The English Reformation and The Roots of Atheism and Fundamentalism Liam Fraser Latest PDF 2025
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Atheism, Fundamentalism and the Protestant Reformation
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108427982
doi: 10.1017/9781108552141
© Liam Jerrold Fraser 2018
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2018
Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc.
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
names: Fraser, Liam Jerrold, 1986- author.
title: Atheism, fundamentalism and the Protestant Reformation : uncovering the
secret sympathy / Liam Jerrold Fraser, University of Edinburgh.
description: 1 [edition]. | New York : Cambridge University Press, 2018. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
identifiers: lccn 2018006514 | isbn 9781108448611 (pbk.)
subjects: lcsh: Reformation. | Christianity and atheism. | Fundamentalism.
classification: lcc br305.3 .f73 2018 | ddc 270.6–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018006514
isbn 978-1-108-42798-2 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
For Yvonne, Jerrold, Samantha, Theodore and Sebastian
amatus sum ergo sum
Contents
Acknowledgements page ix
Introduction 1
1 The Unfinished Reformation 16
Reformation to Revolution 17
The Civil War 31
Restoration and Restraint 35
Freethought in a Protestant Key 43
Re-Narrating Nature 56
2 Things Fall Apart 67
Dissenters and Evangelicals 69
The Gathering of Infidels 73
Origins and Ends 88
Walking Apart 94
3 An Inductive Theology 111
The Scottish Philosophy 113
An Evangelical Empire 119
The Shock of the New 128
Death in Tennessee 142
4 The Secret Sympathy 149
Contemporary Context 150
The Bible: Literal, Univocal and Perspicuous 159
Divine Activity: Disruptive and Substitutionary 173
Opposites Attract 188
vii
viii Contents
Bibliography 248
Index 266
Acknowledgements
While researching and writing this work, I have been frequently reminded
of the many debts I owe.
First and foremost, I wish to thank Nicholas Adams, David Fergusson,
Iain Torrance and Graham Ward. Nick saw the originality and utility of
this project when it was still in its genesis, and he provided invaluable
comments on a number of early drafts. To David I owe two debts. First,
he offered a number of helpful comments towards the later stages of the
project that saved me from unnecessary errors. Second, David has been a
great supporter ever since my undergraduate days, and it is to him that
I owe many of the opportunities I have been privileged to enjoy. I am also
grateful to Iain and Graham for taking the time to read my work and for
their comments on an earlier instantiation of this book.
I also wish to thank the many other University of Edinburgh staff who,
in different ways, played a role in this work’s development. In particular,
I wish to thank Zenon Bańkowski, Simon Podmore, Paul Nimmo and
Sara Parvis.
This project was made possible by a generous Arts and Humanities
Research Council award, which augmented my slender Church of Scot-
land stipend, and enabled my family and me to live comfortably during
the course of my research. For the provision of these public funds
I express my sincere gratitude.
For their support for this book, and for editorial and technical
guidance during its production, I also wish to express my gratitude to
Cambridge University Press, and especially to Beatrice Rehl and Margaret
Puskar-Pasewicz.
ix
x Acknowledgements
1
2 Atheism, Fundamentalism and the Protestant Reformation
1
Alain De Botton, Religion for Atheists (London: Hamish Hamilton, 2012), 12; Mark
Vernon, After Atheism (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 4, 7, 55–6; David Bentley
Hart, Atheist Delusions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 4, 231–2; David
Robertson, The Dawkins Letters (Ross-shire: Christian Focus, 2010), 78–83; Karen
Armstrong, The Case for God (London: Vintage Books, 2010), 290; Terry Eagleton,
God, Faith, and Revolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 53; Conor
Cunningham, Darwin’s Pious Idea (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2010), xi;
Tina Beattie, The New Atheists (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 2007), 4;
Stephen LeDrew, The Evolution of Atheism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 2.
2
E.g. Alister McGrath and Joanna Collicutt McGrath, The Dawkins Delusion? (London:
SPCK, 2007); Keith Ward, Why There Almost Certainly Is a God (Oxford: Lion Books,
2008); John F. Haught, God and the New Atheism (Louisville: Westminster John Knox
Press, 2008). Also see John Hughes ed., The Unknown God (Eugene: Cascade Books,
2013).
3
Gavin Hyman, A Short History of Atheism (London: I. B. Tauris, 2010), ix–x.
Introduction 3
4
Michael J. Buckley, At the Origins of Modern Atheism (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1987).
5
Alan C. Kors, Atheism in France 1650–1729 (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1990).
6
James Turner, Without God, Without Creed (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1985).
7
Hyman, Short History, 47–80.
4 Atheism, Fundamentalism and the Protestant Reformation
In the last few years, two other works exploring the theological impli-
cations of unbelief have also appeared. Although not an academic work –
and hence not explicitly addressing the existing literature – Nick Spencer’s
Atheists: The Origin of the Species offered a partial history of the devel-
opment of British atheism from the late seventeenth century to the twen-
tieth, and offers a number of important insights that parallel my own
conclusions.8 Dominic Erdozain’s The Soul of Doubt is similar to the
works listed previously in arguing for a religious origin for atheism, yet
traces this origin less to specific ideas than the inculcation of conscience
among European thinkers, a development that led increasing numbers of
educated people to question biblical morality, and reject the faith.9
The present work draws upon this earlier research by defending the
argument that atheism in Britain and America had a theological origin,
yet differs from it by proceeding with an alternative methodology, and a
different estimation of the factors involved. First, one feature of all of
these works is the relative absence of discussion concerning the import-
ance of biblical hermeneutics. The overwhelming emphasis is on natural
theology and science, which, while of the upmost importance, cannot
fully be separated from the scriptural interpretations they were tasked
with explicating and protecting. This oversight is related to a second issue,
the relative absence of discussion concerning the Reformation and its
aftermath. While Turner undertakes discussion of Reformed theology,
its focus is more upon New England puritanism than the salient theo-
logical changes that made puritanism possible. Turner’s work also suffers
from a certain diffuseness, as his – relatively short – history attempts to
outline every reason for American unbelief. The third difference between
this and earlier works comes in the relation of history to our contempor-
ary context. All of the foregoing works, with the exception of Hyman’s
introductory text, focus on either history or the contemporary debate, so
that the insights from one area of enquiry are not brought to bear upon
the other.
This work remedies these oversights in a number of ways. First, it
focuses on both biblical hermeneutics and science and natural theology,
and stresses their interrelatedness. Second, it pushes back the origins of
British and American atheism to the English Reformation. Third, it relates
the historical to the contemporary, stressing the continuities between
8
Nick Spencer, Atheists: The Origin of the Species (London: Bloomsbury Continuum,
2014).
9
Dominic Erdozain, The Soul of Doubt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
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