Increasing and Decreasing Functions

1. Increasing and Decreasing Intervals of a Function

2. Domain and Range from Function Graphs
1. Increasing and Decreasing Intervals of a Function

f (x)

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on an interval f (b)

]𝑎, 𝑏[ if for any 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in

f (a)
]𝑎, 𝑏[ ∶ 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) < 𝑓 (𝑥2 ).
x
a b

f (x)

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing on an interval f (a)

]𝑎, 𝑏[ if for any 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in

f (b)
]𝑎, 𝑏[ ∶ 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) > 𝑓 (𝑥2 ).
x
a b
1. Increasing and Decreasing Intervals of a Function

f (x)

c
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is constant on an interval ]𝑎, 𝑏[
if for any 𝑥 in ]𝑎, 𝑏[ ∶ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐, for some
constant 𝑐. x
a b
Question

The graph of a function is given below. Which of the following statements about the
function is true? 𝑦

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7

A The function is decreasing on ℝ. B The function is constant on ℝ.

C The function is increasing on ]−∞, 0[ D The function is increasing on ℝ.
and constant on ]0, ∞[.
E The function is constant on ]−∞, 0[ and
increasing on ]0, ∞[.
Question

Which of the following statements correctly describes the monotonicity of the function
represented in the figure below?
𝑦

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9

A The function is increasing on ]5, 8[, B The function is increasing on ]−2, −1[,
constant on ]−1, 5[, and decreasing on constant on ]−1, 5[, and decreasing on
]−2, −1[. ]5, 8[.
C The function is increasing on ]5, 8[ and D The function is increasing on ]−2, 5[ and
decreasing on ]−2, 5[. decreasing on ]5, 8[.
Question

Discuss the monotonicity of the following function on its domain.

𝑦

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9

A Increasing on ]−2, 1[ ∪ ]4, ∞[ and B Increasing on ]−∞, −2[ ∪ ]−2, 1[ and

decreasing on ]−∞, −2[ ∪ ]1, 4[ decreasing on ]1, 4[ ∪ ]4, ∞[
C Increasing on ]1, 4[ ∪ ]4, ∞[ and D Increasing on ]−∞, −2[ ∪ ]1, 4[ and
decreasing on ]−∞, −2[ ∪ ]−2, 1[ decreasing on ]−2, 1[ ∪ ]4, ∞[
Question

The graph of a function is given below. Which of the following statements about the
function is true? 𝑦

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−10−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A The function is increasing on ]−∞, 0[ B The function is decreasing on ]−∞, −5[

and increasing on ]0, ∞[. and decreasing on ]−5, ∞[.
C The function is increasing on ]−∞, −5[ D The function is decreasing on ]−∞, 0[
and increasing on ]−5, ∞[. and decreasing on ]0, ∞[.
Question

Which of the following is true of the function𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1, where 𝑥 ≤ 0?

A 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on the interval ]0, ∞[ B 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing on the interval ]0, ∞[
and decreasing on the interval ]−∞, 0[. and increasing on the interval ]−∞, 0[.
C 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing on the interval D 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on the interval ]0, ∞[.
]−∞, 0[.
E 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on the interval
]−∞, 0[.
Question

Determine the intervals of increase and decrease of

−9𝑥 if 𝑥 < 0,
𝑓(𝑥) = {
9𝑥 if 𝑥 ≥ 0.

A 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on the interval ]0, ∞[ B 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing on ℝ.

and decreasing on the interval ]−∞, 0[.
C 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on the interval ]−∞, 0[ D 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on ℝ.
and decreasing on the interval ]0, ∞[.
Question

Which of the following statements correctly defines the domain and range of the function
𝑓(𝑥) = −5 − 5𝑥 and accurately describes its monotonicity?

A The domain is ℝ − {−1}, the range is B The domain is ℝ − {−1}, the range is
{−1}, and the function is decreasing over {−1}, and the function is increasing over
its domain. its domain.
C The domain is ℝ, the range is ℝ, and the D The domain is ℝ, the range is ℝ, and the
function is increasing over its domain. function is decreasing over its domain.
E The domain is ℝ − {−1, −5}, the range is
{−1, −5}, and the function is decreasing
over its domain.
Question

Is the function shown increasing, decreasing, or constant in the interval ]−2, 2[?
20 𝑓(𝑥)

16

12

4
𝑥
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−4

−8

−12

−16

−20

A Increasing B Constant
C Decreasing
Question

The graph of a function is given below. Which of the following statements about the
function is true? 𝑦
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 𝑥
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A The function is constant on ]−∞, 0] and B The function is constant on ]−∞, 0] and
constant on ]0, ∞[. constant on [−1, ∞[.
C The function is constant on ]−∞, 1] and D The function is constant on ]−∞, 1] and
constant on ]0, ∞[. constant on [−1, ∞[.
Question

𝑥2 − 1
Which of the following statements is true for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ?
𝑥−1
A 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing on ℝ. B 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on ]−∞, 1[ and ]1, ∞[.
C 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on ℝ. D 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on ]1, ∞[ and
decreasing on ]−∞, 1[.
E 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing on ]−∞, 1[ and
]1, ∞[.
Question

Which of the following statements correctly describes the monotony on the domain of the
function represented in the figure below?
10 𝑦
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 𝑥
−10−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A The function is increasing on ]−2, ∞[ B The function is increasing on ]−∞, −1[

and decreasing on ]−∞, −2[. and decreasing on ]−1, ∞[.
C The function is increasing on ]−1, ∞[ D The function is increasing on ]−∞, −2[
and decreasing on ]−∞, −1[. and decreasing on ]−2, ∞[.
Question

The graph of a function is given below. Which of the following statements about the
function is true? 𝑦

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A The function is increasing on ]2, ∞[ and B The function is increasing on ]−∞, 3[

decreasing on ]−∞, 2[. and decreasing on ]−1, ∞[.
C The function is increasing on ]−1, ∞[ D The function is increasing on ]−∞, 2[
and decreasing on ]−∞, 3[. and decreasing on ]2, ∞[.
Question

If the given figure represents the function 𝑓 (𝑥), then the function 𝑓 (𝑥) is increasing over
.
𝑦

𝑥
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−2

−4

−6

A [−2, ∞[ − {4} B ]−2, ∞[ − {4}

C ]−2, ∞[ D ]−∞, −2[
Question

The function
𝑥2 𝑥 > 3,
𝑓 ∶ 𝑓 (𝑥) = { 2
−𝑥 𝑥≤3
is decreasing on the interval .

A ℝ − [0, 3[ B ]−∞, 0[
C ]0, 3[ D ]0, ∞[
2. Domain and Range from Function Graphs

Find the range and discuss the monotony of each of the following graphs.
y y y

5 6 2

4 5 1

−2 −1
3 4 x
0 1 2
2 3 −1

1 2 −2

x 1 −3
0 1 2 3

−2 −1
x
0 1 2

14

12

10

Range 8

−2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x

−2 Domain
Question

The domain of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is .

𝑦

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A {−7, −6, −5, −4, −3} B [−7, −3]

C {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} D {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, −7, −6, −5, −4, −3}
E [1, 5]
Question

The figure below shows the graph of a function 𝑓.

𝑦

0 𝑥
1 2 3 4 5
−1

−2

−3

What is the domain of the function?

A The set of real numbers between 1 and 4 B {1, 2, 3, 4}

C It is not possible to determine the D The interval [1, 4]
domain.
E {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Question

Determine the domain and the range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = −4.
𝑦

3
2
1
𝑥
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5

A The domain is ℝ and the range is {−4}. B The domain is {0, −4} and the range
is ℝ − {0}.
C The domain is {−4} and the range is ℝ. D The domain is ℝ − {0} and the range
is {0, −4}.
Question

Determine the domain of the function represented in the graph.

𝑦

𝑥
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

−6

−7

A ℝ B ℝ − {2}
C ]−∞, 2] D [3, ∞[
E ]−∞, 3]
Question

What is the range of the function?

𝑦

𝑥
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

−6

−7

A [3, ∞[ B ℝ − {2}
C ]−∞, 2] D ]−∞, 3]
E ℝ
Question

Determine the domain of the function represented by the following graph.

𝑦

14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5

A ℝ − {2} B ℝ
C [2, ∞[ D ℝ − {3}
E [3, ∞[
Question

What is the range of the function?

𝑦

14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5

A [3, ∞[ B ℝ − {3}
C [2, ∞[ D ℝ
E ℝ − {2}
Question

Find the domain and the range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)3 in ℝ.
𝑦

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A The domain is [0, ∞[, and the range is ℝ. B The domain is ℝ − {0}, and the range
is ℝ − {1}.
C The domain is ℝ − {1}, and the range D The domain is ℝ, and the range is ℝ.
is ℝ − {0}.
Question

Determine the domain of the function represented in the graph.

𝑦

𝑥
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

A [0, ∞[ B ]−∞, −2]

C ]−∞, 0] D ℝ − {−2}
E [−2, ∞[
Question

What is the range of the function?

𝑦

𝑥
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

A ]−∞, 0] B ℝ − {−2}
C [−2, ∞[ D [0, ∞[
E ]−∞, −2]
Question

Determine the domain of the following function.

𝑦

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8

A ℝ − {0} B ℝ
C {−4, 4} D ℝ − {−4}
Question

1
Find the domain and range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = − .
𝑦
𝑥−5
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A The domain is ℝ and the range is {5}. B The domain is ℝ − {5} and the range
is ℝ − {0}.
C The domain is ℝ and the range is ℝ. D The domain is {5} and the range is ℝ.
Question

Which of the following graphs represents a function in which the domain is equal to the
range?
𝑦 𝑦

A 9
8
B 9
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
𝑥 𝑥
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 −1

𝑦 𝑦

C 9
8
D 9
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
𝑥 𝑥
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 −1

E 9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
Question

Find the domain and the range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2.
𝑦

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9

A The domain is ℝ − {−2} and the range B The domain is ℝ and the range
is ℝ − {−1}. is [−2, ∞[.
C The domain is ℝ − {−1} and the range D The domain is [−2, ∞[ and the range
is ℝ − {−2}. is ℝ.
Question

Determine the domain and the range of the function represented in the shown figure.
𝑦

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−10−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A The domain is ℝ − {−3}, and the range B The domain is ℝ − {3}, and the range
is ℝ − {−4}. is ℝ − {4}.
C The domain is ℝ − {−4}, and the range D The domain is ℝ − {4}, and the range
is ℝ − {3}. is ℝ − {−3}.
E The domain is ℝ − {−4}, and the range
is ℝ − {−3}.
Question

Determine the range of the following function.

𝑦

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A ℝ − {0} B ℝ − [−7, 7]
C ℝ − {7, −7} D {7, −7}
E ℝ
Question

Determine the domain of the function in the given figure.

𝑦
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 𝑥
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A {−6} B ℝ
C ℝ − {−6} D ℝ − {0}
E ℝ − {6}
Question

Determine the domain and the range of the function represented by the shown graph.
𝑦

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−10−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A The domain is ]−∞, 0], and the range B The domain is ℝ, and the range is ℝ.
is ℝ.
C The domain is ℝ, and the range D The domain is ℝ − {0}, and the range
is ]−∞, 0]. is ℝ − {−4}.
E The domain is ℝ − {−4}, and the range
is ℝ − {0}.
Question

Determine the domain of the function represented by the following graph.

𝑦

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
𝑥
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
−6
−7
−8
−9
−10

A ℝ − {−9, 6} B {−9, 3}
C ℝ − {−9, 3} D [−9, 3]
E [−9, 6]
‫ﺷﻜًﺮا ﺟﺰﻳًﻼ‬