MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE BODIES

ENGR. JOHN PHILIP T. NADAL III

Instructor 1
 Our main concern in the preceding discussion was the strength of material, that
is, the relations among load, area, and stress. We now consider the other major field
of strength of materials- the changes in shape, that is, deformation that accompany a
loading. In particular, we shall learn how to apply the geometric relations between
elastic deformations that, in combination with the conditions of equilibrium and the
relations between loads and deformations, will enable us to solve statically
indeterminate problems.

SIMPLE STRAIN:
Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused
by the applied force, to the original length.

𝜹
𝜺=
𝑳
where δ is the deformation and L is the original length, thus ε is dimensionless.
Stress-Strain Diagram

Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression-testing machine.

As the axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gauge
length is measured at each increment of the load and this is continued until failure of the
specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area and length of the
specimen, the normal stress σ and the strain ε can be obtained. The graph of these
quantities with the stress σ along the y-axis and the strain ε along the x-axis is called the
stress-strain diagram. The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials. The
diagram shown below is that for a medium-carbon structural steel.
 Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle
materials. A ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to the
point of rupture like structural steel and aluminum, whereas brittle materials has a
relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron and concrete. An
arbitrary strain of 0.05 mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing line between
these two classes.
Proportional Limit (Hooke’s Law)
From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the
stress-strain curve is a straight line. This linear relation between
elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert
Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the
proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or

𝝈∝𝛆 or 𝝈 = 𝒌𝜺

The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity, E or

Young's Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P.
Then
𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺
Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to
its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e
developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is
entirely removed.

The region in stress-strain diagram from O to E is called the elastic range. The
region from E to R is called the plastic range.

Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation
or yielding without any increase in load.

Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or
tensile strength.
Rupture Strength
Rupture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the
breaking strength.
Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to P, in 𝑁𝑚3 . This may be calculated as the area under the
𝑚
stress-strain curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E (the shaded area in the
figure). The resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a
permanent distortion.

Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force
𝑁𝑚
is gradually increased from O to R, in 3 . This may be calculated as the area under the
𝑚
entire stress-strain curve (from O to R). The toughness of a material is its ability to
absorb energy without causing it to break.
Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety
Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading.
The maximum safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress.
The allowable stress should be limited to values not exceeding the proportional limit.
However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable
stress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of
safety. The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is
called the factor of safety.
Example 1:
The following data were recorded during the tensile test of a 14-mm-diameter mild
steel rod. The gage length was 50 mm.
Elongation
Load (N)
(mm)
0 0
6 310 0.010
12 600 0.020
18 800 0.030
25 100 0.040
31 300 0.050
37 900 0.060
40 100 0.163
41 600 0.433
46 200 1.25
52 400 2.50
58 500 4.50
68 000 7.50
59 000 12.5
67 800 15.5
65 000 20.0
65 500 Fracture
Plot the stress-strain diagram and determine the following mechanical
properties: (a) proportional limits; (b) modulus of elasticity; (c) yield point; (d)
ultimate strength; and (e) rupture strength.
Solution:
Given:
D= 14 mm
L= 50 mm
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = 𝐷2 = 142 = 153.938 𝑚𝑚2
4 4
𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Elongation
Load (N) Strain Stress
(mm)
0 0 0 0
6 310 0.010 0.0002 40.99
12 600 0.020 0.0004 81.85
18 800 0.030 0.0006 122.13
25 100 0.040 0.0008 163.05
31 300 0.050 0.001 203.33
37 900 0.060 0.0012 246.20
40 100 0.163 0.0033 260.49 From stress-strain diagram:
41 600 0.433 0.0087 270.24 a.)Proportional Limit = 246.20 MPa
46 200 1.250 0.025 300.12 b) Modulus of Elasticity
52 400 2.500 0.05 340.40 E = slope of stress-strain diagram within
58 500 4.500 0.09 380.02 proportional limit
68 000 7.500 0.15 441.74 E = 246.20/0.0012 = 205 166.67 MPa = 205.2 GPa
59 000 12.500 0.25 383.27 c) Yield Point = 270.24 MPa
67 800 15.500 0.31 440.44 d) Ultimate Strength = 441.74 MPa
65 000 20.000 0.4 422.25 e) Rupture Strength = 399.51 MPa
61 500 Failure 399.51
AXIAL DEFORMATION:
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the stress is proportional to
strain and is given by
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀
𝑃
𝛿
since 𝜎 = 𝑃 and 𝜀 = , then = 𝐸𝛿
𝐴 𝐿 𝐴 𝐿

𝑷𝑳 𝝈𝑳
𝜹= =
𝑨𝑬 𝑬
To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-
sectional area, and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit.
If however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be
determined by considering a differential length and applying integration.

𝑷 𝑳 𝒅𝒙
𝜹= න
𝑬 𝟎 𝑨

where A = ty, and y and t if variable,

must be expressed in terms of x.
 For a rod of unit mass ρ suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation
due to its own weight is
𝝆𝒈𝑳𝟐 𝑴𝒈𝑳
𝜹= =
𝟐𝑬 𝟐𝑨𝑬
where:
𝜌= density, kg/m3
L= length of rod, mm
M= total mass of rod, kg
A= cross-sectional area of rod, mm2
g= 9.81 m/s2
Stiffness, k
Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting
displacement. It has the unit of N/mm.
𝑷
𝒌=
𝜹
Example 2:
Compute the total elongation caused by an axial load of 100 kN applied to a flat
bar 20 mm thick, tapering from a width of 120 mm to 40 mm in a length of 10 m as
shown in the figure below. Assume E= 200 GPa

Solution:
Considering section m-n,
by similar triangle: 𝑃 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝛿= න
𝑦 − 20 60 − 20 𝐸 0 𝐴
=
𝑥 10 100(1000) 10 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 20 𝑚𝑚 𝛿= න
200 × 103 0 160𝑥 + 800
Area of section m-n:
𝐴 = 20 2𝑦 = 20 4𝑥 + 20 𝜹 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒎
= 160𝑥 + 800 𝑚𝑚2
Example 3:
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is
suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end.
If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the total
elongation of the rod.
Solution:
Let:
𝛿 = total elongation
𝛿1 = elongation due to its own weight
𝛿2 = elongation due to applied load

𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2

𝜌𝑔𝐿2 𝑃𝐿
= +
2𝐸 𝐴𝐸
7850 (9.81)(150 × 1000)2
10003 (20 × 1000)(150 × 1000)
= +
2(200 × 103) 300(200 × 103)
𝛿 = 4.33 + 50 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎
Example 4:
A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the
weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi
and the total elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi.
Solution:
Based on maximum Based on maximum
allowable stress: allowable deformation:
𝑃 𝑃𝐿
𝜎= 𝛿=
𝐴 𝐴𝐸
500 (500)(30 × 12)
20000 = 𝜋 0.20 = 𝜋
𝑑2 𝑑2(29 × 106)
4 4
𝑑 = 0.1784 𝑖𝑛. 𝑑 = 0.1988 𝑖𝑛.

Use the bigger diameter,

d=0.1988 in.
 Example 5:
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads
applied at the positions shown in the figure below. Compute the total change in length
of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi. Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral
buckling.

Solution:

𝑃𝐿
from: 𝛿 =
𝐴𝐸

𝛿 = 𝛿1 − 𝛿2 + 𝛿3

6000(3 × 12) 1000(5 × 12) 4000(4 × 12)

P1 = 6000 lb tension = − +
0.5(10 × 106) 0.5(10 × 106) 0.5(10 × 106)
P2 = 1000 lb compression
P3 = 4000 lb tension
𝜹 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟔 𝒊𝒏. (𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈)
Supplementary Problems with
Solution
Problem 1
Solution:
Problem 2
Solution:
Problem 3
Solution:
Problem 4
Solution:
Problem 5
Solution:
End of Presentation