Physics

I. Mechanics

1. What is physics?

- Answer: The study of matter, energy, and their interactions.

2. What is mechanics?

- Answer: The study of motion and its causes.

3. What is displacement?

- Answer: The change in position of an object.

4. What is velocity?

- Answer: The rate of change of displacement.

5. What is acceleration?

- Answer: The rate of change of velocity.

6. What is speed?

- Answer: The rate at which an object is moving, regardless of direction.

7. What is the difference between speed and velocity?

- Answer: Velocity is speed with direction.

8. What is Newton’s first law of motion?

- Answer: An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in

motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by
a force.

9. What is inertia?

- Answer: The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.

10. What is Newton’s second law of motion?

- Answer: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).

11. What is Newton’s third law of motion?

- Answer: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

12. What is force?

- Answer: A push or pull that can change the motion of an object.

13. What is gravity?

- Answer: The force of attraction between objects with mass.

14. What is weight?

- Answer: The force of gravity acting on an object.

15. What is mass?

- Answer: A measure of the amount of matter in an object.

16. What is friction?

- Answer: A force that opposes motion between surfaces in contact.

17. What is work?

- Answer: The transfer of energy when a force causes displacement (Work =

Force x Distance).

18. What is energy?

- Answer: The ability to do work.

19. What is potential energy?

- Answer: Stored energy due to an object’s position or condition.

20. What is kinetic energy?

- Answer: Energy of motion.

II. Thermal Physics

21. What is temperature?

- Answer: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a

substance.

22. What is heat?

- Answer: The transfer of thermal energy from one object to another due to a
temperature difference.

23. What are the three methods of heat transfer?

- Answer: Conduction, Convection, Radiation

24. What is conduction?

- Answer: Heat transfer through direct contact.

25. What is convection?

- Answer: Heat transfer through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).

26. What is radiation?

- Answer: Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.

27. What is specific heat capacity?

- Answer: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram
of a substance by one degree Celsius.

28. What is thermal expansion?

- Answer: The tendency of matter to change in volume in response to

changes in temperature.

29. What is a thermometer?

- Answer: An instrument used to measure temperature.

30. What is absolute zero?

- Answer: The lowest possible temperature, at which all molecular motion

ceases (0 Kelvin).

III. Waves and Optics

31. What is a wave?

- Answer: A disturbance that transfers energy through a medium.

32. What are the two main types of waves?

- Answer: Transverse and Longitudinal

33. What is a transverse wave?

- Answer: A wave in which the particles of the medium move perpendicular

to the direction of the wave.

34. What is a longitudinal wave?

- Answer: A wave in which the particles of the medium move parallel to the
direction of the wave.

35. What is wavelength?

- Answer: The distance between two corresponding points on a wave (e.g.,

crest to crest).

36. What is frequency?

- Answer: The number of waves that pass a given point per unit time.

37. What is amplitude?

- Answer: The maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium

position.

38. What is the speed of a wave?

- Answer: The distance a wave travels per unit time (Speed = Frequency x
Wavelength).

39. What is sound?

- Answer: A longitudinal wave that travels through a medium.

40. What is the speed of sound in air at room temperature?

- Answer: Approximately 343 m/s.

41. What is light?

- Answer: Electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye.

42. What is reflection?

- Answer: The bouncing back of a wave when it strikes a surface.

43. What is refraction?

- Answer: The bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another.

44. What is a lens?

- Answer: A transparent object that refracts light.

45. What are the two main types of lenses?

- Answer: Convex and Concave

46. What is a convex lens?

- Answer: A lens that is thicker in the middle and converges light rays.

47. What is a concave lens?

- Answer: A lens that is thinner in the middle and diverges light rays.

48. What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

- Answer: The range of all types of electromagnetic radiation.

49. Name the types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing

frequency.

- Answer: Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet, X-rays,

Gamma rays

50. What is color?

- Answer: The property of light that is determined by its wavelength.

IV. Electricity and Magnetism

51. What is electric charge?

- Answer: A fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a

force when placed in an electromagnetic field.

52. What are the two types of electric charge?

- Answer: Positive and Negative

53. What is electric current?

- Answer: The rate of flow of electric charge.

54. What is voltage?

- Answer: The electric potential difference between two points.

55. What is resistance?

- Answer: The opposition to the flow of electric current.

56. What is Ohm’s Law?

- Answer: Voltage equals current times resistance (V = IR).

57. What is a circuit?

- Answer: A closed path through which electric current can flow.

58. What are the two main types of circuits?

- Answer: Series and Parallel

59. What is a series circuit?

- Answer: A circuit in which components are connected one after another

along a single path.

60. What is a parallel circuit?

- Answer: A circuit in which components are connected along multiple paths.

61. What is a magnet?

- Answer: An object that produces a magnetic field.

62. What are the two poles of a magnet?

- Answer: North and South

63. What is a magnetic field?

- Answer: The region around a magnet where magnetic forces can be

detected.

64. What is electromagnetism?

- Answer: The interaction between electric currents and magnetic fields.

65. What is a solenoid?

- Answer: A coil of wire that produces a magnetic field when current flows
through it.

66. What is an electric motor?

- Answer: A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

67. What is a generator?

- Answer: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

68. What is a transformer?

- Answer: A device that increases or decreases the voltage of alternating

current.

69. What is static electricity?

- Answer: The accumulation of electric charge on the surface of an object.

70. What is grounding?

- Answer: Providing a path for electric charge to flow safely to the Earth.

V. Modern Physics

71. What is the law of conservation of energy?

- Answer: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed

from one form to another.

72. What is the law of conservation of momentum?

- Answer: The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no

external forces act on it.

73. What is momentum?

- Answer: The product of an object’s mass and velocity (p = mv).

74. What is the Doppler effect?

- Answer: The change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative

to its source.

75. What is quantum mechanics?

- Answer: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and
energy at the atomic and subatomic levels.

76. What is relativity?

- Answer: Einstein’s theory that describes the relationship between space,

time, and gravity.

77. What is nuclear fission?

- Answer: The splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing

energy.

78. What is nuclear fusion?

- Answer: The combining of light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing

energy.

79. What is radioactivity?

- Answer: The emission of particles or energy from the nucleus of an unstable
atom.

80. What are the three types of radioactive decay?

- Answer: Alpha, Beta, Gamma

VI. Measurement and Units

81. What is the SI system of units?

- Answer: The International System of Units, the standard system of

measurement used in science.

82. What is the SI unit of length?

- Answer: Meter (m)

83. What is the SI unit of mass?

- Answer: Kilogram (kg)

84. What is the SI unit of time?

- Answer: Second (s)

85. What is the SI unit of temperature?

- Answer: Kelvin (K)

86. What is the SI unit of force?

- Answer: Newton (N)

87. What is the SI unit of energy?

- Answer: Joule (J)

88. What is the SI unit of power?

- Answer: Watt (W)

89. What is the SI unit of electric current?

- Answer: Ampere (A)

90. What is the SI unit of voltage?

- Answer: Volt (V)

VII. Simple Machines

91. What is a simple machine?

- Answer: A basic mechanical device that makes work easier by changing the
magnitude or direction of a force.

92. Name the six simple machines.

- Answer: Lever, Pulley, Wheel and axle, Inclined plane, Wedge, Screw

93. What is a lever?

- Answer: A rigid bar that pivots on a fixed point (fulcrum).

94. What is a pulley?

- Answer: A wheel with a grooved rim around which a rope passes.

95. What is a wheel and axle?

- Answer: A wheel attached to a central rod (axle) that rotate together.

96. What is an inclined plane?

- Answer: A flat surface set at an angle.

97. What is a wedge?

- Answer: A double inclined plane that is used to force objects apart.

98. What is a screw?

- Answer: An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.

99. What is mechanical advantage?

- Answer: The ratio of the output force to the input force of a machine.

100. What is efficiency?

* Answer: The ratio of the useful energy output to the total energy input of
a machine.

I. Introduction to Environmental Science

1. What is environmental science?

- Answer: The study of the interactions of humans with the natural world.

2. What are the main components of the environment?

- Answer: Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere

3. What is an ecosystem?

- Answer: A community of living organisms interacting with each other and

their physical environment.

4. What is sustainability?

- Answer: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs.

5. What is environmental stewardship?

- Answer: Responsible use and protection of the natural environment through

conservation and sustainable practices.

II. Ecology and Biodiversity

6. What is biodiversity?

- Answer: The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or

ecosystem.

7. What are the levels of biodiversity?

- Answer: Genetic, Species, and Ecosystem diversity.

8. What is a habitat?

- Answer: The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other

organism.

9. What is a niche?

- Answer: The role and position a species has in its environment; how it
meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces.

10. What is a food chain?

- Answer: A linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and
energy pass as one organism eats another.

11. What is a food web?

- Answer: An interconnected network of food chains.

12. What are trophic levels?

- Answer: The position an organism occupies in a food chain or food web.

13. What are producers?

- Answer: Organisms that make their own food, typically through

photosynthesis.

14. What are consumers?

- Answer: Organisms that eat other organisms.

15. What are decomposers?

- Answer: Organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms.

16. What is symbiosis?

- Answer: Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical

association, typically to the advantage of both.

17. What are the types of symbiosis?

- Answer: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

18. What is competition?

- Answer: Interaction between organisms or species in which both are

harmed.

19. What is predation?

- Answer: Biological interaction where one organism (predator) kills and eats
another organism (prey).

20. What is carrying capacity?

- Answer: The maximum number of individuals of a species that an

environment can support.

III. Natural Resources

21. What are natural resources?

- Answer: Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile

land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.

22. What are renewable resources?

- Answer: Resources that can be replenished naturally over time.

23. What are non-renewable resources?

- Answer: Resources that exist in a fixed amount and cannot be easily

replaced.

24. Give examples of renewable resources.

- Answer: Solar energy, Wind energy, Water, Forests

25. Give examples of non-renewable resources.

- Answer: Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), Minerals

26. What is deforestation?

- Answer: The clearing of forests for other land uses.

27. What are the impacts of deforestation?

- Answer: Loss of biodiversity, Soil erosion, Climate change

28. What is soil erosion?

- Answer: The removal of topsoil by water, wind, or other agents.

29. What are the causes of soil erosion?

- Answer: Deforestation, Overgrazing, Agriculture

30. What is desertification?

- Answer: The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a

result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

IV. Water Resources

31. What is the water cycle?

- Answer: The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the
surface of the Earth.

32. What are the processes involved in the water cycle?

- Answer: Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Transpiration, Runoff,

Infiltration

33. What is groundwater?

- Answer: Water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock.

34. What is an aquifer?

- Answer: An underground layer of rock or sediment that holds water.

35. What is water pollution?

- Answer: Contamination of water bodies (lakes, rivers, oceans,

groundwater).

36. What are the sources of water pollution?

- Answer: Industrial discharge, Agricultural runoff, Sewage, Oil spills

37. What is eutrophication?

- Answer: Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water,

frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant
life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

38. What is water conservation?

- Answer: Reducing the usage of water and recycling of wastewater for

different purposes.

39. What are some methods of water conservation?

- Answer: Efficient irrigation, Rainwater harvesting, Reducing water usage at

home.

40. What is desalination?

- Answer: The process of removing salt from seawater to make it usable for
drinking and agriculture.

V. Air Quality and Pollution

41. What is air pollution?

- Answer: The presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to

human health and the environment.

42. What are the major air pollutants?

- Answer: Particulate matter, Ozone, Nitrogen dioxide, Sulfur dioxide, Carbon

monoxide

43. What are the sources of air pollution?

- Answer: Industrial emissions, Vehicle emissions, Burning fossil fuels

44. What is smog?

- Answer: Air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog.

45. What is acid rain?

- Answer: Rainfall made acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes

environmental harm, typically to forests and lakes.

46. What are the effects of air pollution on human health?

- Answer: Respiratory problems, Cardiovascular diseases, Cancer

47. What are the effects of air pollution on the environment?

- Answer: Damage to vegetation, Acidification of lakes and soils, Climate

change

48. What is the ozone layer?

- Answer: A layer in the Earth’s stratosphere containing high concentrations

of ozone, which absorbs most of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.

49. What are ozone-depleting substances?

- Answer: Chemicals that destroy the ozone layer, such as

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

50. What is the Montreal Protocol?

- Answer: An international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by

phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances.
VI. Climate Change

51. What is climate change?

- Answer: A long-term change in the average weather patterns that have

come to define Earth’s local, regional and global climates.

52. What is global warming?

- Answer: A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the Earth’s

atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by
increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.

53. What is the greenhouse effect?

- Answer: The trapping of the sun’s warmth in a planet’s lower atmosphere

due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from
the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet’s surface.

54. What are greenhouse gases?

- Answer: Gases in the atmosphere that trap heat, such as carbon dioxide,
methane, and nitrous oxide.

55. What are the major causes of climate change?

- Answer: Burning fossil fuels, Deforestation, Industrial processes

56. What are the effects of climate change?

- Answer: Rising temperatures, Melting glaciers and ice sheets, Sea level rise,
Extreme weather events

57. What is sea-level rise?

- Answer: The increase in the level of the world’s oceans due to the effects of
climate change, especially thermal expansion due to warming of the oceans
and melting of ice sheets and glaciers.

58. What are some mitigation strategies for climate change?

- Answer: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, Using renewable energy

sources, Improving energy efficiency

59. What are some adaptation strategies for climate change?

- Answer: Building seawalls, Developing drought-resistant crops, Improving

water management
60. What is the Paris Agreement?

- Answer: An international agreement to combat climate change and limit

global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.

VII. Waste Management

61. What is solid waste?

- Answer: Any discarded or abandoned materials.

62. What are the types of solid waste?

- Answer: Municipal solid waste, Industrial waste, Hazardous waste

63. What is municipal solid waste?

- Answer: Waste from households, businesses, and institutions.

64. What are the methods of waste disposal?

- Answer: Landfilling, Incineration, Recycling, Composting

65. What is a landfill?

- Answer: A site for the disposal of waste materials by burial.

66. What are the problems associated with landfills?

- Answer: Leachate contamination, Methane emissions, Land use

67. What is incineration?

- Answer: The process of burning waste materials.

68. What are the problems associated with incineration?

- Answer: Air pollution, Ash disposal

69. What is recycling?

- Answer: Converting waste materials into new products.

70. What are the benefits of recycling?

- Answer: Conserves resources, Reduces landfill waste, Saves energy

VIII. Environmental Laws and Policies

71. What is environmental law?

- Answer: A body of laws, regulations, agreements, and policies designed to

protect the natural environment.

72. What is the purpose of environmental laws?

- Answer: To regulate human activities to prevent or reduce harm to the

environment.

73. What is the Clean Air Act?

- Answer: A United States federal law designed to control air pollution.

74. What is the Clean Water Act?

- Answer: A United States federal law governing water pollution.

75. What is the Endangered Species Act?

- Answer: A United States federal law that provides protection for

endangered and threatened species.

76. What is the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)?

- Answer: A United States federal law that requires federal agencies to assess
the environmental impacts of their proposed actions.

77. What is environmental impact assessment (EIA)?

- Answer: A process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a

proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-
economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse.

78. What is the role of environmental protection agencies?

- Answer: To enforce environmental laws and regulations, conduct research,

and provide education and outreach.

79. What is environmental justice?

- Answer: The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people

regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the
development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws,
regulations, and policies.

80. What is a permit?

- Answer: A document granting authorization to discharge pollutants or
conduct certain activities that may impact the environment.

IX. Human Population and Consumption

81. What is the current world population?

- Answer: (As of 2025) Approximately 8 billion people.

82. What is population growth rate?

- Answer: The rate at which the number of individuals in a population

increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial
population.

83. What are the factors affecting population growth?

- Answer: Birth rate, Death rate, Migration

84. What is urbanization?

- Answer: The process by which towns and cities are formed and become
larger as more and more people begin living and working in central areas.

85. What are the environmental impacts of urbanization?

- Answer: Increased pollution, Habitat loss, Increased resource consumption

86. What is ecological footprint?

- Answer: The impact of a person or community on the environment,

expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural
resources.

87. What is sustainable consumption?

- Answer: The use of goods and services that meet basic needs and improve
the quality of life while minimizing the use of natural resources, toxic
materials, and emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle, so as not
to jeopardize the needs of future generations.

88. What are the 3 R’s of waste management?

- Answer: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

89. What is planned obsolescence?

- Answer: A policy of planning or designing a product with an artificially
limited useful life, so that it becomes obsolete (i.e., unfashionable or no
longer functional) after a certain period of time.

90. What is perceived obsolescence?

- Answer: When a customer is convinced that he/she needs an updated

product, even though his/her existing product is still working well.

X. Energy Resources

91. What are the main sources of energy?

- Answer: Fossil fuels, Nuclear energy, Renewable energy

92. What are fossil fuels?

- Answer: Coal, Oil, Natural gas

93. What are the environmental impacts of using fossil fuels?

- Answer: Air pollution, Climate change, Habitat destruction

94. What is nuclear energy?

- Answer: Energy released during nuclear fission or fusion.

95. What are the environmental impacts of nuclear energy?

- Answer: Radioactive waste, Risk of accidents

96. What are renewable energy sources?

- Answer: Solar energy, Wind energy, Hydropower, Geothermal energy,

Biomass

97. What is solar energy?

- Answer: Energy from the sun.

98. What is wind energy?

- Answer: Energy from the wind.

99. What is hydropower?

- Answer: Energy from moving water.

100. What is geothermal energy?

* Answer: Heat from within the Earth.

I. Cell Biology

1. What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

- Answer: Cell

2. Name the two main types of cells.

- Answer: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

3. What is the function of the cell membrane?

- Answer: Controls what enters and exits the cell

4. Which organelle is responsible for generating energy in the cell?

- Answer: Mitochondria

5. What is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?

- Answer: Ribosomes

6. What is the function of the nucleus?

- Answer: Control center of the cell, contains DNA

7. Name the jelly-like substance within the cell where organelles are found.

- Answer: Cytoplasm

8. What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

- Answer: Provides support and protection

9. What process occurs in chloroplasts?

- Answer: Photosynthesis

10. What is the role of lysosomes in the cell?

- Answer: Waste disposal and recycling

II. Genetics

11. What is the molecule that carries genetic information?

- Answer: DNA

12. What is the shape of the DNA molecule?

- Answer: Double helix

13. What are the building blocks of DNA?

- Answer: Nucleotides

14. Name the four nitrogenous bases in DNA.

- Answer: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

15. Which base pairs with Adenine in DNA?

- Answer: Thymine

16. What is a gene?

- Answer: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait

17. What is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself?

- Answer: Replication

18. What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA?

- Answer: Transcription

19. What is the process by which proteins are synthesized from RNA?

- Answer: Translation

20. What are alleles?

- Answer: Different forms of a gene

III. Ecology

21. What is the study of the interactions between organisms and their
environment?

- Answer: Ecology

22. What is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same
area?
- Answer: Population

23. What is a community?

- Answer: All the different populations living in the same area

24. What is an ecosystem?

- Answer: A community and its physical environment

25. What is a biome?

- Answer: A large geographic area with similar climate and ecosystems

26. What are the main types of biomes?

- Answer: Tundra, Taiga, Temperate Forest, Grassland, Desert, Tropical

Rainforest

27. What is a food chain?

- Answer: A sequence of organisms through which energy and nutrients pass

28. What is a food web?

- Answer: A network of interconnected food chains

29. What are producers?

- Answer: Organisms that make their own food (e.g., plants)

30. What are consumers?

- Answer: Organisms that eat other organisms

IV. Plant Biology

31. What is the process by which plants make their own food?

- Answer: Photosynthesis

32. What is the green pigment in plants that captures sunlight?

- Answer: Chlorophyll

33. What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

- Answer: Carbon dioxide and water

34. What are the products of photosynthesis?

- Answer: Glucose and oxygen

35. What is transpiration?

- Answer: The process by which water evaporates from plant leaves

36. What is the function of roots?

- Answer: Absorb water and nutrients from the soil

37. What is the function of stems?

- Answer: Support the plant and transport water and nutrients

38. What is the function of leaves?

- Answer: Site of photosynthesis

39. What are the male reproductive parts of a flower called?

- Answer: Stamen

40. What are the female reproductive parts of a flower called?

- Answer: Pistil

V. Animal Biology

41. What are the major groups of animals?

- Answer: Invertebrates and Vertebrates

42. Name the five classes of vertebrates.

- Answer: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

43. What is the function of the circulatory system?

- Answer: Transport blood, oxygen, and nutrients

44. What is the function of the respiratory system?

- Answer: Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

45. What is the function of the digestive system?

- Answer: Break down food for absorption

46. What is the function of the nervous system?

- Answer: Control and coordinate body functions

47. What is the function of the skeletal system?

- Answer: Support and protect the body

48. What is the function of the muscular system?

- Answer: Movement

49. What is homeostasis?

- Answer: Maintaining a stable internal environment

50. What is the function of the excretory system?

- Answer: Remove waste products

VI. Evolution

51. Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

- Answer: Charles Darwin

52. What is natural selection?

- Answer: The process by which organisms with favorable traits survive and
reproduce

53. What is adaptation?

- Answer: A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

54. What is a fossil?

- Answer: The remains or traces of a prehistoric organism

55. What is the evidence for evolution?

- Answer: Fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, molecular biology

56. What is homologous structures?

- Answer: Structures with similar anatomy but different functions

57. What is analogous structures?

- Answer: Structures with different anatomy but similar functions

58. What is vestigial structures?

- Answer: Structures that have lost their original function

59. What is speciation?

- Answer: The formation of new species

60. What is genetic drift?

- Answer: Random changes in allele frequencies in a population

VII. Microbiology

61. What is the study of microorganisms?

- Answer: Microbiology

62. Name the main types of microorganisms.

- Answer: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae

63. What are bacteria?

- Answer: Single-celled prokaryotic organisms

64. What are viruses?

- Answer: Non-cellular infectious agents

65. What are fungi?

- Answer: Eukaryotic organisms that include molds and yeasts

66. What are protozoa?

- Answer: Single-celled eukaryotic organisms

67. What are algae?

- Answer: Photosynthetic organisms

68. What is the role of bacteria in the environment?

- Answer: Decomposition, nutrient cycling

69. What is a pathogen?

- Answer: A disease-causing organism

70. What is an antibiotic?

- Answer: A drug that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria

VIII. Human Anatomy and Physiology

71. What is the largest organ in the human body?

- Answer: Skin

72. What is the function of the brain?

- Answer: Control center of the body

73. What are the parts of the brain?

- Answer: Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brainstem

74. What is the function of the heart?

- Answer: Pump blood throughout the body

75. What are the chambers of the heart?

- Answer: Atria and Ventricles

76. What is the function of the lungs?

- Answer: Gas exchange

77. What is the function of the kidneys?

- Answer: Filter waste from the blood

78. What is the function of the liver?

- Answer: Detoxify blood, produce bile

79. What is the function of the stomach?

- Answer: Store and break down food

80. What is the function of the small intestine?

- Answer: Absorb nutrients

IX. Classification of Living Things

81. What is taxonomy?

- Answer: The science of classifying organisms

82. Who developed the system of binomial nomenclature?

- Answer: Carolus Linnaeus

83. What are the levels of classification?

- Answer: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

84. What are the three domains of life?

- Answer: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

85. What are the kingdoms under the domain Eukarya?

- Answer: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

X. Ecology and Environment

86. What is pollution?

- Answer: The contamination of the environment

87. What are the types of pollution?

- Answer: Air, Water, Soil, Noise, Light

88. What is global warming?

- Answer: The increase in Earth’s average temperature

89. What is the greenhouse effect?

- Answer: The trapping of heat by gases in the atmosphere

90. What are the greenhouse gases?

- Answer: Carbon dioxide, Methane, Water vapor

91. What is deforestation?

- Answer: The clearing of forests

92. What is biodiversity?

- Answer: The variety of life in an area

93. What is conservation?

- Answer: Protecting and preserving natural resources

94. What is sustainability?

- Answer: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs

XI. Miscellaneous

95. What is the process of cell division in somatic cells called?

- Answer: Mitosis

96. What is the process of cell division in sex cells called?

- Answer: Meiosis

97. What is a mutation?

- Answer: A change in DNA sequence

98. What is genetic engineering?

- Answer: The manipulation of genes

99. What is cloning?

- Answer: Creating a genetically identical copy of an organism

100. What is biotechnology?

* Answer: The use of living organisms to develop products

Organic & Inorganic

I. Basic Concepts (Inorganic & Organic)

1. What is chemistry?
- Answer: The study of matter and its properties, as well as how matter
changes.

2. What is matter?

- Answer: Anything that has mass and takes up space.

3. What are the three states of matter?

- Answer: Solid, Liquid, Gas

4. What is an element?

- Answer: A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

by chemical means.

5. What is a compound?

- Answer: A substance made up of two or more elements chemically

combined.

6. What is a mixture?

- Answer: A combination of two or more substances that are physically

combined.

7. What is an atom?

- Answer: The basic unit of a chemical element.

8. What are the three subatomic particles?

- Answer: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

9. Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?

- Answer: Nucleus

10. What is the charge of a proton, neutron, and electron?

- Answer: Positive, Neutral, Negative

II. Inorganic Chemistry

11. What is the periodic table?

- Answer: An arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number.

12. What are groups (or families) in the periodic table?

- Answer: Vertical columns of elements with similar chemical properties.

13. What are periods in the periodic table?

- Answer: Horizontal rows of elements.

14. What are metals?

- Answer: Elements that are typically shiny, good conductors of heat and
electricity, and malleable.

15. What are nonmetals?

- Answer: Elements that are typically dull, poor conductors of heat and
electricity, and brittle.

16. What are metalloids?

- Answer: Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

17. What is an ion?

- Answer: An atom or molecule with an electrical charge due to the loss or

gain of electrons.

18. What is a cation?

- Answer: A positively charged ion.

19. What is an anion?

- Answer: A negatively charged ion.

20. What is an ionic bond?

- Answer: A chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction

between oppositely charged ions.

21. What is a covalent bond?

- Answer: A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between

atoms.

22. What is a molecule?

- Answer: A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest

fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical
reaction.

23. What is a chemical formula?

- Answer: A symbolic representation of the composition of a chemical
compound.

24. What is a chemical equation?

- Answer: A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.

25. What is a reactant?

- Answer: A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a

reaction.

26. What is a product?

- Answer: A substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction.

27. What is a precipitate?

- Answer: A solid that forms out of solution during a chemical reaction.

28. What is an acid?

- Answer: A substance that donates protons or accepts electrons.

29. What is a base?

- Answer: A substance that accepts protons or donates electrons.

30. What is pH?

- Answer: A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.

31. What is a neutral solution?

- Answer: A solution with a pH of 7.

32. What is an acidic solution?

- Answer: A solution with a pH less than 7.

33. What is a basic solution?

- Answer: A solution with a pH greater than 7.

34. What is a salt?

- Answer: A compound formed from the reaction of an acid and a base.

35. What is oxidation?

- Answer: The loss of electrons.

36. What is reduction?

- Answer: The gain of electrons.

37. What is a redox reaction?

- Answer: A chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons.

38. What is a catalyst?

- Answer: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being

consumed in the reaction.

39. What is solubility?

- Answer: The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.

40. What is a solution?

- Answer: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

III. Organic Chemistry

41. What is organic chemistry?

- Answer: The study of carbon-containing compounds.

42. Why is carbon so important in organic chemistry?

- Answer: It can form stable bonds with many other elements, including itself,
allowing for a vast diversity of compounds.

43. What is a hydrocarbon?

- Answer: A compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

44. What are the main types of hydrocarbons?

- Answer: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatic hydrocarbons

45. What are alkanes?

- Answer: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms.

46. What is the general formula for alkanes?

- Answer: CnH2n+2
47. What are alkenes?

- Answer: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double

bond.

48. What is the general formula for alkenes?

- Answer: CnH2n

49. What are alkynes?

- Answer: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon triple

bond.

50. What is the general formula for alkynes?

- Answer: CnH2n-2

51. What are aromatic hydrocarbons?

- Answer: Hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring.

52. What is a benzene ring?

- Answer: A six-carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds.

53. What is an isomer?

- Answer: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different

structural formulas.

54. What is a functional group?

- Answer: An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for

the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.

55. What is an alcohol?

- Answer: An organic compound containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group.

56. What is an ether?

- Answer: An organic compound containing an oxygen atom bonded to two

alkyl or aryl groups.

57. What is an aldehyde?

- Answer: An organic compound containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded

to at least one hydrogen atom.

58. What is a ketone?

- Answer: An organic compound containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded
to two alkyl or aryl groups.

59. What is a carboxylic acid?

- Answer: An organic compound containing a carboxyl group (-COOH).

60. What is an ester?

- Answer: An organic compound formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid

and an alcohol.

61. What is an amine?

- Answer: An organic compound containing a nitrogen atom bonded to one or

more alkyl or aryl groups.

62. What is an amide?

- Answer: An organic compound containing a nitrogen atom bonded to a

carbonyl group.

63. What is polymerization?

- Answer: A process in which small molecules (monomers) combine to form a

large molecule (polymer).

64. What is a monomer?

- Answer: A small molecule that can combine with other monomers to form a
polymer.

65. What is a polymer?

- Answer: A large molecule made up of repeating structural units

(monomers).

66. What are carbohydrates?

- Answer: Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often

with the general formula CnH2nOn.

67. What are lipids?

- Answer: Organic compounds that are insoluble in water, including fats, oils,
and waxes.

68. What are proteins?

- Answer: Organic compounds made of amino acids linked together by
peptide bonds.

69. What are amino acids?

- Answer: The building blocks of proteins.

70. What are nucleic acids?

- Answer: Organic compounds that carry genetic information, including DNA

and RNA.

IV. Chemical Reactions (Inorganic & Organic)

71. What is a synthesis reaction?

- Answer: A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single

product.

72. What is a decomposition reaction?

- Answer: A reaction in which a single reactant breaks down into two or more
products.

73. What is a single replacement reaction?

- Answer: A reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound.

74. What is a double replacement reaction?

- Answer: A reaction in which the positive ions of two compounds exchange

places.

75. What is combustion?

- Answer: A chemical process that involves rapid reaction between a

substance with an oxidant, usually oxygen, to produce heat and light.

76. What is esterification?

- Answer: A chemical reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to

form an ester and water.

77. What is saponification?

- Answer: The process of making soap by hydrolyzing fats or oils with a
strong base.

78. What is hydrogenation?

- Answer: A chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another

compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst.

79. What is halogenation?

- Answer: A chemical reaction that involves the addition of one or more

halogens to a compound.

80. What is hydration?

- Answer: A chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water.

V. Applications of Chemistry (Inorganic & Organic)

81. What is the importance of nitrogen in agriculture?

- Answer: It is an essential nutrient for plant growth.

82. What is the role of phosphorus in fertilizers?

- Answer: It promotes root development and flowering.

83. What are some uses of polymers in everyday life?

- Answer: Plastics, synthetic fibers, rubber

84. What is the importance of chemistry in medicine?

- Answer: Development of drugs, understanding disease mechanisms,

diagnostic tools

85. What are some applications of chemistry in the food industry?

- Answer: Food preservation, flavorings, additives

86. What is the role of chemistry in environmental science?

- Answer: Understanding pollution, developing clean energy technologies,

waste management

87. What is the importance of water treatment?

- Answer: To remove contaminants and make water safe for drinking and
other uses.

88. What are some common household chemicals?

- Answer: Bleach, vinegar, baking soda

89. What is the chemical formula for water?

- Answer: H2O

90. What is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide?

- Answer: CO2

VI. Laboratory Techniques and Safety

91. What is a Bunsen burner used for?

- Answer: Heating substances in the lab.

92. What is a graduated cylinder used for?

- Answer: Measuring the volume of liquids.

93. What is a beaker used for?

- Answer: Holding and mixing liquids.

94. What is a test tube used for?

- Answer: Holding small amounts of substances for experiments.

95. What are some common laboratory safety rules?

- Answer: Wear safety goggles, use appropriate personal protective

equipment, handle chemicals carefully, know the location of safety
equipment.

96. What is the proper way to smell a chemical?

- Answer: Waft the odor towards your nose with your hand.

97. What is the purpose of a fume hood?

- Answer: To remove hazardous fumes from the laboratory.

98. What should you do if you spill a chemical on your skin?

- Answer: Rinse the affected area with plenty of water.

99. What is the proper way to dispose of chemical waste?

- Answer: Follow the instructions provided by your teacher or lab supervisor.

100. Why is it important to follow safety rules in the laboratory?

* Answer: To prevent accidents and injuries.