8

3 A student is investigating the rate of cooling of water under different conditions. A greater rate of
cooling occurs if there is a greater change in the temperature during the same period of time.

Fig. 3.1 shows some of the apparatus.

thermometer

lid
clamp stand

hot water
beaker bench

Fig. 3.1

(a) The thermometer in Fig. 3.2 shows the room temperature θR at the beginning of the
experiment. Record θR.

–10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 °C

Fig. 3.2

θR = ........................................................ [1]

(b) The student pours 200 cm3 of hot water into the beaker.

She records the temperature θ of the hot water at time t = 0. She immediately starts a
stopclock.

She continues recording the time and the temperature readings every 30 s. The readings are
shown in Table 3.1.

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Table 3.1 Table 3.2

beaker can

t/ θ/ t/ θ/
0 94 0 93
30 93 30 91
60 92 60 90
90 91 90 89
120 90 120 88
150 89 150 87

The student repeats the procedure using a metal can, painted matt black, in place of the
beaker.

The readings are shown in Table 3.2.

(i) Complete the column headings in Table 3.1 and in Table 3.2. [1]

(ii) Look carefully at the readings in Table 3.1 and in Table 3.2.

Tick the box to show your conclusion from the readings.

The water in the beaker has a greater rate of cooling than the water in the can.

The water in the beaker has a smaller rate of cooling than the water in the can.

There is no significant difference between the rates of cooling of the water in

the beaker and the can.
[1]

(iii) Justify your conclusion by reference to the readings.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(c) A student in another school carries out the experiment and reports that the rate of cooling of
the water in the can is different from the rate of cooling of the water in the beaker. He plans a
change to the experiment to find out whether this difference in the rates of cooling is caused
by

• the matt black surface of the can being a better radiator of thermal energy than the shiny
surface of the beaker

• the metal of the can being a better conductor of thermal energy than the material of the
beaker.

(i) Suggest two suitable changes to the apparatus that the student could make.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Suggest two variables that should be controlled in order to make the experiment a fair
test.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) State one precaution that you would take in order to record accurate temperature readings.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 10]

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3 A student investigates the cooling of water.

(a) The thermometer in Fig. 3.1 shows room temperature θR at the beginning of the experiment.
Record θR.

–10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

°C

Fig. 3.1

θR = ........................................................ [1]

(b) • The student pours 200 cm3 of hot water into a beaker. He places a thermometer in the
water.

• He measures the temperature θ of the hot water in the beaker.

• He immediately starts the stopclock and continues recording the temperature of the
water every 60 s. The temperature readings are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1

t/ θ/
0 95
89
85
81
78

(i) Complete the time column in Table 3.1. [1]

(ii) Complete the column headings in Table 3.1. [1]

(c) • Calculate the decrease in temperature Δθ1 during the first 120 s.

Δθ1 = ..............................................................

• Calculate the decrease in temperature Δθ2 during the last 120 s.

Δθ2 = ..............................................................
[1]

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(d) (i) Tick the box to show your conclusion from the results in (c).

The average rate of cooling is greater in the first 120 s than the average rate of
cooling in the last 120 s.

The average rate of cooling is less in the first 120 s than the average rate of
cooling in the last 120 s.

The average rate of cooling is the same in the first 120 s as the last 120 s.
[1]

(ii) Justify your conclusion in (d)(i) by reference to the results.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(e) Suggest two ways in which the student could reduce the rate of loss of thermal energy from
the beaker in this type of experiment.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(f) Draw a diagram of a measuring cylinder being used to determine the volume of water. Show
clearly the water level and draw, with a ruler, a straight line showing the line of sight required
to obtain an accurate reading of the volume of water.

[2]

[Total: 11]

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