I.

BACKGROUND/ HISTORY

Hospitals have been around for thousands of years, with the notion of providing medical
treatment and healing places taking many forms across cultures. In ancient times, healing temples were
built in Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where patients might seek treatment from priests and doctors. During
the Middle Ages, hospitals developed into charity organizations controlled by religious groups that cared
for the ill and indigent.

These hospitals were frequently affiliated with monasteries or churches, and they emphasized
spiritual healing in addition to physical therapy. The Renaissance period saw advances in medical
knowledge and the establishment of more specialized institutions. Architects began developing purpose-
built hospitals that included cleanliness and ventilation concepts. Some notable examples include the
Ospedale degli Innocenti in Florence, Italy, created by Infection control, patient comfort, and the
integration of medical technology all contributed to the evolution of hospital design in the twentieth
century.

Modern hospitals were designed with distinct wings for different specializations, efficient staff
arrangements, and healing amenities. Today's focus is on patient-centered design, sustainability, and
technological integration, with the goal of creating environments that encourage healing, comfort, and
efficient healthcare delivery while considering the requirements of patients, staff, and the community.

A hospital is a type of healthcare facility that offers specialized medical staff, auxiliary medical
staff, and medical equipment to treat patients. The most well-known kind of hospital is a general hospital,
which usually features an emergency room for treating patients with life-threatening conditions like burn
and accident victims or unexpected illnesses.

Usually, the largest hospital in the area, a district hospital has numerous beds for critical care and
extra beds for patients in need of long-term care. Trauma centers, rehabilitation facilities, pediatric
hospitals, geriatric hospitals, and hospitals catering to certain medical requirements including mental
health treatment (see psychiatric hospital) and specific disease categories are examples of specialized
hospitals. When compared to regular hospitals, specialized hospitals can help save healthcare
expenditures. Hospitals are categorized as government, specialty, or general based on how they get
funding.
II. PROBLEM DEFINITION

The process of establishing a hospital involves identifying and addressing the unique challenges
and requirements associated with erecting a functional healthcare facility. This means considering several
factors, such as patient needs, staff workflow, safety, efficiency, sustainability, and technology integration.
The problem statement should include a detailed explanation of the flaws or issues with the way hospitals
are currently built, as well as a recommended research subject or objective that aims to address these
challenges. Following the issue description, the thesis might focus on developing innovative design
solutions that improve the overall operation, patient experience, and outcomes of the hospital setting
while adhering to the necessary building codes, standards, and the Philippine National Building Code (PD
1096).

III. OBJECTIVE/ GOALS OF DESIGNING HOSPITAL

The objectives and goals in designing hospitals in architecture are focused on creating functional,
efficient, and patient-centered healthcare environments. Some common objectives and goals include:

1. Patient-centered design: Designing hospitals that prioritize the needs and comfort of patients, ensuring
a positive and healing experience.

2. Efficient workflow and operations: Creating layouts and spatial configurations that optimize the flow
of patients, staff, and resources, reducing wait times and improving overall efficiency.

3. Safety and infection control: Incorporating design elements that minimize the risk of infections, such as
proper ventilation systems, hand hygiene stations, and appropriate room layouts.

4. Accessibility and inclusivity: Designing hospitals that are accessible to individuals with disabilities,
accommodating diverse patient populations, and promoting inclusivity for all users.

5. Integration of technology: Incorporating advanced technologies and infrastructure to support efficient

healthcare delivery, such as electronic medical records, telemedicine capabilities, and smart building
systems.

6. Sustainability and environmental considerations: Designing hospitals with a focus on energy efficiency,
sustainable materials, waste management strategies, and green spaces to minimize environmental impact.
7. Flexibility and adaptability: Creating spaces that can easily adapt to changing healthcare needs,
technological advancements, and future expansions or renovations.

8. Aesthetics and healing environment: Incorporating elements of nature, natural light, and soothing
aesthetics to create a calming and healing atmosphere for patients, visitors, and staff.

These objectives and goals in architecture aim to create hospitals that not only meet functional
requirements but also enhance the overall patient experience, promote staff efficiency, and contribute to
the well-being of the community.

IV.SPACE REQUIREMENTS

The space requirements of a hospital refer to the physical area needed to accommodate various
functions and services within the healthcare facility. These requirements are determined based on factors
such as the size of the hospital, the number of beds, the types of medical services provided, and the local
regulations and standards.

Hospitals are complex institutions that house a wide range of departments and services, including
patient rooms, operating rooms, emergency departments, diagnostic imaging facilities, laboratories,
administrative offices, and support services such as pharmacies and cafeterias. Each of these areas has
specific space requirements to ensure efficient and safe operations.
 CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITAL

1.Government or Private:

Government Hospital - operated and maintained partially or wholly by the national, provincial,
municipal or city government or other political subdivision, board or other agency thereof.

Private Hospital - privately owned, established and operated with funds raised or contributed
through donations, or by private capital or other means by private individuals, association,
corporation, religious organization, firm company or joint stock association.

2. General or Special:

General Hospital - provides services for all kinds of illnesses, diseases, injuries or deformities.

Special Hospital- provides services for one particular kind of illness / disease or health medical
care need.

3. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Category according to Services Capabilities Offered:

Primary=Hospital - equipped with services capabilities needed to support licensed physician

rendering services in Medicine, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Minor Surgery.

Secondary_ Hospital - equipped with the services capabilities needed to support licensed.

physicians rendering services in the fields of Medicine, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, •

General Surgery and other ancillary services.

Tertiary Hospital - is fully departmentalized and equipped with the services capabilities.

needed to support certified Medical Specialist and other licensed physicians rendering services in
the field of Medicine, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Surgery, their specialties and
ancillary services.

Training and non-training:

Teaching and training Hospital- departmentalized hospital with accredited Residency Training
Program in a specified specialty or discipline.
The space requirements of a hospital can be categorized into different types:

Clinical spaces in a hospital refer to the areas where medical care and treatment are provided to
patients. These spaces are specifically designed to support various clinical activities and procedures. Here
are some common clinical spaces found in hospitals:

1. Patient Rooms: These are individual spaces where patients receive medical care, rest, and
recover. Patient rooms may vary in size and layout, accommodating different levels of care, such
as intensive care units (ICUs), general wards, or private rooms.

2. Operating Rooms: Also known as surgical suites, operating rooms are specialized spaces where
surgical procedures are performed. They are equipped with advanced surgical equipment, sterile
environments, and support systems for anesthesia and monitoring.

3. Emergency Department: The emergency department is where patients with urgent medical
conditions or injuries receive immediate care. It includes triage areas, examination rooms, trauma
bays, and resuscitation rooms to handle a wide range of medical emergencies.

4. Diagnostic Imaging: These spaces house equipment for medical imaging procedures such as X-
rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound. They are designed to ensure patient comfort and
safety while providing optimal conditions for accurate diagnostic imaging.

5. Laboratories: Hospital laboratories are dedicated spaces for conducting various diagnostic tests
and analyzing patient samples. They may include clinical chemistry, microbiology, pathology, and
blood bank laboratories, among others.

6. Intensive Care Units (ICUs): ICUs are specialized areas where critically ill patients receive
close monitoring and specialized care. They are equipped with advanced medical equipment and
staffed by highly trained healthcare professionals.

7. Procedure Rooms: These rooms are used for minor surgical procedures, examinations, and
treatments that do not require an operating room. Examples include endoscopy suites, cardiac
catheterization labs, and interventional radiology rooms.
 8. Rehabilitation Areas: These spaces are designed for physical therapy, occupational therapy, and
other forms of rehabilitation to help patients regain their functional abilities and recover from
injuries or surgeries.

9. Outpatient Clinics: These are areas where patients receive medical consultations, examinations,
and treatments on an outpatient basis. They may include specialty clinics, primary care clinics,
and specialized treatment centers.

Ancillary Spaces: These encompass areas such as diagnostic imaging facilities (X-ray, MRI, CT scan),
laboratories, pharmacies, rehabilitation centers, and outpatient clinics. These spaces require specific
equipment and infrastructure to support their respective functions.

1. Reception and Waiting Areas: These spaces serve as the first point of contact for patients and
visitors. They provide a welcoming and comfortable environment for registration, check-in, and
waiting before appointments or procedures.

2. Administrative Offices: Hospital administration requires dedicated spaces for staff to manage
operations, handle paperwork, and coordinate various departments. These offices often include
areas for meetings, record-keeping, and administrative tasks.

3. Staff Support Areas: Hospitals have designated spaces for healthcare professionals to take
breaks, rest, and store personal belongings. These areas may include lounges, locker rooms, and
dining facilities to support the well-being and productivity of the staff.

4. Laboratories: Hospital laboratories are crucial for diagnostic testing, research, and analysis of
patient samples. These spaces are equipped with specialized equipment and technology to
facilitate accurate and timely results.

5. Imaging and Diagnostic Centers: Ancillary spaces for imaging, such as X-ray, MRI, CT scan,
and ultrasound, are essential for diagnosing and monitoring patients. These areas are designed to
accommodate the specific equipment and ensure patient comfort during procedures.

6. Pharmacy: Hospital pharmacies provide medication dispensing services, medication storage,

and pharmaceutical compounding. These spaces adhere to strict regulations to ensure the safe
handling and distribution of medications.

7. Support Services: Ancillary spaces also include areas for support services such as
housekeeping, maintenance, and biomedical engineering. These spaces are responsible for
 maintaining a clean and functional environment, ensuring the proper functioning of medical
equipment, and addressing facility-related issues.

8. Rehabilitation and Therapy Spaces: Hospitals often have dedicated areas for physical therapy,
occupational therapy, and other rehabilitation services. These spaces are designed to
accommodate specialized equipment and provide a conducive environment for patient recovery
and rehabilitation.

9. Family and Visitor Spaces: Hospitals recognize the importance of providing spaces for families
and visitors to support patients during their stay. These areas may include waiting rooms,
consultation rooms, and family lounges to facilitate communication and emotional support.

10. Supportive Care Spaces: Some hospitals incorporate ancillary spaces for supportive care
services such as chapels, meditation rooms, or quiet areas for reflection and spiritual support.

The design and layout of ancillary spaces in hospitals are carefully planned to ensure
functionality, efficiency, and patient-centered care. They contribute to the overall patient experience and
play a vital role in the successful operation of a healthcare facility.

ADMINISTRATIVE SPACES

1. Administrative Offices: These offices serve as the central hub for hospital administrators,
executives, and managers. They provide a dedicated workspace for administrative tasks,
meetings, and decision-making. These offices are typically equipped with necessary technology
and communication tools.

2. Conference Rooms: Hospitals often have dedicated conference rooms for conducting meetings,
presentations, and discussions. These spaces allow administrators and staff to collaborate,
strategize, and address important matters related to hospital operations, policies, and planning.

3. Reception and Registration Areas: These areas serve as the first point of contact for patients,
visitors, and vendors. They are designed to provide a welcoming and organized environment for
check-ins, appointments, and inquiries. Reception areas often include seating, information desks,
and digital signage for wayfinding.
 4. Medical Records and Billing Departments: These departments handle the administrative
aspects of patient records, billing, and insurance claims. The spaces are designed to ensure
privacy, security, and efficient record-keeping. They may include workstations, filing systems,
and technology for managing electronic health records.

5. Human Resources Offices: Hospital HR departments handle employee recruitment,

onboarding, training, and other personnel-related matters. HR offices provide a confidential and
professional space for conducting interviews, maintaining employee records, and addressing staff
concerns.

6. Executive Boardrooms: These spaces are dedicated to high-level meetings and discussions
involving hospital executives, board members, and stakeholders. Boardrooms are designed to
accommodate larger groups and may include audiovisual equipment for presentations and video
conferencing.

7. Staff Break Rooms: These spaces provide a designated area for hospital staff to take breaks, eat
meals, and recharge. Break rooms often include seating, kitchen facilities, and amenities to
promote relaxation and well-being.

8. Administrative Support Areas: These areas house administrative support staff, such as
receptionists, secretaries, and administrative assistants. They provide workspace and resources for
tasks like scheduling appointments, managing correspondence, and maintaining office supplies.

Overall, the design and layout of administrative spaces in hospitals aim to enhance productivity,
communication, and collaboration among hospital administrators and staff. These spaces contribute to the
efficient management and smooth operation of healthcare facilities, ultimately supporting the delivery of
quality patient care.

SUPPORT SPACES

These comprise areas such as storage rooms, laundry facilities, maintenance rooms, and
mechanical rooms. These spaces are essential for the smooth functioning of the hospital but may
not directly involve patient care.
1. Administrative areas: These spaces house administrative staff, management offices, and
support services such as billing, medical records, and human resources.

2. Staff areas: These spaces are designated for healthcare professionals to rest, eat, and
collaborate. They may include break rooms, lounges, and locker rooms.

3. Laboratories: Hospital laboratories are crucial for conducting diagnostic tests, analyzing
samples, and supporting medical research. They are equipped with specialized equipment and
staffed by trained laboratory technicians.

4. Pharmacy: Hospital pharmacies provide medication dispensing services, medication storage,

and pharmaceutical compounding. They ensure the safe and efficient distribution of medications
to patients.

5. Imaging and diagnostic areas: These spaces house various imaging modalities such as X-ray,
MRI, CT scan, and ultrasound. They are equipped with advanced imaging equipment and staffed
by radiologists and technologists.

6. Central sterile supply department (CSSD): CSSD is responsible for sterilizing and distributing
medical equipment, instruments, and supplies to different departments within the hospital.

7. Maintenance and engineering: These areas house the facilities management team responsible
for maintaining the hospital's infrastructure, including electrical systems, plumbing, HVAC, and
equipment maintenance.

8. Storage areas: Hospitals require dedicated spaces for storing medical supplies, equipment, and
patient records. These areas should be organized, secure, and easily accessible.

9. Staff training and education rooms: Hospitals often have dedicated spaces for staff training,
continuing education, and professional development to ensure that healthcare professionals stay
updated with the latest medical practices and technologies.

10. Support services: Additional support spaces may include laundry facilities, waste
management areas, food services, and security offices.

The design and layout of these support spaces should be carefully planned to optimize workflow,
ensure safety, and promote efficiency within the hospital environment.
 A hospital and other health facilities shall be planned and designed to observe appropriate.

architectural practices, to meet prescribed functional programs, and to conform to

applicable codes as part of normal professional practice. References shall be made to the

following:

• P. D. 1096 – National Building Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations

• P. D. 1185 – Fire Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations

• P. D. 856 – Code on Sanitation of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations

• B. P. 344 – Accessibility Law and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations

• R. A. 1378 – National Plumbing Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations

• R. A. 184 – Philippine Electrical Code

• Manual on Technical Guidelines for Hospitals and Health Facilities Planning and Design. Department of
Health, Manila. 1994

• Signage Systems Manual for Hospitals and Offices. Department of Health, Manila. 1994

• Health Facilities Maintenance Manual. Department of Health, Manila. 1995

• Manual on Hospital Waste Management. Department of Health, Manila. 1997

• District Hospitals: Guidelines for Development. World Health Organization Regional Publications,
Western Pacific Series. 1992

• Guidelines for Construction and Equipment of Hospital and Medical Facilities. American Institute of
Architects, Committee on Architecture for Health. 1992

• De Chiara, Joseph. Time-Saver Standards for Building Types. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1980

1.Environment: A hospital and other health facilities shall be so located that it is readily accessible to the
community and reasonably free from undue noise, smoke, dust, foul odor, flood, and shall not be located
adjacent to railroads, freight yards, children’s, playgrounds, airports, industrial plants, disposal plants.

2. Occupancy: A building designed for other purpose shall not be converted into a hospital. The location
of a hospital shall comply with all local zoning ordinances.
3.Safety: A hospital and other health facilities shall provide and maintain a safe environment for patients,
personnel and public. The building shall be of such construction so that no hazards to the life and safety
of patients, personnel and public exist. It shall be capable of withstanding weight and elements to which
they may be subjected.

3.1 Exits shall be restricted to the following types: door leading directly outside the building,
interior stair, ramp, and exterior stair.

3.2 A minimum of two (2) exits, remote from each other, shall be provided for each floor of the
building.

3.3 Exits shall terminate directly at an open space to the outside of the building.

4 Security: A hospital and other health facilities shall ensure the security of person and property within the
facility.

5 Patient Movement: Spaces shall be wide enough for free movement of patients, whether they are on
beds, stretchers, or wheelchairs. Circulation routes for transferring patients from one area to another shall
be always available and free.

5.1 Corridors for access by patient and equipment shall have a minimum width of 2.44 meters.

5.2 Corridors in areas not commonly used for bed, stretcher and equipment transport may be
reduced in width to 1.83 meters.

5.3 A ramp or elevator shall be provided for ancillary, clinical and nursing areas located on the
upper floor.

5.4 A ramp shall be provided as access to the entrance of the hospital not on the same level of the
site.

6. Lighting: All areas in a hospital and other health facilities shall be provided with

sufficient illumination to promote comfort, healing and recovery of patients and to

enable personnel in the performance of work.

7.Ventilation: Adequate ventilation shall be provided to ensure comfort of patients, personnel and public.

8. Auditory and Visual Privacy: A hospital and other health facilities shall observe acceptable sound level
and adequate visual seclusion to achieve the acoustical and privacy requirements in designated areas
allowing the unhampered conduct of activities.
9. Water Supply: A hospital and other health facilities shall use an approved public water supply system
whenever available. The water supply shall be potable, safe for drinking and adequate and shall be
brought into the building free of cross connections.

10.Waste Disposal: Liquid waste shall be discharged into an approved public sewerage system whenever
available, and solid waste shall be collected, treated and disposed of in accordance with applicable codes,
laws or ordinances.

11.Sanitation: Utilities for the maintenance of sanitary system, including approved water supply and
sewerage system, shall be provided through the buildings and premises to ensure a clean and healthy
environment.

12.Housekeeping: A hospital and other health facilities shall provide and maintain a healthy and aesthetic
environment for patients, personnel and public.

13.Maintenance: There shall be an effective building maintenance program in place. The buildings and
equipment shall be kept in a state of good repair. Proper maintenance shall be provided to prevent
untimely breakdown of buildings and equipment.

14.Material Specification: Floors, walls and ceilings shall be of sturdy materials that shall allow
durability, ease of cleaning and fire resistance.

15.Segregation: Wards shall observe segregation of sexes. Separate toilet shall be maintained for patients
and personnel, male and female, with a ratio of one (1) toilet for every eight (8) patients or personnel.

16.Fire Protection: There shall be measures for detecting fire such as fire alarms in walls, peepholes in
doors or smoke detectors in ceilings. There shall be devices for quenching fire such as fire extinguishers
or fire hoses that are easily visible and accessible in strategic areas.

17.Signage. There shall be an effective graphic system composed of several individual visual aids and
devices arranged to provide information, orientation, direction, identification, prohibition, warning and
official notice considered essential to the optimum operation of a hospital and other health facilities.

18.Parking. A hospital and other health facilities shall provide a minimum of one (1) parking space for
every twenty-five (25) beds.

19.Zoning: The different areas of a hospital shall be grouped according to zones as follows:
 19.1 Outer Zone – areas that are immediately accessible to the public: emergency service,
outpatient service, and administrative service. They shall be located near the entrance of the
hospital.

19.2 Second Zone – areas that receive workload from the outer zone: laboratory, pharmacy, and
radiology. They shall be located near the outer zone.

19.3 Inner Zone – areas that provide nursing care and management of patients: nursing service.
They shall be located in private areas but accessible to guests.

19.4 Deep Zone – areas that require asepsis to perform the prescribed services: surgical service,
delivery service, nursery, and intensive care. They shall be segregated from the public areas but
accessible to the outer, second and inner zones.

19.5 Service Zone – areas that provide support to hospital activities: dietary service,
housekeeping service, maintenance and motor pool service, and mortuary. They shall be in areas
away from normal traffic.

20.Function: The different areas of a hospital shall be functionally related with each other.

20.1 The emergency service shall be located in the ground floor to ensure immediate access. A
separate entrance to the emergency room shall be provided.

20.2 The administrative service, particularly admitting office and business office, shall.

be located near the main entrance of the hospital. Offices for hospital management can be in
private areas.

20.3 The surgical service shall be located and arranged to prevent non-related traffic. The
operating room shall be as remote as practicable from the entrance to provide asepsis. The
dressing room shall be located to avoid exposure to dirty areas after changing to surgical
garments. The nurse station shall be located to permit visual observation of patient movement.

20.4 The delivery service shall be located and arranged to prevent non-related traffic. The
delivery room shall be as remote as practicable from the entrance to provide asepsis. The dressing
room shall be located to avoid exposure to dirty areas after changing to surgical garments. The
nurse station shall be located to permit visual observation of patient movement. The nursery shall
be separate but immediately accessible from the delivery room.
 20.5 The nursing service shall be segregated from public areas. The nurse station shall be located
to permit visual observation of patients. Nurse stations shall be provided in all inpatient units of
the hospital with a ratio of at least one (1) nurse station for every thirty-five (35) beds. Rooms and
wards shall be of sufficient size to allow for work flow and patient movement. Toilets shall be
immediately accessible from rooms and wards.

20.6 The dietary service shall be away from morgue with at least 25-meter distance.

21 Space: Adequate area shall be provided for the people, activity, furniture, equipment and utility.
V.OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Hospitals regularly utilize acronyms and abbreviations to describe concepts and entities,
which are necessary for successful communication and documentation. Standardization and
comprehension of these words by all stakeholders is critical for avoiding confusion and ensuring
accurate and effective communication in the healthcare business. Examples include:

1. ICU: Intensive Care Unit

2. ER: Emergency Room

3. OR: Operating Room

4. MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

5. CT: Computed Tomography

 6. EHR: Electronic Health Record

7. HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

8. PPE: Personal Protective Equipment

9. HAI: Healthcare-Associated Infection

10. EMR: Electronic Medical Record

VI. DESIGN CONSIDERATION AND PARAMETERS

When designing a hospital, several considerations and parameters need to be considered,

including compliance with the National Building Code, the standards set by the Department of
Health (DOH), and the Batas Pambansa Bilang 344 (BP344) or the Accessibility Law. Here are
some key design considerations and parameters:

1. Building Code Compliance: Ensure that the hospital design adheres to the requirements and
regulations outlined in the National Building Code. This includes considerations for structural
integrity, fire safety, electrical systems, plumbing, and ventilation.

2. DOH Standards: Follow the guidelines and standards set by the Department of Health for
hospital design, which cover various aspects such as layout, functional spaces, infection control
measures, patient safety, and equipment requirements.

3. Accessibility: Comply with the provisions of BP344, which focuses on accessibility for persons
with disabilities. Design the hospital to be inclusive and accessible, providing features such as
ramps, elevators, accessible restrooms, and signage that meet the specified standards.

4. Functional Spaces: Consider the specific functional requirements of a hospital, including

patient rooms, operating theaters, emergency rooms, diagnostic areas, administrative spaces, and
support services. Ensure efficient and logical layouts that facilitate smooth workflows and patient
care.

5. Infection Control: Implement design strategies that minimize the risk of infections, such as
appropriate ventilation systems, isolation rooms, hand hygiene stations, and easy-to-clean
surfaces.
 6. Patient and Staff Safety: Incorporate safety measures such as clear evacuation routes, fire-
resistant materials, adequate lighting, and security systems to ensure the safety of patients, staff,
and visitors.

7. Technology Integration: Plan for the integration of technology systems, including electronic
medical records, communication systems, medical equipment, and telemedicine capabilities.

8. Sustainability: Consider sustainable design principles, such as energy-efficient lighting and

HVAC systems, water conservation measures, use of environmentally friendly materials, and
waste management strategies.

These considerations and parameters help ensure that the hospital design meets the
necessary standards, promotes patient well-being, facilitates efficient operations, and provides a
safe and accessible environment for all. It is important to consult the relevant codes, standards,
and guidelines during the design process to ensure compliance and best practices.

The parameters of designing a hospital can vary depending on various factors such as the specific
healthcare needs of the community, available resources, regulations, and best practices. However, some
common parameters to consider when designing a hospital include:

1. Space and Layout: Determining the overall size and layout of the hospital, including the
number and size of patient rooms, operating rooms, diagnostic areas, administrative spaces, and
support facilities.

2. Functional Zones: Designating specific areas for different functions within the hospital, such as
patient care areas, diagnostic and treatment areas, administrative offices, and support services.

3. Patient Flow: Planning the flow of patients, staff, and supplies throughout the hospital to
ensure efficient movement and minimize congestion or delays.

4. Safety and Security: Incorporating measures to ensure the safety and security of patients, staff,
and visitors, including emergency exits, fire safety systems, surveillance systems, and controlled
access to sensitive areas.

5. Infection Control: Implementing design features that minimize the risk of infections, such as
appropriate ventilation systems, hand hygiene stations, isolation rooms, and proper waste
management protocols.
 6. Accessibility: Ensuring that the hospital is accessible to individuals with disabilities, including
wheelchair ramps, elevators, accessible restrooms, and signage.

7. Technology Integration: Incorporating technology infrastructure to support electronic health

records, telemedicine capabilities, medical imaging systems, and other healthcare technologies.

8. Sustainability: Designing hospitals with energy-efficient systems, renewable energy sources,

water conservation measures, and environmentally friendly construction materials.

9. Regulatory Compliance: Adhering to local, regional, and national regulations and standards
related to healthcare facility design, safety, and accessibility.

10. Future Expansion and Flexibility: Considering the potential for future growth and changes in
healthcare needs and designing the hospital to accommodate future expansions or modifications.

These parameters help guide the design process and ensure that the hospital meets the
functional, safety, and regulatory requirements necessary to provide quality healthcare services.

VII. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A review of literature on hospital design can offer valuable insights into best practices, innovative
design solutions, and case studies. It provides a global perspective and exposes designers to different
cultural contexts. Local literature offers insights into the Philippines' challenges and opportunities and
highlights successful examples.

This review informs the design process by understanding factors influencing hospital design, latest trends,
technologies, and lessons learned from previous projects. It guides decision-making and ensures hospital
design meets specific healthcare facility needs.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Hospitals are also an important component of healthcare system development. External pressures,
health-care system flaws, and hospital sector weaknesses are now pushing a new vision for hospitals
throughout the globe. In this view, they serve an important role in supporting other healthcare
practitioners, as well as community outreach and home-based services, and are critical to a functional
referral network.
 People care about hospitals, and they frequently play an important role in their lives. They also
play an important role in health-care coordination and integration. They frequently serve as a learning
environment for physicians, nurses, and other health-care workers, as well as a fundamental foundation
for clinical research.

LOCAL LITERATURE

Studying hospitals in the Philippines and abroad is indeed important for various reasons. Firstly,
it allows for a comprehensive understanding of local healthcare systems in the Philippines, including their
strengths, weaknesses, and specific healthcare needs. This knowledge can help identify areas for
improvement and inform policy decisions to enhance healthcare delivery.

Additionally, studying hospitals abroad provides an opportunity to learn from international best
practices. Different countries may have implemented innovative approaches, technologies, or strategies
that have proven successful in improving healthcare quality and patient safety. By studying these
practices, healthcare professionals in the Philippines can gain insights and potentially adapt them to local
contexts.

Furthermore, studying hospitals abroad facilitates collaboration and knowledge sharing among
healthcare professionals and researchers. It allows for the exchange of ideas, experiences, and research
findings, which can contribute to the advancement of healthcare practices in the Philippines.
Collaborative efforts can lead to the development of new solutions, improved healthcare outcomes, and
enhanced patient care.

Overall, studying hospitals in the Philippines and abroad is crucial for continuous improvement in
the healthcare sector. It helps address specific healthcare needs, learn from international experiences,
enhance healthcare quality and patient safety, and foster collaboration and knowledge sharing for the
benefit of patients and the healthcare community.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Hospitals are critical components of every country's health-care system, delivering necessary,
complicated, specialized, and expensive treatments that are not cost-effective elsewhere owing to societal,
staffing, and facility requirements. They have matured the most in the last 50 years, and their positions
have continually changed. Because of the increased frequency of lifestyle-related disorders and the rising
number of chronic patients, hospitals must provide a wide range of services as a primary role for both
patients and staff.
 To address rising healthcare expenditures and the complexity of inpatient treatment, hospitals
must respond in novel and imaginative ways. In March 2012, the Royal College of Physicians in the
United Kingdom launched the Commission on Future Hospitals to address hospital difficulties and
suggest a new paradigm for arranging patient care. This strategy focuses on coordinating service delivery
between the hospital and society, avoiding patient transfer between departments, and delivering specialist
care in all departments.

The future hospital organization defines three main concepts: medical department, acute care
cycle, and clinical coordination center. The medical department offers a full range of medical services,
from emergency and acute care units to specialty and general physician departments. The acute care cycle
checks individuals who require immediate attention, including a preliminary assessment, an ambulance
and patient transfer center, beds with a short duration of stay, and intensive care. The acute care
coordinator oversees care and, if necessary, works with a society-based department.

The future hospital model should prioritize patient-centered care, rapid access to specialized
treatments, and comprehensive information-based services. Limitations, such as the organization of these
services, are determined by the number of beds in each hospital and the level of collaboration with other
departments in the model's execution. The efficacy of patient safety education, lowering admission and
readmission rates, shortening patient stays, speeding up patient examinations, and boosting patient
feedback are all considered future hospital outcomes. Approximately 20 hospitals in the United Kingdom
have joined the Future Hospital Program.

To summarize, hospitals' relevance and future problems are critical to their sustained success.
VIII. CONCEPTUALIZATION

Conceptualizing a Filipino hospital involves considering the unique characteristics, needs, and
challenges specific to the Philippines. Here are some key aspects to consider:

1. Cultural Sensitivity: A Filipino hospital should prioritize cultural sensitivity and respect for Filipino
traditions, values, and beliefs. This includes accommodating religious practices, language preferences,
and cultural norms in patient care.

2. Accessibility and Affordability: Given the socioeconomic diversity in the Philippines, a Filipino
hospital should strive to be accessible and affordable to a wide range of individuals. This may involve
offering various payment options, implementing health insurance schemes, and ensuring proximity to
communities.

3. Disaster Preparedness: The Philippines is prone to natural disasters. A Filipino hospital should have
robust disaster preparedness plans, including backup power systems, emergency response protocols, and
infrastructure designed to withstand typhoons, earthquakes, and other calamities.

4. Community Engagement: A Filipino hospital should actively engage with local communities,
collaborating with barangays (neighborhoods) and local government units to address community health
needs. This may involve conducting health education programs, outreach initiatives, and preventive care
campaigns.

5. Multidisciplinary Approach: A Filipino hospital should adopt a multidisciplinary approach to

healthcare, integrating various medical specialties, allied health professionals, and traditional healing
practices to provide holistic care to patients.

6. Telemedicine and Technology: Given the geographical challenges in the Philippines, incorporating
telemedicine and technology can help bridge the gap in healthcare access. This includes teleconsultations,
remote monitoring, and digital health records to improve healthcare delivery and reach underserved areas.

7. Research and Education: A Filipino hospital should prioritize research and education, fostering a
culture of continuous learning and innovation. This involves collaborating with academic institutions,
conducting research studies, and providing training opportunities for healthcare professionals.

By considering these aspects, a conceptualized Filipino hospital can aim to address the specific
healthcare needs of the Filipino population while embracing the rich cultural diversity and unique
challenges of the country.
IX.CONCLUSION

Hospitals in the Philippines suffer insufficient resources, geographical differences, and uneven
patient treatment. However, they offer the potential for medical tourism and technological advancement.
The government has launched steps to solve these issues. To achieve a more equitable healthcare system,
efforts should be directed on expanding expenditures in healthcare infrastructure, boosting medical
education and training programs, improving access to medical equipment, and resolving regional
inequities.

X.RECOMENDATION

The study suggests that when designing a hospital in the Philippines, architects and healthcare
professionals should prioritize patient safety, comfort, and well-being, while also considering the needs of
healthcare providers. A healing environment should be created that promotes positive interactions and
efficient workflows. Sustainable and green design principles should be incorporated to minimize
environmental impact. Compliance with codes, regulations, and accreditation standards is also crucial.
The hospital's design should deliver high-quality healthcare services, promote satisfaction, and meet
community needs.
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