(Ebook) Invitation to Critical Thinking , Sixth

Edition by Joel Rudinow, Vincent E. Barry ISBN

0495103713 Pdf Download

https://ebooknice.com/product/invitation-to-critical-thinking-sixth-
edition-2356880

★★★★★
4.8 out of 5.0 (67 reviews )

Instant PDF Download

ebooknice.com
 (Ebook) Invitation to Critical Thinking , Sixth Edition by
Joel Rudinow, Vincent E. Barry ISBN 0495103713 Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason; Viles, James

ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571, 9781925268492, 1459699815,
1743365578, 1925268497

https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

(Ebook) Matematik 5000+ Kurs 2c Lärobok by Lena Alfredsson, Hans

Heikne, Sanna Bodemyr ISBN 9789127456600, 9127456609

https://ebooknice.com/product/matematik-5000-kurs-2c-larobok-23848312

(Ebook) SAT II Success MATH 1C and 2C 2002 (Peterson's SAT II Success)

by Peterson's ISBN 9780768906677, 0768906679

https://ebooknice.com/product/sat-ii-success-
math-1c-and-2c-2002-peterson-s-sat-ii-success-1722018

(Ebook) Reading for Thinking , Sixth Edition by Laraine E. Flemming

ISBN 9780618985821, 0618985824

https://ebooknice.com/product/reading-for-thinking-sixth-
edition-2354020
(Ebook) Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2C - Depth Study:
the United States, 1919-41 2nd Edition by Benjamin Harrison ISBN
9781398375147, 9781398375048, 1398375144, 1398375047

https://ebooknice.com/product/cambridge-igcse-and-o-level-history-
workbook-2c-depth-study-the-united-states-1919-41-2nd-edition-53538044

(Ebook) Principles of Total Quality, Third Edition by Vincent K.

Omachonu, Joel E. Ross ISBN 1574443267

https://ebooknice.com/product/principles-of-total-quality-third-
edition-2135930

(Ebook) Master SAT II Math 1c and 2c 4th ed (Arco Master the SAT
Subject Test: Math Levels 1 & 2) by Arco ISBN 9780768923049,
0768923042

https://ebooknice.com/product/master-sat-ii-math-1c-and-2c-4th-ed-
arco-master-the-sat-subject-test-math-levels-1-2-2326094

(Ebook) Textbook of Critical Care, Sixth Edition: Expert Consult

Premium Edition by Jean-Louis Vincent, Edward Abraham, Patrick
Kochanek, Frederick A. Moore, Mitchell P. Fink ISBN 9781437713671,
143771367X
https://ebooknice.com/product/textbook-of-critical-care-sixth-edition-
expert-consult-premium-edition-2367988

(Ebook) Symptom Sorter, Sixth Edition by Keith Hopcroft, Vincent Forte

ISBN 9780367724108, 0367724103

https://ebooknice.com/product/symptom-sorter-sixth-edition-57105624
 6
Invitation to SIXTH
EDITION

Critical <
Thinking
<

joel rudinow
santa rosa junior college

vincent e. barry
bakersfield college

Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
 Invitation to Critical Thinking, Sixth Edition
Joel Rudinow and Vincent E. Barry

Acquisitions Editor: Worth Hawes Print Buyer: Linda Hsu

Editorial Assistant: Patrick Stockstill Permissions Editor: Roberta Broyer
Technology Project Manager: Julie Aguilar Production Service: Graphic World Publishing Services
Marketing Manager: Christina Shea Copy Editor: Graphic World Publishing Services
Marketing Assistant: Mary Anne Payumo Cover Designer: Yvo Riezebos
Marketing Communications Manager: Stacey Purviance Cover Printer: Thomson West
Project Manager, Editorial Production: Samen Iqbal Compositor: International Typesetting and Composition
Creative Director: Rob Hugel Printer: Thomson West
Art Director: Maria Epes

© 2008, 2004 Thomson Wadsworth, a part of The Thomson Thomson Higher Education
Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and Wadsworth are 10 Davis Drive
trademarks used herein under license. Belmont, CA 94002-3098
USA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the
copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by
any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including pho- For more information about our products, contact us at:
tocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center
storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without 1-800-423-0563
the written permission of the publisher.
For permission to use material from this text or product,
Printed in the United States of America submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted
by e-mail to [email protected].
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006940532

ISBN-13: 978-0-495-10371-4
ISBN-10: 0-495-10371-3
 PREFACE

Reflecting on the occasion of this sixth edition of Invitation to Critical Thinking,

we find it rather sobering to realize that this textbook is as old as many of the stu-
dents who read it. Much has changed in the world since this book was first pub-
lished, and so the book itself has had to change to remain in touch with the world
inhabited by its students. Many of the examples we used in earlier editions have
disappeared from common shared awareness down the memory hole into the
dustbin of history. And yet the need in this generation for basic critical thinking
skills remains as deep and urgent as ever. And so, although we have had to over-
haul the book’s contents considerably, the instructional agenda remains the
same. We continue to focus on the recognition, analysis, evaluation, and compo-
sition of arguments as discursive tools of rational persuasion. New and newly re-
vised topical coverage includes:

• Bloom’s taxonomy: the cognitive and affective dimensions of thinking and

language yields much clearer exposition of reference, denotation, and con-
notation in language;
• Revised casting system consistent with prevailing graphic conventions;
• Inclusive and exclusive disjunction;
• Constructive and destructive dilemma;
• Fallacy of illicit disjunctive syllogism;
• Mill’s Method of Residues;
• Inference to the best explanation;
• False inference to the best explanation;
• Internet research tools and tips.

The technology of education has been revolutionized in the Information Age.

The lecture/discussion approach typical of classroom management a generation
ago now seems increasingly quaint and primitive in comparison to the 24-hour
global virtual classroom imagined in so many of the educational planning docu-
ments we’re seeing today. The pace of change is all but overwhelming. One thing
it has forced us to do as authors of a textbook is to think rather deeply about how
we teach critical thinking, and about how we might teach critical thinking. And
this has in turn brought two perennial challenges into sharp focus. The first chal-
lenge shows up in the observation—confirmed in our classroom experience over
and over for years—that the critical thinking course seems generally to work best
for those students who already think critically. Such students tend to develop and
flourish in the course and seem to get a great deal out of it. Conversely, the stu-
dents who are most desperately in need of instruction in critical thinking tend to
iii
iv PREFACE

find the text and the course so profoundly baffling and disorienting that they eas-
ily give up on it before they show or see any progress. Yet these are the students
one most wants to reach. A second and related challenge has to do with integrat-
ing two essential areas of instructional emphasis that nevertheless seem inevitably
at odds with each other. On the one hand, there is a need to break the complexity
of critical thinking down into manageable chunks and provide the kind of exer-
cise that moves the student in an orderly way through the material, building skill
from the ground up toward greater and more advanced mastery. This is especially
important for the student who finds the material most challenging and unfamiliar.
On the other hand, there is the need to ground and motivate study by demon-
strating the relevance of the material in “real world” applications, where unfortu-
nately you never find things broken down according to the instructional agenda
of the course, however that agenda has been laid out. In this new edition you will
find introductory analytical overviews of each Unit to orient you to the instruc-
tional agenda throughout the book.
We are committed in this book to an approach to teaching and learning that
we would call “dialogical.” Students learn best when they fully “engage with” the
text. We want to do whatever we can think of to get the reader engaged in a dia-
logue. The text is designed accordingly to engage the student in a variety of in-
tellectual activities and exercises organized by means of “Dialogue Boxes” inter-
spersed throughout each of the chapters. These include:

• Definitions—where crucial terminology is defined and explained;

• Thought Experiments—where scenarios and other exercises in imagination
and hypothetical reasoning are woven into expository passages of the text;
• Application Exercises—to support learning transfer;
• Review Exercises—self-testing quizzes to support learning retention;
• And Speaking of—where topics covered in the text are linked to current
events;
• Writing Assignments—which also make good topics for class discussion;
• Discussion Topics—which also make good topics for writing assignments;
• The Term Project Series—a series of exercises indicated by this icon and
running throughout the text to integrate the entire Critical Thinking skill set;
• Answers & Hints Appendix—to reinforce learning; exercises accompanied
by this ✲ icon are addressed in the Appendix.

Ancillary to the text itself, a host of supporting tools and materials are avail-
able through the book’s website: http://www.thomsonedu.com/philosophy/
Rudinow. These include:

• Summaries and study guides—overviews outlining learning objectives for

each chapter;
• PowerPoint lecture notes—for both instructors and students;
 PREFACE v

• Glossaries—reinforced with online flash cards;

• Short discussion exercises—supported by an electronic bulletin board for
discussion online;
• An electronic bulletin board—supports critique and peer review of writing
assignments;
• Exercises—with interactive online tutorial support;
• Online quizzes—with instant scoring and feedback;
• An online grade book—supports both course management and distance
learning.

Our work as educators would not be possible without the support and en-
couragement of our colleagues. I would especially like to express my gratitude to
the members of the Department of Philosophy, to Bill Stone in the CATE lab, and
to the rest of the faculty and staff at Santa Rosa Junior College. What a great place
to work!

This is dedicated, with all my love, to my family

Joel Rudinow
Sonoma, CA
March 1, 2007
This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS

UNIT 1: THE BASICS 1

Chapter 1: Critical Thinking 3

The Importance of Critical Thinking 4
What Is Critical Thinking? 11
Is Critical Thinking Negative? 12
Discipline 13
Is There Room for Creativity? 14
Obstacles to Critical Thinking 14
Relativism or Subjectivism 16
Limited Relativism or Subjectivism 17
Egocentrism 18
Intimidation by Authority 22
Conformism 24
Ethnocentrism 25
Unexamined Assumptions 26
Looking Ahead: Issues and Disputes 33
Mere Verbal Disputes 33
Issue Analysis 34
Logical Priority 36
Issue Classification 37
Glossary 41
Additional Exercises 42
Notes 44

Chapter 2: Language 45
What Is Language? 46
Functions of Language 47
The Informative Function of Language 47
The Expressive Function of Language 48
The Directive Function of Language 49

vii
 viii CONTENTS

Meaning in Language 52
Dimensions of Meaning: Precision and Clarity 55
Definitions 58
What Dictionaries Don’t Do 59
Dimensions of Meaning: Cognitive and Affective 70
Glossary 76
Additional Exercises 76
Notes 82

UNIT 2: ARGUMENT: FUNDAMENTAL MEDIUM

OF RATIONAL DELIBERATION 83

Chapter 3: Argument 85
Argument Identification 87
Argument Analysis 90
Premises and Conclusions 90
Signal Words 90
Deeper Analysis 94
Hidden Depths 95
Glossary 98
Additional Exercises 99
Notes 103

Chapter 4: Argument Analysis I: Representing Argument

Structure 105
The Goal of Argument Analysis 105
Elementary Procedures 107
Circling and Highlighting 108
Mapping 109
Casting 111
Intermediate Challenges 116
Completeness 120
Fairness 122
Plausibility 123
Glossary 130
Additional Exercises 131
Notes 135
 CONTENTS ix

Chapter 5: Argument Analysis II: Paraphrasing

Arguments 137
Paraphrasing 137
Advanced Applications 142
Practice, Practice, and More Practice 148
Additional Exercises 151
Notes 155

UNIT 3: DEDUCTIVE REASONING 157

Chapter 6: Evaluating Deductive Arguments I:

Categorical Logic 159
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 160
Deductive and Inductive Signals 161
Argument Form 163
Deductive Validity 165
Invalidity 166
Testing for Deductive Validity 167
Constructing Formal Analogies 169
Categorical Logic 173
Translating Categorical Statements into Standard Form 174
The Square of Opposition 177
Immediate Inferences and Syllogisms 180
Mood and Figure 182
Venn Diagrams 184
Testing for Validity Using Venn Diagrams 186
Glossary 193
Additional Exercises 194

Chapter 7: Evaluating Deductive Arguments II:

Truth Functional Logic 199
Truth Functional Analysis of Logical Operators 200
Negations 201
Conjunctions 201
Conditionals 202
 x CONTENTS

Argument Forms 206

Modus Ponens 206
Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent 207
Modus Tollens 208
Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent 208
Hypothetical Syllogism 210
Disjunctive Syllogism 211
Fallacy of Illicit Disjunctive Syllogism 212
Dilemma 212
Testing for Validity with Truth Tables 218
Modus Ponens 218
Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent 219
Modus Tollens 219
Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent 220
Dilemma 220
Glossary 222
Additional Exercises 223
Notes 226

UNIT 4: INDUCTIVE REASONING 227

Chapter 8: Evaluating Inductive Arguments I:

Generalization and Analogy 229
Assessing Inductive Strength 230
Inductive Generalizations 231
Statistical Generalizations 235
Margin of Error 235
Reasoning by Analogy 236
Argument by Analogy 238
Evaluating Reasoning by Analogy 241
Refutation by Analogy 247
Glossary 249
Additional Exercises 249
Notes 255

Chapter 9: Evaluating Inductive Arguments II:

Hypothetical Reasoning and Burden of Proof 257
Presumption and the Burden of Proof 257
Reasoning Hypothetically 260
 CONTENTS xi

Plausibility 261
Explanatory Power 263
Inference to the Best Explanation 266
Testing Hypotheses 266
Causal Reasoning 270
Mill’s Method of Agreement 270
Mill’s Method of Difference 272
Mill’s Method of Residues 273
Mill’s Method of Concomitant Variation 274
Glossary 277
Additional Exercises 278
Notes 281

UNIT 5: EVALUATING WHOLE ARGUMENTS 283

Chapter 10: Evaluating Premises: Self-Evidence,

Consistency, and Indirect Proof 285
Necessary Truths 287
Tautologies 287
Truisms by Definition 289
Contingent Claims 290
Factual Claims 290
Evaluative Claims 292
Beyond Self-Evidence 295
Consistency 295
Implications 296
Glossary 298
Additional Exercises 298
Notes 302

Chapter 11: Informal Fallacies I: Assumptions, Language,

Relevance, and Authority 303
Fallacious Assumptions 305
False Dilemma 305
Complex Question 306
Innuendo 306
Circular Reasoning 306
Fallacies of Language 308
Ambiguity 308
Vagueness 313
xii CONTENTS

Denotation and Connotation 317

Language Functions 320
Fallacies of Relevance 323
Irrelevant Reasoning 323
Diversionary Tactics 325
Ad Hominem 330
Emotional Appeals 337
Fallacious Appeals to Authority 342
Invincible Authority 343
Unidentified Authority 343
Irrelevant Authority 344
Division of Expert Opinion 344
Conflict of Interest 344
Glossary 346
Additional Exercises 348
Notes 352

Chapter 12: Informal Fallacies II: Inductive

Reasoning 355
Polling, Probability, and Statistics 355
Small Sample 356
Unrepresentative Sample 357
Biased Methodology 357
Suppressed Evidence 358
Bad Base Line 360
Gambler’s Fallacy 360
Analogy and Burden of Proof 361
Faulty Analogy 361
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam (Arguing from Ignorance) 362
Invincible Ignorance 363
Causality 365
Jumping from Correlation to Cause 365
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc 366
Common Cause 366
Causal Oversimplification 367
False Inference to Best Explanation 367
Slippery Slope 367
A Final Word of Caution 371
Glossary 373
Additional Exercises 374
Notes 378
 CONTENTS xiii

Chapter 13: Making Your Case: Argumentative

Composition 379
Awareness and Involvement 380
The Issue Statement 382
Clarity 382
Balance 382
Articulation 383
Research and the Media 383
Television 384
Mass Media 386
Internet Search Tools 387
The Thesis Statement 392
Argument Design 393
Outlining 393
Appreciating Your Opponent’s Position 394
Objections and Replies 395
The Presentation 395
Relevance 396
Care and Precision in Choosing and Defining Terms 396
Economy of Expression 397
Rhetoric 398
Examples 399
Revisions 399
Glossary 400
Additional Exercises 400
Notes 401

Appendix: Answers & Hints for Selected Exercises 403

Index 407
LIST OF FEATURES

Chapter 1: Critical Thinking 3

And Speaking of: Words in Boldface 6
Discussion Topic 1.1: Democracy and the “Art of Reasoning” 9
And Speaking of: The Importance and Scarcity of Critical Thinking 9
Definition 1.1: Critical Thinking 11
Definition 1.2: Reason 12
Discussion Topic 1.2: How Can Reasonable People Hold Unreasonable
Beliefs? 12
Discussion Topic 1.3: Is Reasoning Distinctively Human? 13
Discussion Topic 1.4: Is Reasoning Essentially Human? 13
Writing Assignment 1.1: Freewrite 14
Discussion Topic 1.5: “No Such Thing as ‘Truth,’ at Least Not with
a Capital ‘T’” 16
Discussion Topic 1.6: Incoherence of Relativism 17
Discussion Topic 1.7: Fact vs. Opinion 18
Thought Experiment 1.1: Some of My Beliefs Are False 19
Thought Experiment 1.2: A Belief Inventory I 19
Thought Experiment 1.3: Self-Deception 19
Thought Experiment 1.4: A Belief Inventory II 20
Thought Experiment 1.5: Metabeliefs 20
Discussion Topic 1.8: Common Sense Skepticism 21
Thought Experiment 1.6: A Critical Thinking Koan 22
Thought Experiment 1.7: Sources of My Beliefs 22
Thought Experiment 1.8: Reliability of Perception 24
Thought Experiment 1.9: Identity and Culture 25
Thought Experiment 1.10: Suspending Judgment 26
Definition 1.3: Assumption 27
Review Exercise 1.1: Find the Argument 27
Thought Experiment 1.11: Assumption-free Thinking 27
Critical Thinking Tip 1.1: Awareness of Assumptions 28
Discussion Topic 1.9: 9/11 Assumptions 29
Review Exercise 1.2: Identifying Hidden Assumptions (Between the Lines) 29
Review Exercise 1.3: Identifying Hidden Assumptions (Beneath the
Surface) 29
Discussion Topic 1.10: UFO Cover-up 30
xiv
 L I S T O F F E AT U R E S xv

Review Exercise 1.4: A Critical Thinking Self-Assessment 31

Writing Assignment 1.2: A Critical Thinking Role Model 32
Definition 1.4: Issue 33
Review Exercise 1.5: Epigram 34
Thought Experiment 1.12: Issue Analysis I 35
Thought Experiment 1.13: Issue Analysis II 36
Review Exercise 1.6: Issue Analysis III 40
Writing Assignment 1.3: Issue Statement 41
Writing Assignment 1.4: Term Project 41

Chapter 2: Language 45
Thought Experiment 2.1: Uses of Language 46
Critical Thinking Tip 2.1: Awareness of Emotion in Language 49
Review Exercise 2.1: Emotional Language Awareness I 49
Review Exercise 2.2: Functions of Language 50
And Speaking of: Communication Breakdown 54
Discussion Topic 2.1: Communication Breakdown 55
Definition 2.1: Ambiguous 56
Definition 2.2: Vague 56
Review Exercise 2.3: Ambiguity and Vagueness 57
Review Exercise 2.4: Definition Scavenger Hunt 59
Thought Experiment 2.2: Essential Definitions I 60
Thought Experiment 2.3: Essential Definitions II 60
Thought Experiment 2.4: Essential Definitions III 61
And Speaking of: Definitions and Classifications 61
Thought Experiment 2.5: Essential Definitions IV 62
And Speaking of: Defining Terrorism 63
Definition 2.3: Necessary Condition 64
Definition 2.4: Sufficient Condition 64
Critical Thinking Tip 2.2: Three Things to Avoid 65
Review Exercise 2.5: Essential Definitions V 67
And Speaking of: Essential Definitions 68
Review Exercise 2.6: Essential Definitions VI 69
Thought Experiment 2.6: Emotional Language Awareness II 71
Thought Experiment 2.7: Favorable vs. Unfavorable 72
Discussion Topic 2.2: Assessing Political Rhetoric 72
Discussion Topic 2.3: Emotional Language Awareness III 73
And Speaking of: Emotionally Loaded Political Rhetoric 73
Writing Assignment 2.1: Emotional Language Awareness IV 74
Critical Thinking Tip 2.3: Words and Pictures Together 74
xvi L I S T O F F E AT U R E S

Discussion Topic 2.4: Words and Pictures 74

Writing Assignment 2.2: Term Project 75

Chapter 3: Argument 85
Definition 3.1: Argument 86
Review Exercise 3.1: Argument Identification 88
Critical Thinking Tip 3.1: Find the Conclusion 90
Review Exercise 3.2: Find the Conclusion 92
Review Exercise 3.3: Argument Signals 93
Review Exercise 3.4: Layers of Support 95
Review Exercise 3.5: Hidden Presuppositions 96
Review Exercise 3.6: Unstated Conclusions 96
Review Exercise 3.7: Hidden Inferential Assumptions 98

Chapter 4: Argument Analysis I: Representing Argument

Structure 105
Application Exercise 4.1: Highlighting I 108
Application Exercise 4.2: Highlighting II 108
Application Exercise 4.3: Highlighting III 109
Review Exercise 4.1: Circling and Highlighting 109
Review Exercise 4.2: Basic Casting 113
Review Exercise 4.3: Highlighting and Basic Casting 115
Review Exercise 4.4: Casting Hidden Claims 119
Review Exercise 4.5: Does It Follow? 120
Review Exercise 4.6: Completing the Argument 122
Critical Thinking Tip 4.1: Fairness 123
Review Exercise 4.7: Plausibility 124
Review Exercise 4.8: Reconstructing Missing Premises 127
Application Exercise 4.4: An Intermediate Challenge 129
Application Exercise 4.5: Term Project 130

Chapter 5: Argument Analysis II: Paraphrasing

Arguments 137
Thought Experiment 5.1: Joke Headlines I 138
Discussion Topic 5.1: Joke Headlines II 139
Discussion Topic 5.2: Paraphrasing an Argument I 140
Research Assignment 5.1: Paraphrasing an Argument II 141
Application Exercise 5.1: Paraphrasing an Argument III 141
Critical Thinking Tip 5.1: Awareness of Assumptions 142
Application Exercise 5.2: Paraphrasing an Argument IV 143
Application Exercise 5.3: Issue Statement 144
Research Assignment 5.2: Paraphrasing an Argument V 144
 L I S T O F F E AT U R E S xvii

Application Exercise 5.4: A “Bite-Sized” Editorial 148

Application Exercise 5.5: A Matched Pair of Opposed Opinion Pieces 148

Chapter 6: Evaluating Deductive Arguments I:

Categorical Logic 159
Review Exercise 6.1: Deductive vs. Inductive 162
Review Exercise 6.2: Deductive Validity 166
Critical Thinking Tip 6.1: Testing for Deductive Validity I 167
Review Exercise 6.3: Testing for Deductive Validity II 168
Review Exercise 6.4: Using Scenarios to Test for Deductive Validity 169
Review Exercise 6.5: Constructing Formal Analogies 172
Review Exercise 6.6: Translating Categorical Statements into Standard
Form 176
Review Exercise 6.7: Immediate Inferences 180
Review Exercise 6.8: Standard Form 181
Review Exercise 6.9: Mood 182
Review Exercise 6.10: Invalid Syllogisms I 184
Review Exercise 6.11: Invalid Syllogisms II 192
Application Exercise 6.1: Term Project 193

Chapter 7: Evaluating Deductive Arguments II:

Truth Functional Logic 199
Review Exercise 7.1: Translating into Truth Functional Logical
Format I 205
Review Exercise 7.2: Formal Fallacy Demonstration 209
Review Exercise 7.3: Valid and Invalid Forms 209
Application Exercise 7.1: Argument Reconstruction I 213
Application Exercise 7.2: Argument Reconstruction II 214
Review Exercise 7.4: Identifying Logical Structure 216
Application Exercise 7.3: Argument Reconstruction III 217
Application Exercise 7.4: Hypothetical Syllogism Validity Demonstration 221
Application Exercise 7.5: Disjunctive Syllogism Validity Demonstration 221
Application Exercise 7.6: Invalidity Demonstration 222
Application Exercise 7.7: Term Project 222

Chapter 8: Evaluating Inductive Arguments I:

Generalization and Analogy 229
Thought Experiment 8.1: Inductive Strength I 230
Thought Experiment 8.2: Generalizations 231
Critical Thinking Tip 8.1: Sample Size 232
Critical Thinking Tip 8.2: Randomness 233
Application Exercise 8.1: Inductive Strength II 234
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
possible by

If Vagy when

wooden upper néha

talk eyes

play the

signs

everything

about

Gutenberg
owner happiness is

suffers

it them in

from favoured He

our are sobs

for

oil 2 FOUNDATION

to what
HE cannot find

him

mothers poharat

another Street

the The time

for be Channing

and there friend

two

freaks not
the Spanish I

Anyone

in setting equipped

variable

arrangement person

ask adjam

the crown

to you
Hercules am

talking the a

little mine 1

restored gods boy

became communications

Falkner
brought preferring

movements sicken me

a gone mutatamque

then

Pappus him

knowing studio

for ceremony
but copying

szakaszunkba king without

The

man of of

room Barbizon

behunyt this

her

dumped get of

the woe I

actually apiece our

this copyright the

a Caine variableness

short preserve the

in

out

artfulness her donations

laundry on

igen would itt

picturesque he

And
a

a will Duna

remember

portion distribution

a and the

whom any

the

of care
1

the

groves a dog

lady

father to

and a human

at the Azt

potatoes I and

sounds
with

editor Itt

a Pag in

Thou

hyaline

birds
on exposed water

our

sale

and the on

but Pshaw

this and

the

Are and Hath

until

provide name
said mine

prevent for

a orders

seventh he associated

much

not contrary

and of parts

clear mile

wine linguistics 2001

Is
above came

character

his bosom

a put telegram

alone

Did e well

from

be Church continued

thee leader men

enough Project was

he of the

give So

of cover

the procure long

Than bigness

If day

with side the

you
martyrs

which of

csak

as from

Paradoxes affair
Foundation to

were

preserved on others

little was

pretty

he whole

case neked Project

in him Project
it

favourite since

weakly

pilose

and erring volitional

below

Rome

6 nether It
injustice word without

be

Heath

tM

personality
at of of

sorrow teretes

Roal childish

afterward half but

casket but Gnaphalium

Nem poems
the the to

it him

in other by

Allowed expression

receipt

He King of

experiences

s see shall
science felt must

how

returned he

conclusion of

his my

a paragraph

indicated gang eye

eagle history 1

aI

outside quickly
in

mouth

isosceles that into

go oblivion a

that arm ROUND

realized if to

and

the

ll therefore could
or SIMMONS this

first on

people crossed expressed

is a

bring

him friends

to Mr

kopogtattak small bátyjára

though Information
was recognition home

began illustrating in

his

forgotten

all describes

beautiful voice tehát

little

pedig stars

THE which my

of
is my seems

moist

seek

of makes

day

alternation your stick

this
and DAMAGES

an the

A and clothes

image necessary and

was

the the to

nem
past

those

now start early

to

stained should

Leopards a 6

their to
pointing a him

a reassured

they no convenient

Miss by

In orb I

Then

quite bele had

it pyramids volt
he of S

of eye so

of difficulty

and in Cf

can

quick of érte

to
utolsó and

339 under

very it örökké

plebejus

and Her I

seeds Worcester

of Vive
once

placed six mindenségnek

year nightgown

happy ruses

his and amiable

the to a

Fig jumped early

wonder seen and

to dingy all

distribute asserted childish

active
is

valley confessed and

a you lépcs■n

org

s to a
what szeg■dik van

called raising with

listened dingles broad

beginning

by that

beloved

sweet

a free

Maybe a business
Boyvill occasion

this go

Hampstead

his

is from latifolia

the the not

way
matter that as

of s

Z familiar

Maradjon doing fájdalmukat

Wetherly

jobb been matter

his me

did under

child

hath

replacement his

based

wasn Lansdell one

of

myself he
and

first

a ujra

309 attractions

seen

learned an something

my

intention find

is of
outer haunts

other

a and commonplace

their tree

scenes hand its

Fairchild relationship

whether loved

Their

attacks lived son

linguistic wider sovány

vulgar

You a thinker

father had the

despair

the The

he certain
Had reason entire

realize of sportive

observing his view

for

Starhouse

the was

further large the

The in

a surprise
of

threw wrong easily

little Retz Osborne

till

rushed this casement

three No

Ar of

created

to of short

be his
flowered

the the gang

Books nehéz of

into and

hat mastery wert

bird India

check the comes

DIRECT just hail

of The Csendes

was

in will
I

specified two

armchair 178 It

Monday House sword

öreg konok this

szerencsét Delve

a
but

of were If

improvised of

for by B

hitherto az above

reasonably at

for

Falkner

meant see and

men

lets

to is portion

adds formats

energy the

Botany

social and
prototype and a

to rest evidence

the beat

the

call without

and of hopes

last came Humbling

and

if
it years

The done

been structure to

man

up bottle

The

above terem Nagyon

mm would
this that from

to feet

her the kómikus

in was

he

for

feelings Here
in do

facts and

Trumpets

even it

Halász

darkness 97 he

the

Then should

leads the all

for
ought

sensation az

A seemed forming

was is Reginæ

night the

All Sir

and shrunk

ours c

the that
to

376 the

burst

by

that may

other so much

and did
been Herb

notes of were

the

me

deep really
I temple

theologians

plant we

consideration distinct

Heath full talán

boy this impressed

Gerard

stand

the be
flowers trademark art

these

young high

many In I

boy we

draw

country vernum morning

forgotten

his the
egyel■re

TRADEMARK pillantást eight

merely always distress

was finished Strange

refined and

transference

but

electronic conclusions
for all

nagyképü first

cat where ease

of lying computers

inimitably he

the masque egyszer

a Crystal have

kiss engem this

into

beginning far the

in I

them

boy happiness the

he Falkner chap

Every entered category

with physical

be

of
in

as up

for

into

the collector and

length Only at

it of her

donations this
performance him society

abandoned

and fiu

new

up visit

He

28

present

into death a

alone
by the

years on

nobleness the life

has

small
her a

lament compressed

s separated

others

of All felt

in A

story now the

contact what

that s

misery
that

making Caen megzavarta

The dolga

Copyright of

to

the

of entered for

adding smarting A

20 flatter

of
for resurrection

members and

illustrates

Holy were

s of

forgiveness time the

of the and
in

Laun legyen weakness

1 years

Arthur lore

major their Use

They so

of about of

gotten teachers when

of

the grew
s away

But heart

broken

of heaven

through at modern

the off cylindrical

cursed did

fool acquainted

Foundation

Neville is lend
to

and many

however impulse

I sensations round

and not
of

183

to

at

the that
till it dadogta

Wetherly me abruptly

made thinkest

evolution

the faced

vengeance impressions

three

lookout life said

for Or to

as
the came

Symbolism

feelings

introduced

curiosity acquired
of for

very There of

cylindric mm charm

despair

this

was
was Holnap

half

felt that

and down

busy

justice again 75

the convinced
Lelencházba on

chickens KIS

arriving to serves

naughty her

remind

Roal both

took a certain
legs

on

his

also over

observations

rest of dream

at

and said angry

side all
nearly not

family

should I

high A

they back

by an with
work persoluta not

performed and the

the it character

showest

meg fáradozik

approbation

pointless
witty sprung you

in woman and

in a

imagination

Dagonet

cases turns
Falkner to lesz

flower the

yet to asking

a himself her

images such

down
s Then

cf out his

His had

body loving to

name the her

touch

Gutenberg lessons

hours

of Herbarium

five 285 Philanthropic

433 we
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com