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Table of Contents
Mastering pandas
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewers
www.PacktPub.com
Support files, eBooks, discount offers, and more
Why subscribe?
Free access for Packt account holders
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Downloading the example code
Errata
Piracy
Questions
1. Introduction to pandas and Data Analysis
Motivation for data analysis
We live in a big data world
4 V's of big data
Volume of big data
Velocity of big data
Variety of big data
Veracity of big data
So much data, so little time for analysis
The move towards real-time analytics
How Python and pandas fit into the data analytics mix
What is pandas?
Benefits of using pandas
 Summary
2. Installation of pandas and the Supporting Software
Selecting a version of Python to use
Python installation
Linux
Installing Python from compressed tarball
Windows
Core Python installation
Third-party Python software installation
Mac OS X
Installation using a package manager
Installation of Python and pandas from a third-party vendor
Continuum Analytics Anaconda
Installing Anaconda
Linux
Mac OS X
Windows
Final step for all platforms
Other numeric or analytics-focused Python distributions
Downloading and installing pandas
Linux
Ubuntu/Debian
Red Hat
Ubuntu/Debian
Fedora
OpenSuse
Mac
Source installation
Binary installation
Windows
Binary Installation
Source installation
IPython
IPython Notebook
IPython installation
Linux
 Windows
Mac OS X
Install via Anaconda (for Linux/Mac OS X)
Wakari by Continuum Analytics
Virtualenv
Virtualenv installation and usage
Summary
3. The pandas Data Structures
NumPy ndarrays
NumPy array creation
NumPy arrays via numpy.array
NumPy array via numpy.arange
NumPy array via numpy.linspace
NumPy array via various other functions
numpy.ones
numpy.zeros
numpy.eye
numpy.diag
numpy.random.rand
numpy.empty
numpy.tile
NumPy datatypes
NumPy indexing and slicing
Array slicing
Array masking
Complex indexing
Copies and views
Operations
Basic operations
Reduction operations
Statistical operators
Logical operators
Broadcasting
Array shape manipulation
Flattening a multi-dimensional array
Reshaping
 Resizing
Adding a dimension
Array sorting
Data structures in pandas
Series
Series creation
Using numpy.ndarray
Using Python dictionary
Using scalar values
Operations on Series
Assignment
Slicing
Other operations
DataFrame
DataFrame Creation
Using dictionaries of Series
Using a dictionary of ndarrays/lists
Using a structured array
Using a Series structure
Operations
Selection
Assignment
Deletion
Alignment
Other mathematical operations
Panel
Using 3D NumPy array with axis labels
Using a Python dictionary of DataFrame objects
Using the DataFrame.to_panel method
Other operations
Summary
4. Operations in pandas, Part I – Indexing and Selecting
Basic indexing
Accessing attributes using dot operator
Range slicing
Label, integer, and mixed indexing
 Label-oriented indexing
Selection using a Boolean array
Integer-oriented indexing
The .iat and .at operators
Mixed indexing with the .ix operator
MultiIndexing
Swapping and reordering levels
Cross sections
Boolean indexing
The is in and any all methods
Using the where() method
Operations on indexes
Summary
5. Operations in pandas, Part II – Grouping, Merging, and Reshaping
of Data
Grouping of data
The groupby operation
Using groupby with a MultiIndex
Using the aggregate method
Applying multiple functions
The transform() method
Filtering
Merging and joining
The concat function
Using append
Appending a single row to a DataFrame
SQL-like merging/joining of DataFrame objects
The join function
Pivots and reshaping data
Stacking and unstacking
The stack() function
Other methods to reshape DataFrames
Using the melt function
The pandas.get_dummies() function
Summary
6. Missing Data, Time Series, and Plotting Using Matplotlib
 Handling missing data
Handling missing values
Handling time series
Reading in time series data
DateOffset and TimeDelta objects
Time series-related instance methods
Shifting/lagging
Frequency conversion
Resampling of data
Aliases for Time Series frequencies
Time series concepts and datatypes
Period and PeriodIndex
PeriodIndex
Conversions between Time Series datatypes
A summary of Time Series-related objects
Plotting using matplotlib
Summary
7. A Tour of Statistics – The Classical Approach
Descriptive statistics versus inferential statistics
Measures of central tendency and variability
Measures of central tendency
The mean
The median
The mode
Computing measures of central tendency of a dataset in
Python
Measures of variability, dispersion, or spread
Range
Quartile
Deviation and variance
Hypothesis testing – the null and alternative hypotheses
The null and alternative hypotheses
The alpha and p-values
Type I and Type II errors
Statistical hypothesis tests
Background
 The z-test
The t-test
Types of t-tests
A t-test example
Confidence intervals
An illustrative example
Correlation and linear regression
Correlation
Linear regression
An illustrative example
Summary
8. A Brief Tour of Bayesian Statistics
Introduction to Bayesian statistics
Mathematical framework for Bayesian statistics
Bayes theory and odds
Applications of Bayesian statistics
Probability distributions
Fitting a distribution
Discrete probability distributions
Discrete uniform distributions
The Bernoulli distribution
The binomial distribution
The Poisson distribution
The Geometric distribution
The negative binomial distribution
Continuous probability distributions
The continuous uniform distribution
The exponential distribution
The normal distribution
Bayesian statistics versus Frequentist statistics
What is probability?
How the model is defined
Confidence (Frequentist) versus Credible (Bayesian) intervals
Conducting Bayesian statistical analysis
Monte Carlo estimation of the likelihood function and PyMC
Bayesian analysis example – Switchpoint detection
 References
Summary
9. The pandas Library Architecture
Introduction to pandas' file hierarchy
Description of pandas' modules and files
pandas/core
pandas/io
pandas/tools
pandas/sparse
pandas/stats
pandas/util
pandas/rpy
pandas/tests
pandas/compat
pandas/computation
pandas/tseries
pandas/sandbox
Improving performance using Python extensions
Summary
10. R and pandas Compared
R data types
R lists
R DataFrames
Slicing and selection
R-matrix and NumPy array compared
R lists and pandas series compared
Specifying column name in R
Specifying column name in pandas
R's DataFrames versus pandas' DataFrames
Multicolumn selection in R
Multicolumn selection in pandas
Arithmetic operations on columns
Aggregation and GroupBy
Aggregation in R
The pandas' GroupBy operator
Comparing matching operators in R and pandas
 R %in% operator
The pandas isin() function
Logical subsetting
Logical subsetting in R
Logical subsetting in pandas
Split-apply-combine
Implementation in R
Implementation in pandas
Reshaping using melt
The R melt() function
The pandas melt() function
Factors/categorical data
An R example using cut()
The pandas solution
Summary
11. Brief Tour of Machine Learning
Role of pandas in machine learning
Installation of scikit-learn
Installing via Anaconda
Installing on Unix (Linux/Mac OS X)
Installing on Windows
Introduction to machine learning
Supervised versus unsupervised learning
Illustration using document classification
Supervised learning
Unsupervised learning
How machine learning systems learn
Application of machine learning – Kaggle Titanic competition
The titanic: machine learning from disaster problem
The problem of overfitting
Data analysis and preprocessing using pandas
Examining the data
Handling missing values
A naïve approach to Titanic problem
The scikit-learn ML/classifier interface
Supervised learning algorithms
 Constructing a model using Patsy for scikit-learn
General boilerplate code explanation
Logistic regression
Support vector machine
Decision trees
Random forest
Unsupervised learning algorithms
Dimensionality reduction
K-means clustering
Summary
Index
Mastering pandas
Mastering pandas
Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing

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First published: June 2015

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ISBN 978-1-78398-196-0

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Credits
Author

Femi Anthony

Reviewers

Opeyemi Akinjayeju

Louis Hénault

Carlos Marin

Commissioning Editor

Karthikey Pandey

Acquisition Editor

Kevin Colaco

Content Development Editor

Arun Nadar

Technical Editor

Mohita Vyas

Copy Editors

Tani Kothari

Jasmine Nadar

Vikrant Phadke
Project Coordinator

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Proofreader

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Indexer

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Graphics

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Production Coordinator

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Cover Work

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About the Author
Femi Anthony is a seasoned and knowledgeable software
programmer, with over 15 years experience in a vast array of
languages, including Perl, C, C++, Java, and Python. He has worked
in both the Internet space and financial services space for many
years and is now working for a well-known financial data company.
He holds a bachelor's degree in mathematics with computer science
from MIT and a master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania.
His pet interests include data science, machine learning, and Python.
Femi is working on a few side projects in these areas. His hobbies
include reading, soccer, and road cycling. You can follow him at
@dataphanatik, and for any queries, contact him at
<[email protected]>.

First and foremost, I would like to thank my wife, Ene, for her
support throughout my career and in writing this book. She has
been my inspiration and motivation for continuing to improve my
knowledge and helping me move ahead in my career. She is my
rock, and I dedicate this book to her. I also thank my wonderful
children, Femi, Lara, and our new addition, Temi, for always
making me smile and for understanding on those days when I
was writing this book instead of playing games with them.

I would also like to thank my book reviewers—Opeyemi

Akinjayeju, who is a dear friend of mine, as well as Louis Hénault
and Carlos Marin—for their invaluable feedback and input toward
the completion of this book. Lastly, I would like to thank my
parents, George and Katie Anthony, for instilling a strong work
ethic in me from an early age.
About the Reviewers
Opeyemi Akinjayeju is risk management professional. He holds
graduate degrees in statistics (Penn State University) and economics
(Georgia Southern University), and has built predictive models for
insurance companies, banks, captive automotive finance lenders,
and consulting firms. He enjoys analyzing data and solving complex
business problems using SAS, R, EViews/Gretl, Minitab, SQL, and
Python. Opeyemi is also an adjunct at Northwood University where
he designs and teaches undergraduate courses in microeconomics
and macroeconomics.

Louis Hénault is a data scientist at OgilvyOne Paris. He loves

combining mathematics and computer science to solve real-world
problems in an innovative way. After getting a master's degree in
engineering with a major in data sciences and another degree in
applied mathematics in France, he entered into the French start-up
ecosystem, working on several projects. Louis has gained experience
in various industries, including geophysics, application performance
management, online music platforms, e-commerce, and digital
advertising. He is now working for a leading customer engagement
agency, where he helps clients unlock the complete value of
customers using big data.

I've met many outstanding people in my life who have helped me

become what I am today. A great thank you goes to the
professors, authors, and colleagues who taught me many
fantastic things. Of course, I can't end this without a special
thought for my friends and family.

Carlos Marin is a software engineer at Rackspace, where he

maintains and develops a suite of applications that manage
networking devices in Rackspace's data centers. He has made
contributions to OpenStack, and has worked with multiple teams and
on multiple projects within Rackspace, from the Identity API to big
data and analytics.

Carlos graduated with a degree in computer engineering from the

National Autonomous University of Mexico. Prior to joining
Rackspace, he worked as a consultant, developing software for
multiple financial enterprises in programming languages. In Austin,
Texas, he regularly attends local technology events and user groups.
He also spends time volunteering and pursuing outdoor adventures.

I'm grateful to my parents and family, who have always believed

in me.
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