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THE ARMY AND POLITICS IN INDONESIA
HAROLD CROUCH

THE
ARMY
AND
POLITICS
IN
INDONESIA

EQl1INOX
PUBLISHING
IAKAJTA I.: U Al .... lUM'UR
EQUINOX PuBLISHING (AsIA) PTE LTD
No 3. Shemon Way
11 I 0-05 Shenton House
Singapore 068805

www.EquinoxPublishing.com

The Army and Politics in Indonesia


by Harold Crouch

ISBN 979-3780-50-9

First Equinox Edidon 2007

Copyright © 1978 & 1988 by Cornell University


This is a reprim edirion authorized by
the original publisher, Cornell University Press.

Primed in rhe United Stares.

I 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

All righn reserved. No part of this publiGltion may be rcprodu c~-d. stored in
a rClricval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permi!iSion
of Equinox Publishing.
Contents

Foreword, by Georg' MeT. Kahin 7


Preface II
Note on Spelling 14
Abbreviations 15
Introduction 21
l. The Army as a Social-Political Force.
'945-1965 24
2. Guided Democracy: The Uneasy Balance
of Power 43
3. The Army Stands Firm 69
4. The Coup Attempt 97
5. The Aftermath of the Coup Auem£!. 135
6. President Sukarno's "Comeback" 158
7. The Disguised Coup of II March 179
8. The Fall of Sukarno 197
9, The Consolidation of Power 221
10. The Emascuhnion of the Political
Partk:s 245
11. The Army's Economic Interests 273
12. Policies and the Struggle fOT Power 304
13. Conclusion: The Army and Politics 344
14. Epilogue. 1976- 1988 353
Appendix . Institutions and Organizations 360
Bibliography 364
lrukx 376
Foreword

That broad area lying between China and India whkh since
World War 11 has generally bun known as Southeast Asia is one
of the most heterogeneous in the world. Though it is generally
referred to as a region. the principal basis for this designation u
simply the geogr.:lphic propinquity of its component states, and
the fact that collectively they occupy the territory ~tw«n China
and the Indian subcontinent. The fundamental strata of the tradi-
tional cultures of nearly all the numerous proples of Southeast
Asia do set them apart from those of India and China. Beyond
that. however, there are few common denominators among the
states that cur~ntly make up the area.
The politicdl systems presently governing the lives of Southeast
Asia's 400 million inhabitants have been built on considerably dif·
ferent cultures; the religious component alone embraces Bud·
dhism. Confucianism. Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam. Except
in the case of Thailand. the politics of all these countries have
been conditioned by periods of colonial rule-ranging from little
more than half a century to approximately four-each of which
has had a distinctive character and political legacy. Even the na-
ture of the Japanese wartime occupation. which covered the en-
tire area. varied considerably among the several countries and
had significantly different political consequences. And after Ja-
pan's defeat. the courses to independence followed by these states
diverged widely. Only through revolutionary anticolonial wan
were two of the most populous, Indonesia and Vietnam, able to
assert their independence. Although the others followed routes
that were peaceful, they were not all necessarily smooth, and the
time involved varied by as much as a decade.
Moreover. subsequent to independence the political character
of these states has continued to be significantly affected by a wide
range of relationships with outside powers. In a few cases these
8 Foreword
have been largely harmonious, ancndcd by only relatively minor
external efforts to influence the course of local politica l develop-
ments. However, most of these countries have been the object of
interventions, covert and overt. by outside powers~particularly
the United States-which have been calculated to shape their
polilicallife in accordance with external interests. Thus the range
of contemporary political systems in Southeast Asia is strikingly
varied. encompassing a spectrum quite as broad as the differing
cultures and divergent historical conditionings that have 50 pra.
foundly influenced their character.
This series, "Politics and International Relations of Smllheast
Asia," stems from an earlier effort to treat the nature of govern-
ment and politics in the states of Southeast Asia in a single vol·
ume. Since the second, revised edition of that book, Covn-nll'lt'tlts
and Politics of SoutJuaJt Asia, was published in 1964, interest in
these countries has grown, for understandable reasons eSpe1:ially
in the United States. This wider public concern, toge ther with a
greater disposition of academics to draw on the political experi-
ence of these countries in their teaching, has suggested the need
for a more substantial trea tment of their politics and governments
than could be subsumed within the covens or a si ngle book. The
series therefore aims to devote separate volumes to each of the
larger Southeast Asian states.
Presumably one no longer needs to observe, as was the case in
1964, that the countries treated "are likely to be strange to many
of our readers." But even though the increased American interac-
tion with most of the countries has clearly obviated that proposi-
tion, many readers are still likely to be unacquainted with their
earlier histories and the extent to which their pasts have affected
the developmenl of their recent and contempoT'dry political char-
acter. Thus all these volumes include substantial historical sections
as well as descriptions of the salient features of the present sc:x:ial
and economic seuing. In order to provide as much similarity of
treatment as is compatible with the range of cultures and political
systems presented by these states, the authors follow a broadly
similar pattern of organization and analysis of their political his-
tory, dynamics, and processes. This effort to achieve some basis of
comparability may appear rather modest, but to have attempted
any greater degree of uniformity would have militated against the
foreword 9
latitude and flexibility required to do justice to the differing char-
actenstlcs of the political §y51ems described. All the books are
wriuen by political scienti§ts who have lived and carried out re-
search in one or more of the countries for a comiderable period
and who have previou§ly published scholarly studies on their in-
ternal politics.
Although each of these volumes includes a section on the for-
eign policy of the country concerned, the increased importance of
Southea§t A§ia in international relations that transcend this area
has suggested the need for the series to include a few books fo-
cused on the foreign relations of its major states. As is true else-
where, the foreign policies of these countries are heavily
influenced by their own domestic politics; hence all contributors
to the volumes that are concerned primarily with international re-
lations are also sp«ialists on the internal politic§ of the country,
or countries. about whose foreign policy they write.
In addition. the series includes some in-depth treatments of
particular asp«ts of the politlcs of the major states of the area. In
these cases the focus is on an element of central importance in
the political life of the country concerned, the understanding of
which helps illuminate its government and politics as a whole.
The present volume by Harold Crouch is one of these in-depth
treatments. For more than a decade before Sukamo's fall from
power the army had begun to play an increasingly significant part
in the political life of Indonesia. But since 1966, when the Suhano
regime took over, it has dominated the country's government al-
most completely. Indeed, the army has emerged as the major p0-
litical institution, d«isively overshadowing and controlling-if
not in a functional sense subsuming-all others.
It is. therefore. appropriate that this series should include a
separ.ue monograph focused on the army's political role. this be-
ing additional to a more comprehensive study of Indonesian gov-
ernment and politics that is exp«ted to appear later. Having been
engaged over most of the past twenty years in research embrdcing
the political role of the army in Indonesia, Harold Crouch is espe-
cially well qualified to write this book.
GroItG£ MeT. KAHIN
Ithaca. New YorA:
Preface

The origin of this book can be traced back to February 1968,


when I took up an appointment as lecturer in political science on
the University of Indonesia's Faculty of Social Sciences. After
teaching for three years in Jakarta. I enrolled in March 1971 as a
graduate student in tbe Ikparunent of Politics and the Centre of
Southeast Asian Studies at Monash University in Melbourne and
in March 1975 submit~d a thesis entitled "The Indonesian Anny
in Politics: 1960-1971." This book is both a contraction and an
expansion of that thesis-some of the detail of the thesis having
been removed, and the time period extended. The study has been
long in preparation. The first material was collected in 1968, the
first draft chapters were written in 1971 , and the final additions to
the manuscript were made in January 1977.
Between 1968 and 1977. I was helped in many ways by many
people. I had the double advantage of association with both the
University of Indonesia and the Centre of Southeast Asian
Studies at Monash University. Apart from their hospitality and
friendship. I am duply grateful to my colleagues and students at
the University of Indonesia for teaching me much about Indone-
sian politics. At Monash. I was able to study with others sharing
my interests in a truly gotong-royong atmosphere of mutual aid and
cooperation, and to my friends there I am abo most indebted .
My largest debt. however. iJ to Herbert Feith. who arranged my
job in Jakarta in 1968, dilcussed my work during several visits to
Indonesia. supervised my research at Monash. and has continued
to provide stimulating comments and criticism of my work. While
he in no way bears responsibility for what is written in this book.
his influence on its writing has bun very great.
Apart from the three years spent in Indonesia from 1968 to
1971, I was able to visit Indonesia for four months from June to
12 PTcfacc
October 1973 and made shorter VISItS in January 1975 and
October-November 1976. During these visiu I conducted many
interviews and participated in many conversations with political
activists and observers o f various persuasions. It would be im-
possible to list them individually, but I am very grateful to all of
them.
Several people have read and commented on one or more draft
chapters. Apart from Herbert Feith, the others include J. A. C.
Mackie, Ulf Sundhaussen, Ken Ward, Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin.
Roeslan Abdulgani, Cosmas Batubara, George McT. Kahin, and
Daniel S. Lev. Whether in agreement or disagreement. their com-
ments have been very valuable, and to them I express my thanks.
In addition, others have given, lent. or otherwise made available
material of one sort or another. Among them are Charles Coppel.
Andrew Gunawan. Stuart Graham, George Miller, Frank Palmos.
Buddy Prasadja, Dorodjatun Kuntjoro Jakti, Victor Matondang,
Molly Bondan, Comelis Zebua, and General A. H. Nasution. I am
also grateful to the editors of se ve ral newspaper who permitted
me to read through their file s, including those of A.ng/lalan Bmm-
jata. KomfJaJ, NwanJaro.. Hanan Kami, Suraboya Post, and El Balwr.
Other newspapers were read in various libraries in Indoncsia and
Australia.
I also express thanks to the Faculty of Social Sciences of the
University of Indonesia, which e mployed me during my first stay
in Indonesia. and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),
which sponsored my second visit. My second visit was financed by
the Myer Foundation (Melbourne) and the Centre of Southeast
Asian Studies. Monash University. My fourth visit was financed by
the National University of Malaysia. where I am now lecturing in
the Department of Political Science. To all these institutions I
express my gratitude.
I also wish to thank the editors of Pacific Affairs. Indomsia,
Dyason HOWl Papns, and the Currrnt A!fairs Bulktin (University of
Sydney) for granting me permission to use materia1 already pub-
lished in their journals. The articles from which materia1 has
been drawn are "Another Look at the Indonesian 'Coup:" InOO-
ruM, no. 15 (April 1973); "The '15th January Affair' in Indone-
sia," Dyason HOWl Papm, 1 (August 1974); "Generals and Busi-
ness in Indonesia," Pacific "!fain, 48 (Winter 1975-1976), and a
Prerace 15
shortened version of the Pacific Affairs article in CurreN Affairs
Bulkti", 54 (june 1977).
Finally I must express my gnat appreciation of the assistance
given by Ong Beng Thye of the History Department. University
of Malaya, in preparing the manuscript.
HAROLD CROUCH
KU4l4 Lumpur
Note on Spelling

In 1972 the Indonesian and Malaysian governments imple-


mented a common system of spelling. The main changes are that
the old dj becomes j. j becomes y, and tj becom('s c (pronounced
ch). I have adopted the new spelling except for the names of
individuals and the PKI newspaper, Harian RalcjaJ, which was
banned in 1965. Use of the new spelling for personal names was
made optional. and many individuals continue to use the old
spelling. In the inte~sts of consistency. I have retained the old
spelling for all personal names. I have also used the Indonesian u
although many individuals continue to spell their names with the
Dutch-derived (}t,
Abbreviations

Akabri Akadcmi AngulaR Berscnjata Republik Indonesia (In-


doneaian Armed Forces Academy)
Apodcli Associcao Popular Democratica Timorensc (Popular
Democratic Auociation of Timor)
ASEAN ASIOCiation of South East Asian Nations
""pn AsislCn Prihildi (Pcnonal Assistant)
&akin Badan Kordinui Intelijcnl Ncgara (State Intelligence
Coordinating Body)
Rapilu Badan Pcngendalian Pcmilihan Umum (Body to Man-
age the General Elections)
Bappell<ls Radan Pcnmcanaan Pcmbangunan Nasional (National
Development Planning Board)
BE Bonus Ekspot (Export Bonus)
&erdikari Herdiri diaLu bk! sendiri (Sand on your own feet)
BPI Badan Pusal Intelijeru (Central JnlcUigcncc Board)
BPK Dadan Pcmcriksa Kcuangan (Financial Inspection
Board)
BPS Dadan Pcndukung Subrnoisma (Body to Support Su-
kamoism)
BTl Barisan Tani Indonesia (Indoncs.ian Peasant Front)
8ulO8 Badan Urusan Loginik Nasional (National Logi$lic.

BUUD
""'''')
Badan Usaha Unit Desa (Village Unit Enterprise)
CGMI ConsentraJi Geraun Mahaaiswa IndoneNa (lndoneNan
Student Movement Center)
CIA Central Intelligence Agency (US)
Conero Conference of New Emerging Forces
CV Commanditaire Vennoouchap (limited company)
DPR-GR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Gowng Royong (Mutual AI-
sistance PeopJe'S Representative Council)
Dwikora Dwi Komando Rakyat (People" Double Command)
Fretilin Frente Ilevolucionaria de TImor Leste Independente
(Revolutionary Front for Independent TImor)
G.30.S., Gerabn SO September (Thirtieth of September Move-
G.SO.SJPKI ment)
16 Abbreviations
Cerwani Gerakan Wanita Indo nesia (Indonesian Women's
Movement)
Cestapu Gerabn September Tigapuluh (Thirtieth of September
Movement)
Genok Gerabn SaIU Ok.tober (First of OclOber Movement)
GMNI Cerakan Mahasiswa Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian
National Student Move ment)
Golbr Golongan Ka rya ( Functional Groups)
GSNI Cerakan Siswa Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian Na-
tional High School SlUdent Movement)
GU PPI Gabungan Usa ha·usaha Perbaikan Pendidikan Islam
(Association to Improve Islamic Education)
Hankam Departemen Pertahanan-Keamanan (Department of
Defense and Security)
HMI Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (Islamic Student AHOCia·
tion)
IGGI Inter·Governmental Group o n Indonesia
,M'
Inkopad
International Mo netary Fund
Induk Koperasi Angkaulln Darat (Army Cenlral Coop-
e rative Board)
IPKI Iblan Pendukung Kemerdek..aan Indo nesia (League of
Up holders of Indo nesian Freedom)
Ingenieur (Engineer, a Dutch acade mic title)
'"
KAMI Kesatuan Ak.si Mahasiswa Indonesia (Indonesian Stu-
de nt Action Front)
KAP.Gestapu Kesatuan Aui Pengganyangan Gestapu (Action Front
to Crush the Thirtieth of September Movement)
KAPPI Kesaluan Aksi Pelajar Pemuda Indonesia (Indonesian
St udent and Youth Action Front)
KASI Kesatuan Ak.si Sarjana Indonesia (Indonesian Gradu-
ates' Action Front)
",0 Korps Koma ndo (Commando Corps, marines)
Kodam Komando Daerah Militer (Regional Military Command)
Kodim Komando Dinrik. Militer (DiSirict Military Command)
Koga Komando Siaga (Vigilance Command)
Kogam Ko mando Ganyang Malaysia (Crush Malaysia Com·
mand)
Koka rmenda·
gri Korps Karyawan Departemen Dalam Neg<'ri (Depart-
men t of Internal Affairs Employees Corps)
Kolaga Komando Mandala Siaga (Mandala Vigilance Com-
mand)
Komstradaga Ko mando Strategis Darat Siaga (Vigilance Land Stra·
tegic Command)
Kopkamtib Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Keterti-
ban (Operations Command 10 Restore Order a nd
S«urity)
Abbreviations 17
Koramil Komando Rayon Militer (Rayon Military Command)
Korem Komando ~" Milit~r (R~so" Military Command)
Kosgoro Koperui Serm Us;lha Gotong Royong (Mutual Aid All
Purpose Cooperative)
K05lrad Komando Cadangan 5tr.1tegU Angkatan DilTilt (Army
Strategic Reserve Comm<lnd)
Koti Komando Openui Tertinggi (Supreme Operations
Commilnd)
Kotrar Komando Tertinggi Retooling Alat Revolusi (Supreme
Comm;md for Retooling th~ ToolJ of the Revolution)
Kowilhan Komando Wilay;ah Pertahaniln (Regional Def~nse Com-
mand)
MahmiUub Mahhmah Militer LUilr Bu (Special Military Court)
Malari Malapetah Januari Oanuary Disaster)
Manipol M..nifesto Politik (Political Manifesto)
MKGR Musyawarah Kekeluargaan GolOng Royong (Mutual
Aid Family Conference)
MPRS Majelis Permulyawaratan bkyat Sementara (Provi-
sional People'. Consultative Assembly)
Naaakom nasionalis, agama. komuRis (nationalist. religious. Com-
munist)
Nefos New Emerging Forc~s
Nd.olim neolr.olonialisma. kolonialisma, imperialisma (neocolo-
nialism, colonialism, imperi..lism)
NU Nahdatul Ulama (Muslim teachers' party)
Oldefos Old Established Forces
Opsus Openui Khu.us (Special Operations)
P>nn Panitiya Retooling Apar.1I Negara (Committee to Retool
the State Apparatw)
Parmusi Partai Muslimin Indonesia (Indonesian Muslim pany)
Partindo Partai lndonelia (Indonesia party)
Pekuncg Team Penertiban Keuangan Negara (Team to Regular-
ize State Finances)
Pepelr.ada Penguasa Pelalw:naan Dwikora Daerah (R~gional Au-
thority to Implement Owikora)
Peperda Penguas;l Perang Daerah (Regional War Authority)
Peperpu Penguasa Perang Pusat (Central War Authority)
.....
Peperti

Petir
Penguasa Perang Tertinggi (Supreme War Authority)
Pembela Tanah Air (Defenders of tile Fatherland)
Pembina Tenaga Inti Revolusi (ProtKlOn of the Es-
sence of the Revolution)
PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia (Indonesian Communist
party)
PN Perus;lhaan Negara (state corporation)
PNI Partai Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National party)
PRRI Pemerintah Rcvolusioner Republik Indonesia. (Revolu-
tiOmlry Government of the Republic of Indone.ia)
18 Abbreviations
PSI Parlai Sosialis Indonesia (Indonesian Socialist pany)
PT Peru5ahaan TerbaLiu (limited company)
RPKAD Resimen Para Komando Angkalan Darat (Army Para-
commando Regiment)
Sekber·Golkar Sekrelariat ikr5a1Jla Golongan Karya (Join! Secretariat
of Functional Groups)
Seskoad Sekolah Slaf Komando Angkalan Darat (Army Slaff
and Command College)
SOBSI Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia (Central
Organization of Indonesian Worken)
SOKSI Sennal Organisasi Karyawan Sosialis Indonesia (Cen·
tral Organization of Indonesian Socialist Worken)
Spri Slaf Pribadi (Personal Staff)
TPK Team Pemberanla5an Korupsi (Team to Eliminate Cor·
ruption)
UDT Uniao Democratica Timorense (Timor Democratic
Union)
USDEK Undang.undang Dasar 45, Sosialisma a la Indonesia.
Demokrasi Terpimpin, Ekonomi Terpimpin, Kepri.
badian Indonesia (1945 Constitution. Indonesian So·
cialism, Guided Democracy. Guided Economy. Indo-
nesian PerilOnality)
lliE ARMY AND POLmcs
IN INDONESIA
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