FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) EKIADOLOR, BENIN CITY

SCHOOL OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING AND ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY

TEW 222
WOODWORK DESIGNS, CONSTRUCTION AND FINISHING (2 CREDITS)

YEAR TWO – SECOND SEMESTER

COURSE MANUAL / TEACHING MANUSCRIPT

Prepared by:
Odugbemi W.O. & Aigboduwa S.A.

Department of Building and Architectural Technology

Academic Session: 2024/2025 (Revised)

TEW 222 WOODWORK DESIGNS, CONSTRUCTION AND FINISHING (2 CREDITS)

COURSE OUTLINES:

 Types of construction e.g. Carcass, stool and framed construction

 Purpose and types of finishing

 Safety precautions in finishing

 Creative and decorative designs (carving, wall paneling, doors, architraves, skirting
boards, inlaying marquetry and parquetry)

Objectives: by the end of the lectures, students will be able to:

 List types of construction e.g. carcass, stool and framed construction

 State the purpose and types of finishing

 Differentiate types of finishing

 Enumerate the need for safety precautions in finishing

 State the process of preparation of surface finishing

 Demonstrate creative and decorative designs (carving, wall paneling, doors, architraves,
skirting boards, inlaying marquetry and parquetry)
Content

TYPES OF WOODWORK CONSTRUCTION

Woodwork construction involves various techniques and methods to create structures, furniture,
and other items from wood. Here are some of the main types of woodwork construction:

1. Frame Construction

Light Frame Construction: Commonly used in residential building, this involves constructing the
skeletal framework of a building with wood studs and joists.

Heavy Frame Construction: Used for larger buildings, this method uses heavier timber for the
framework, such as beams and columns.

Figure 1 Adopted on from the internet

2. Log Construction

Log Cabin Construction: Utilizes logs laid horizontally and interlocked at the corners. This
traditional method is common in rustic homes and cabins.

Post and Beam Construction: Large logs or timbers are used for the main structural supports,
with smaller logs or timbers filling in between.

3. Timber Frame Construction

Traditional Timber Framing: Involves crafting joints like mortise and tenon to connect heavy
timbers without nails, providing strong and durable structures.

Modern Timber Framing: Combines traditional techniques with modern materials and methods,
often using metal connectors for added strength.
4. Panel Construction

Plywood Paneling: Uses sheets of plywood to create walls, floors, and roofs. Plywood is strong
and versatile, making it suitable for many applications.

Oriented Strand Board (OSB): Similar to plywood but made from strands of wood oriented in
specific directions, providing strength and cost-efficiency.

5. Joinery Construction

Butt Joint: Simplest form, where two pieces of wood are joined end-to-end or edge-to-edge.

Miter Joint: Similar to a butt joint but cut at an angle, commonly used for frames and moldings.

Dovetail Joint: Strong and decorative joint commonly used in drawer construction.

Mortise and Tenon Joint: Traditional and strong joint where a tenon (projection) fits into a
mortise (hole).

Figure 2 Adopted on from the internet

6. Laminated Wood Construction

Glue-Laminated Timber (Glulam): Layers of wood bonded together with strong adhesives, used
for beams and arches.

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT): Layers of wood arranged crosswise and glued together, used
for walls, roofs, and floors in modern construction.
7. Engineered Wood Construction

Particle Board: Made from wood particles and resin, used for furniture and flooring.

Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF): Made from wood fibers and resin, known for its smooth
surface and used for cabinets and moldings.

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL): Made by bonding thin wood veneers together, used for beams
and headers.

8. Prefabricated Wood Construction

Modular Construction: Building components are manufactured in a factory and then assembled
on-site, allowing for efficient and rapid construction.

Panelized Construction: Large wall or floor panels are pre-made and transported to the site for
assembly.

Figure 3 Adopted on from the internet

9. Carpentry

Rough Carpentry: Focuses on the structural elements like framing, roofing, and subflooring.

Finish Carpentry: Involves more detailed work like trim, molding, cabinetry, and other fine
woodwork.
10. Furniture and Cabinet Construction

Custom Furniture Making: Involves designing and creating one-of-a-kind pieces tailored to
specific needs and preferences.

Cabinetmaking: Focuses on the construction of cabinets and built-in furniture, often using
advanced joinery techniques and high-quality finishes.

Each type of woodwork construction has its own set of techniques, tools, and applications, suited
to different projects and requirements.

Figure 4 Adopted on from the internet

Carcass construction

Carcass construction refers to the fundamental framework or structure of a piece of furniture,

often found in cabinets, dressers, and similar items. This construction forms the skeleton of the
furniture piece, providing support and shape. Here are key aspects of carcass construction:

Materials

Solid Wood: Traditional and durable, offering a classic appearance.

Plywood: Made of thin layers of wood veneer glued together, providing strength and resistance
to warping.

Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF): Made from wood fibers glued under heat and pressure,
offering a smooth surface ideal for painting.

Particleboard: Made from wood particles and resin, less durable but cost-effective.

Components

Sides (End Panels): Vertical elements forming the sides of the carcass.

Top and Bottom: Horizontal elements providing stability and shape.

Back Panel: Adds rigidity and can be used for attaching the piece to a wall.

Shelves and Dividers: Internal horizontal and vertical elements that provide storage and
organization.
Construction Techniques

Joinery

Dovetail Joints: Strong and interlocking, commonly used in drawer construction.

Mortise and Tenon: Traditional and sturdy, often used in framing.

Rabbet Joints: Simple and effective, with one piece fitting into a groove in the other.

Dado Joints: Used for attaching shelves, with a slot cut into one piece to accept another.

Fasteners

Screws: Provide strong, adjustable joints.

Nails: Quick and easy but less sturdy.

Dowels: Wooden pegs providing invisible, strong joints when glued.

Adhesives

Wood Glue: Essential for most joints to add strength.

Epoxy: Used for extra strength in critical areas.

Design Considerations

Load-Bearing Capacity: Ensuring the carcass can support the intended load.

Aesthetics: Balancing structural needs with design preferences.

Functionality: Incorporating shelves, drawers, and compartments as needed.

Durability: Choosing materials and joinery that will withstand usage over time.

Assembly

Cutting: Precise cutting of panels to size

Sanding: Smoothing edges and surfaces for a finished look.

Joining: Assembling the panels using chosen joinery and adhesives.

Finishing: Applying veneers, paint, or varnish for aesthetics and protection.

Applications

Kitchen Cabinets: Often use plywood or MDF with various joinery techniques.

Bookshelves: Require strong shelves and stable sides to support weight.

Wardrobes: Large carcasses with multiple compartments for storage.

Office Furniture: Desks, filing cabinets, and storage units with a focus on durability and
functionality.

Understanding these principles is essential for anyone involved in woodworking, furniture

design, or interior design, as it impacts the durability, functionality, and aesthetics of the final
product.

TYPES OF WOOD FINISHING

Wood finishing enhances the appearance and durability of wood surfaces. There are various
types of wood finishes, each with distinct properties and applications. Here are some common
types:

1. Stains

Stains add color to the wood without covering the natural grain. They come in oil-based, water-
based, and gel forms.

Oil-Based Stains: Deep penetration, rich color, longer drying time.

Water-Based Stains: Quick drying, easy cleanup, less odor.

Gel Stains: Thick consistency, minimal blotching, good for vertical surfaces.

2. Varnishes

Varnishes provide a hard, protective topcoat with a glossy, semi-gloss, or satin finish.

Polyurethane Varnish: Durable, resistant to water and chemicals, available in oil-based and
water-based forms.

Acrylic Varnish: Water-based, less toxic, good for indoor use.

Figure 5 Adopted on from the internet

Varnish on Wooden Staircase

3. Lacquers

Lacquers offer a durable, high-gloss finish that dries quickly.

Nitrocellulose Lacquer: Quick drying, easy to apply, not very durable.

Acrylic Lacquer: More durable, better UV resistance, retains clarity over time.
 Figure 6 Adopted on from the internet

Lacquers on Wood

4. Shellac

Shellac is a natural resin dissolved in alcohol, providing a warm, amber finish.

Advantages: Fast drying, easy to repair, good for historical restorations.

Disadvantages: Less durable, not water-resistant.

Figure 7 Adopted on from the internet

Shellac

5. Oil Finishes

Oil finishes penetrate the wood, enhancing its natural beauty and providing a hand-rubbed look.

Tung Oil: Water-resistant, durable, deep penetrating.

Linseed Oil: Easy to apply, enhances grain, less durable than Tung oil.

Figure 8 Adopted on from the internet

Oil Finishes
6. Wax

Wax finishes provide a soft, natural look and feel.

Advantages: Easy to apply, enhances texture, pleasant scent.

Disadvantages: Less durable, requires frequent reapplication, not water-resistant.

Figure 9 Adopted on from the internet

Wax Finishes

7. Penetrating Finishes: Penetrating finishes soak into the wood, offering protection from
within.

Danish Oil: Combination of oil and varnish, durable, easy to apply.

Teak Oil: Good for dense woods, enhances natural oils in the wood.

8. Water-Based Finishes: Water-based finishes are eco-friendly options that provide a clear,
non-yellowing finish.

Advantages: Low odor, quick drying, easy cleanup.

Disadvantages: May raise wood grain, less durable than some oil-based finishes.

9. Conversion Varnish: A durable, chemically-cured finish used in high-end applications.

Advantages: Extremely durable, chemical-resistant.

Disadvantages: Requires professional application, complex process.

10. French Polish: A traditional finishing method using shellac, known for its high-gloss,
smooth finish.

Advantages: Beautiful, high-gloss finish, enhances wood grain.

Disadvantages: Labor-intensive, less durable, not water-resistant.

11. Epoxy

Epoxy finishes are thick, clear coatings that provide a high level of protection.

Advantages: Durable, water-resistant, thick, glossy finish.

Disadvantages: Difficult to apply, long curing time, expensive.

Each type of wood finish has its unique characteristics, making it suitable for different
applications and desired outcomes. Selecting the right finish depends on factors such as the wood
type, intended use, and aesthetic preferences.

PURPOSE OF WOOD FINISHING

Wood finishing serves several important purposes:

Protection: Finishing provides a protective layer that shields wood from environmental damage,
such as moisture, UV rays, heat, and abrasion. This helps prevent warping, cracking, and other
forms of deterioration.

Aesthetics: Finishing enhances the natural beauty of the wood by bringing out its grain and color.
It can also add color through stains or dyes, allowing for a wide range of decorative possibilities.

Surface Smoothness: Finishing smoothes the wood surface, making it pleasant to touch and
reducing the likelihood of splinters. This is particularly important for furniture and other items
that come into direct contact with people.

Durability: By sealing the wood, finishes increase the durability of the wood product, extending
its lifespan and maintaining its structural integrity over time.

Ease of Cleaning: A finished surface is easier to clean and maintain. Dust, dirt, and stains are less
likely to penetrate a sealed surface and can be wiped away more easily.

Chemical Resistance: Certain finishes can provide resistance to chemicals, making the wood
more suitable for environments where it might be exposed to harsh substances.

Functional Enhancements: Specific finishes can add functional properties such as fire retardance,
slip resistance, or anti-microbial characteristics, depending on the intended use of the wood
product.

Overall, wood finishing is essential for both the protection and enhancement of wood, ensuring it
remains functional, attractive, and long-lasting.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN WOOD FINISHING

Wood finishing involves various processes and materials that can pose safety risks. Here are
some essential safety precautions to follow during wood finishing:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Safety Glasses or Goggles: Protect your eyes from dust, debris, and chemical splashes.

Respirator or Mask: Use a mask or respirator to protect your lungs from inhaling dust and toxic
fumes. Make sure the respirator is appropriate for the materials you're using (e.g., organic vapor
cartridges for solvents).

Gloves: Wear gloves to protect your skin from chemicals and solvents. Nitrite or latex gloves are
often suitable for this purpose.
Protective Clothing: Wear long sleeves and pants to minimize skin exposure. Consider a
disposable coverall if you're working with particularly hazardous materials.

Ventilation

Work in a Well-Ventilated Area: Ensure good air circulation to disperse fumes. Open windows
and doors, and use fans if necessary.

Local Exhaust Ventilation: Use a fume extractor or a downdraft table to remove fumes at the
source.

Fire Safety

Avoid Sparks and Flames: Many wood finishes are flammable. Keep your work area free from
open flames, sparks, and smoking materials.

Proper Storage of Flammable Materials: Store solvents and finishes in appropriate, labeled
containers, away from heat sources.

Fire Extinguisher: Keep a fire extinguisher rated for chemical fires (Class B) nearby.

Handling Chemicals

Read Labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS): Familiarize yourself with the hazards and proper
handling procedures of the materials you are using.

Proper Disposal: Dispose of rags, brushes, and other materials that have been soaked in
flammable finishes in a metal container with a tight-fitting lid. Some materials can spontaneously
combust.

Dust Management

Dust Collection System: Use a dust collection system to minimize airborne dust.

Regular Cleaning: Clean up dust regularly to reduce the risk of inhalation and fire.

Work Practices

Follow Manufacturer’s Instructions: Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the use
and application of wood finishes.

Avoid Overexposure: Take regular breaks to limit your exposure to fumes and dust.

Keep Workspace Organized: A tidy workspace can help prevent accidents.

Emergency Preparedness

First Aid Kit: Keep a first aid kit readily available in your workspace.

Emergency Contact Information: Have emergency contact numbers easily accessible in case of
accidents.
By following these safety precautions, you can minimize the risks associated with wood
finishing and create a safer working environment.

Preparation of Wood Surfaces for Finishing

Preparing wood surfaces for finishing is a critical step in ensuring a high-quality and durable
finish. Here are the detailed steps involved in preparing wood surfaces for finishing:

1. Inspection and Cleaning

Inspect the Wood: Check for any defects such as cracks, knots, or resin pockets. Decide if these
need to be filled or if the piece should be replaced.

Clean the Surface: Remove any dust, dirt, or grease. Use a damp cloth for dust and a degreaser if
necessary.

2. Sanding

Start with Coarse Grit Sandpaper: Use a coarse grit (60-80) to remove any rough spots or saw
marks. Always sand in the direction of the wood grain to avoid scratches.

Progress to Medium Grit Sandpaper: Move to a medium grit (120-150) to smooth out the surface
further.

Finish with Fine Grit Sandpaper: Use a fine grit (180-220) for the final sanding. This helps
achieve a smooth surface ready for finishing.

Use Sanding Blocks or Power Sanders: To ensure even sanding, use sanding blocks for hand
sanding or power sanders for larger areas.

3. Filling Holes and Gaps

Wood Filler: Apply wood filler to any holes, cracks, or imperfections. Allow it to dry completely
according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Sand the Filled Areas: Once the filler is dry, sand the areas smooth with fine-grit sandpaper.

4. Final Cleaning

Remove Sanding Dust: Use a vacuum or a tack cloth to remove all sanding dust from the surface.
Dust can interfere with the adhesion and appearance of the finish.

5. Conditioning (Optional)

Wood Conditioner: Apply a wood conditioner to softwoods or blotchy woods like pine or maple.
This helps the wood absorb the finish evenly.
6. Testing the Finish

Test on Scrap Wood: Before applying the finish to your project, test it on a scrap piece of the
same wood. This ensures you achieve the desired color and sheen.

7. Applying the Finish

First Coat: Apply the first coat of your chosen finish (stain, varnish, oil, etc.) following the
manufacturer’s instructions.

Sand between Coats: Once the first coat is dry, lightly sand with very fine grit sandpaper (320 or
higher) to remove any imperfections and ensure a smooth surface for the next coat.

Subsequent Coats: Apply additional coats as needed, sanding lightly between each one.

8. Final Touches

Buffing: After the final coat is dry, buff the surface with a soft cloth or steel wool (0000 grade)
for a smooth, polished finish.

Inspect the Finish: Check the surface for any missed spots or imperfections and touch up as
needed.

By following these steps meticulously, you ensure that the wood surface is properly prepared for
finishing, leading to a professional and durable result.
 Wood Creative and Decorative Designs

Creating wood-based decorative designs can add warmth, elegance, and a natural touch to any
space. Here are some ideas and tips for wood creative and decorative designs:

1. Wall Art

Wood Panels: Create a statement wall with reclaimed wood panels arranged in geometric
patterns or herringbone styles.

Wooden Wall Sculptures: Use carved wood pieces to form intricate designs, nature motifs, or
abstract shapes.

Wooden Photo Frames: Handcraft wooden frames with unique finishes, such as distressed or
stained, to showcase your favorite photos or artworks.

Figure 10 Adopted on from the internet

Wall Art

2. Furniture

Custom Tables: Design dining or coffee tables with unique wood slabs, incorporating live edges
to highlight the wood’s natural beauty.

Shelving Units: Build floating shelves or bookcases with creative shapes, like honeycomb
patterns or asymmetrical designs

Wooden Benches: Create benches with detailed carvings or combine wood with metal for a
modern rustic look.

3. Lighting

Wooden Chandeliers: Design chandeliers using driftwood or intricately carved pieces of wood
for a rustic charm.

Lamp Bases: Use turned wood for lamp bases, combining different types of wood for a striking
contrast.
Wall Sconces: Create wall sconces with wood backplates, adding a warm glow to hallways or
living rooms.

4. Decorative Accents

Wooden Bowls and Vases: Turn wood into functional and decorative items like bowls and vases,
perfect for centerpieces.

Wooden Coasters and Trivets: Carve or laser-cut wood into intricate designs for coasters and
trivets.

Picture Frames: Design frames with intricate carvings or inlays for a personalized touch.

5. Outdoor Designs

Garden Furniture: Create sturdy and stylish outdoor furniture, such as Adirondack chairs or
picnic tables.

Wooden Planters: Build large wooden planters for garden spaces, adding trellises for climbing
plants.

Pergolas and Gazebos: Construct wooden pergolas or gazebos to provide shaded areas in gardens
or backyards.

6. Functional Art

Wooden Clocks: Design wall clocks with unique shapes and wood grains, making each piece a
focal point.

Serving Trays: Craft serving trays with beautiful wood patterns, incorporating handles made
from metal or leather

Wooden Utensils: Carve spoons, spatulas, and other kitchen utensils from durable hardwoods.

7. Mixed Media

Wood and Resin: Combine wood with resin to create stunning tables, coasters, or decorative
pieces with a unique blend of natural and synthetic materials.

Wood and Metal: Incorporate metal elements into wood designs, such as metal legs for tables or
decorative metal inlays.

Techniques and Tips

Finishing: Use different finishes like varnish, oil, or wax to enhance the wood’s natural grain and
protect it.

Joinery: Experiment with various joinery techniques like dovetail, mortise and tenon, or finger
joints for both functional and decorative purposes.

Tool Selection: Utilize a range of tools from hand tools (chisels, hand saws) to power tools
(routers, lathes) depending on the project’s complexity.
Sustainability: Consider using reclaimed wood or sustainably sourced timber to create eco-
friendly designs.

Incorporating wood in creative and decorative designs can bring a sense of craftsmanship and
artistry to any space, whether through small accents or large, impactful pieces.

Wood Carving

Wood carving is a fascinating art form that involves shaping wood using cutting tools such as
knives, chisels, and gouges to create intricate designs, sculptures, or functional objects. It's been
practiced for centuries across various cultures and has evolved into many different styles and
techniques.

From small decorative items like figurines and ornaments to large-scale sculptures and
architectural details, wood carving offers endless possibilities for creativity. It requires patience,
attention to detail, and a deep understanding of wood grain and texture.

There are several techniques in wood carving, including relief carving, where the design is raised
from the flat background; carving in the round, which involves carving a three-dimensional
figure from a single piece of wood; and chip carving, where small chips of wood are removed to
create geometric patterns.

Wood carving can be a hobby, a profession, or even a spiritual practice for some. It offers a way
to connect with nature and express oneself through the medium of wood. Additionally, it's a
sustainable art form, as wood is a renewable resource when harvested responsibly.

Whether you're a beginner or an experienced woodworker, wood carving is a rewarding and

fulfilling craft that allows you to create beautiful works of art with your own hands.

Figure 11 Adopted on from the internet

Wood Carving

Wall Paneling

Wall paneling is a decorative and functional element used in interior design to enhance the
aesthetic appeal of walls while also providing insulation and protection. There are various types
of wall paneling, each with its unique characteristics, benefits, and suitable applications. Here's
an overview of the common types:

1. Wood Paneling
Material: Solid wood or engineered wood (such as MDF or plywood).

Styles: Shiplap, beadboard, wainscoting, tongue and groove.

Advantages: Natural look, warmth, durability, and the ability to be stained or painted.

Applications: Living rooms, bedrooms, and accent walls.

2. MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard) Paneling

Material: Engineered wood product made from wood fibers and resin.

Styles: Smooth or with decorative grooves.

Advantages: Cost-effective, smooth surface for painting, resistant to warping.

Applications: Indoor use in areas like hallways, living rooms, and offices.

3. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Paneling

Material: Plastic.

Styles: Various colors, patterns, and textures, including wood and stone looks.

Advantages: Water-resistant, lightweight, easy to clean, and low maintenance.

Applications: Bathrooms, kitchens, basements, and other high-moisture areas.

4. Fabric Paneling

Material: Padded fabric stretched over frames or adhered to walls.

Styles: Upholstered panels in various colors and textures.

Advantages: Sound absorption, soft touch, customizable appearance.

Applications: Theaters, bedrooms, recording studios, and offices.

5. Metal Paneling

Material: Aluminum, steel, or other metals.

Styles: Smooth, corrugated, perforated, or embossed.

Advantages: Modern industrial look, durability, fire resistance.

Applications: Commercial spaces, kitchens, and industrial settings.

6. Glass Paneling

Material: Tempered glass or frosted glass.

Styles: Clear, tinted, frosted, or etched designs.

Advantages: Elegant appearance, light transmission, and easy to clean.

Applications: Office partitions, bathrooms, and contemporary home designs.

7. Gypsum Board (Drywall) Paneling

Material: Gypsum plaster sandwiched between layers of paper.

Styles: Smooth or textured surface.

Advantages: Cost-effective, easy to install, fire-resistant.

Applications: Interior walls and ceilings in homes and commercial buildings.

8. Stone and Brick Veneer Paneling

Material: Thin slices of natural stone or brick.

Styles: Various natural stone or brick patterns.

Advantages: Authentic look, durable, adds texture.

Applications: Accent walls, fireplaces, and exteriors.

Considerations for Choosing Wall Paneling

Aesthetic: Choose a style that complements your interior design.

Functionality: Consider the room’s purpose and the paneling’s durability and maintenance needs.

Budget: Different materials have varying costs, so factor in both material and installation
expenses.

Installation: Some paneling options are DIY-friendly, while others may require professional
installation.

Maintenance: Consider how easy the paneling is to clean and maintain over time.

Wall paneling can significantly transform the look and feel of a space, adding texture, color, and
architectural interest. Whether you prefer a traditional, rustic, modern, or industrial look, there's a
paneling option to suit your style and functional needs

Architraves in Woodwork

Architraves in woodwork refer to the ornamental moldings installed around doors, windows, and
other openings in a building. They are a crucial element of architectural detailing, serving both
functional and decorative purposes.
 Figure 12 Adopted on from the internet

Purpose and Function of Architraves

Aesthetic Enhancement: Architraves provide a finished and elegant look to doorways, windows,
and other openings, enhancing the overall architectural style of the space.

Concealing Joints: They help cover gaps between the wall and the door or window frame,
ensuring a neat and seamless appearance.

Protection: Architraves can protect the edges of the wall from damage, such as chipping or wear,
around frequently used openings.

Types and Styles of Architraves

Architraves come in various styles, each complementing different architectural themes. Common
styles include:

Classical: Features elaborate and intricate designs, often with ornate detailing such as egg-and-
dart or acanthus leaf patterns common in traditional and historic buildings.

Colonial: Simpler than classical styles, often with subtle curves and beads, reflecting early
American architecture.

Victorian: Known for its more intricate and decorative patterns, reflecting the opulence of the
Victorian era.

Modern/Contemporary: Minimalist and sleek, with clean lines and minimal detailing, suitable for
modern interiors.
Materials

While architraves can be made from various materials, wood is a popular choice due to its
versatility and natural beauty. Common wood types used include:

Softwoods: Pine, fir, and cedar are commonly used for their ease of handling and cost-
effectiveness.

Hardwoods: Oak, maple, and mahogany offer superior durability and a richer appearance,
making them ideal for high-end applications.

Installation

Installing architraves involves several steps:

Measuring and Cutting: Precise measurements are crucial. The architrave pieces are cut to fit the
dimensions of the opening.

Joining: Mitre joints are commonly used at the corners for a neat fit. Other types of joints may
also be employed based on the design.

Fixing: The architrave is fixed in place using nails, screws, or adhesive, depending on the
material and surface.

Finishing: The wood can be painted, stained, or varnished to match the interior decor.

Maintenance

Wooden architraves require regular maintenance to preserve their appearance and longevity. This
includes:

Cleaning: Regular dusting and occasional cleaning with a damp cloth

Repainting or Refinishing: Over time, the finish may wear off, requiring touch-ups or a complete
reapplication of paint or varnish.

Repairs: Any damage, such as cracks or chips, should be repaired promptly to prevent further
deterioration.

Conclusion

Architraves are a significant element in woodwork, adding both beauty and functionality to a
building's interior. Whether in a traditional or modern setting, they play a vital role in the overall
aesthetic and structural integrity of doorways and window openings.
 Skirting Boards

Skirting boards, also known as baseboards or mopboards, are decorative and functional features
installed along the bottom of interior walls. They serve several purposes:

Aesthetic Appeal: Skirting boards provide a finished look to the room, covering the joint
between the wall and the floor. They can be simple or ornate, depending on the desired style.

Protection: They protect walls from damage, such as scuffs and marks from furniture, vacuum
cleaners, and foot traffic.

Concealment: Skirting boards can hide gaps or uneven edges where the wall meets the floor and
can also conceal wiring or cables.

Figure 13 Adopted on from the internet

Skirting Board

Types of Skirting Boards

Material:

Wood: Traditional and versatile, can be painted or stained.

MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard): Economical and easy to paint, resistant to warping.

PVC: Durable and water-resistant, ideal for humid areas like bathrooms.

Metal: Modern and sleek, often used in contemporary designs.

Styles:

Bull nose: Rounded top edge, simple and modern.

Ogee: Curved profile with an S-shape, classic and elegant.

Torus: Semi-circular profile, traditional and versatile.

Square Edge: Straight lines, minimalist and contemporary.

Installation Tips

Preparation: Measure the perimeter of the room to determine the amount of skirting board
needed. Ensure the walls and floors are clean and dry.

Cutting: Use a miter saw for precise angles, especially for corners. Internal corners typically
require a 45-degree cut on each adjoining board.

Fixing: Secure the skirting boards to the wall using adhesive, nails, or screws. Ensure they are
level and flush with the wall.

Finishing: Fill any gaps or nail holes with filler, then sand and paint or stain the skirting boards
as desired.

Maintenance

Regularly clean skirting boards with a damp cloth to remove dust and dirt. Touch up any paint or
finish as needed to keep them looking fresh and well-maintained.

Skirting boards are a small detail that can make a big difference in the overall look and feel of a
room, enhancing both its aesthetics and functionality.

MARQUETRY

Marquetry is a decorative art form that involves inserting pieces of veneer into a surface to create
intricate patterns or images. Here's a brief overview of the process and techniques involved in
inlaying marquetry:

Materials and Tools

Veneer: Thin slices of wood or other materials.

Base Material: Usually a piece of furniture or a wooden panel.

Adhesives: Glues suitable for wood, such as PVA glue or hide glue.

Cutting Tools: A sharp knife or fret saw for cutting precise shapes.

Clamps: To hold the pieces in place while the adhesive dries.

Sandpaper: For smoothing the surface after the inlay is complete.

Finish: Varnish, shellac, or other finishes to protect and enhance the appearance.
 Figure 14 Adopted on from the internet

MARQUETRY

Steps in Inlaying Marquetry

Design: Start with a detailed drawing of the desired pattern or image. This can be a traditional
motif or a custom design.

Selection of Veneers: Choose veneers of different colors and grain patterns to create the design.
The contrast between different veneers enhances the visual effect.

Cutting the Veneers:

Transfer the design onto the veneers using tracing paper or by drawing directly onto the veneer.

Carefully cut out the pieces with a sharp knife or fret saw. Precision is key to ensure the pieces
fit together perfectly.

Preparing the Base:

Smooth the surface of the base material.

Apply a thin layer of glue to the base.

Laying the Veneers:

Position the cut veneer pieces onto the glued surface, fitting them together like a puzzle.

Work quickly but carefully, as the glue will start to set.

Clamping:

Once all the pieces are in place, cover the inlay with a protective sheet (such as wax paper) and
apply even pressure with clamps.

Allow the glue to dry completely.

Sanding and Finishing:

After the glue has dried, remove the clamps and sand the surface smooth.

Apply a finish to protect the marquetry and enhance the colors of the veneers.

Tips for Successful Marquetry

Practice: Start with simple designs before moving on to more complex patterns.

Sharp Tools: Ensure your cutting tools are sharp to achieve clean, precise cuts.

Patience: Marquetry is a meticulous craft that requires time and attention to detail.

Experiment with Materials: While wood is traditional, you can also use other materials like
metal, shell, or ivory for different effects.

Advanced Techniques

Double-Bevel Cutting: Cutting the veneer pieces at a slight angle to create tight joints.

Sand Shading: Using heated sand to create gradients and shadows in the veneer pieces.

Boulle Marquetry: A technique named after André-Charles Boulle, which involves cutting
through multiple layers of veneer and then using both the positive and negative pieces.

Inlaying marquetry is a rewarding craft that combines artistic creativity with woodworking skill,
resulting in beautiful, intricate designs that can enhance the aesthetic of various objects and
furniture.

PARQUETRY

Inlaying parquetry involves creating intricate patterns in wood flooring or furniture by

embedding pieces of different colored woods. This technique has been used for centuries to
enhance the aesthetic appeal of wooden surfaces.

Figure 15 Adopted on from the internet

 PARQUETRY

Steps typically involved in inlaying parquetry:

1. Design and Planning

Pattern Selection: Choose a design or pattern for the parquetry. Common designs include
geometric shapes, floral patterns, and intricate motifs.

Material Selection: Select different types of wood that vary in color and grain to create contrast
and visual interest.

2. Preparing the Base

Surface Preparation: Ensure the base surface (floor or furniture) is clean, smooth, and dry.

Base Layer: If necessary, lay down a base layer of wood or veneer to provide a stable foundation
for the inlay.

3. Cutting the Pieces

Templates: Create templates for the pattern pieces. This helps in ensuring uniformity and
accuracy.

Cutting: Use precise cutting tools, such as scroll saws or laser cutters, to cut the wood pieces
according to the templates. Each piece should fit perfectly with its neighboring pieces.

4. Fitting and Gluing

Dry Fit: Arrange the cut pieces on the base surface without glue to check the fit and make any
necessary adjustments.

Gluing: Apply wood glue to the back of each piece and place it on the base surface. Press firmly
to ensure good adhesion.

5. Sanding and Finishing

Sanding: Once the glue is dry, sand the surface to make it smooth and level. This step ensures
that all pieces are flush with each other.

Sealing: Apply a wood sealer to protect the wood and enhance its color.

Finishing: Finish with varnish, lacquer, or oil to give the parquetry a polished and durable
surface.

Tips for Successful Parquetry Inlay

Precision: Accuracy in cutting and fitting is crucial for a seamless appearance.

Patience: Take your time with each step to ensure quality workmanship.
Tools: Use high-quality tools to achieve clean cuts and smooth finishes.

Practice: Start with simple designs before moving on to more complex patterns.

Maintenance

Cleaning: Regularly clean the parquetry with a soft, dry cloth.

Refinishing: Periodically reapply finish to maintain the wood’s luster and protect it from wear.

Parquetry inlay can transform ordinary wooden surfaces into works of art, adding value and
beauty to any space.
References

Bates, C. (2017). The joiner and cabinet maker. Lost Art Press.

Benson, E., & Hughes, A. (2019). Woodworking: The complete step-by-step manual. DK
Publishing.

Hoadley, R. B. (2000). Understanding wood: A craftsman’s guide to wood technology (2nd ed.).
Taunton Press.

Joyce, E., & Newman, D. (2015). The technique of furniture making (5th ed.). Batsford.

Kollmann, F. F. P., & Côté, W. A. (2018). Principles of wood science and technology: Wood-
based materials. Springer.

Landis, S. (2013). The complete illustrated guide to furniture & cabinet construction. Taunton
Press.

Lynch, P. (2020). Wood finishing: Step-by-step techniques. Taunton Press.

Pech, S. (2018). The art of marquetry. Dover Publications.

Proulx, A. (2021). Veneering, marquetry and inlay. Guild of Master Craftsman Publications.

Walker, T. (2018). The essential woodworker: Skills, tools, and methods. Lost Art Press.