the force required to give 1 kg mass
1 m/s2 acceleration. Thus 1 N is 1 kg.m/s2. The newton is a derived unit that is
independent of the acceleration due to gravity. A kilo-newton (1000 newtons) or
kN, which is about 100 kgf, is a convenient quantity in structural analysis and
design. Approximating the acceleration due to gravity as 9.81 m/s2, a kg of mass
exerts a force of 9.81 N on its support point.
The stress unit is newton per square metre (N/m2) called pascal (Pa). This is
a very small unit (1 kg/cm2 approximates to 98100 Pa) and becomes practical
only when used with a prefix (k or M). The most convenient SI stress unit for
structures is 1,000,000 Pa, the mega pascal or MPa, which is identical to MN/m2
or N/mm2. The modulus of steel is about 200,000 MPa in SI units.
Surface loadings and allowable soil pressures have the units of pressure or
stress and thus may be expressed in Pascals, but common usage will dictate
their expression in kN/m2 or similar units. Surface loads in particular are well
expressed in kN/m2 because their effects must be converted into kN during
structural analysis.
Moment is expressed in N.m or kN.m. These units are convenient since 1 N.m
is close to 10 kg.cm and 1 kN.m is close to 1/10 t.m.

Angle, Temperature, Energy and Power

Plane angles are measured in radians (rad), but degrees are also used. Temperature
in the SI system should be expressed in Kelvin (K) but the use of degrees Celsius
(*C), formerly called centigrade, is also permissible. Kelvin and Celsius are
equal for temperature changes since an increment of 1°C equals an increment of
1 K. Energy is expressed in jonles (J), where 1 J is 1 N.m. The unit of power is
the watt (W) which is equal to one joule per second (J/s).

Some Simple Rules to be Observed in Using Si Units

Prefixes are to be selected from the following table, in which each prefix is a
multiple of 1000.

Prefix Symbol Multiplying factor

giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
milli m 10–3
micro m 10–6
nano n 10–9
Compound units, such as for moments, are written with a dot to indicate
multiplication, such as kN.m (kilonewton-metre).
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