DEPARTEMENT DE L'AGRICULTURE, DE L'INDUSTRIE ET DU

COMMERCE AUX INDES NEERLANDAISES.

BULLETIN
DU

JARDIN BOTANIQUE
DE

BUITENZORG.

DEUXIÈME SÉRIE.

N\ XXVII.

Dr. Th.VALETON Sr.

NKW NOTES ON THE ZINGIBERACEAE
OF JAVA AND THE MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO
 NEW NOTES ON THE ZINQIBERACEAE
OF JAVA AND MALAYA.
BY
Dr. Th. Valeton.

PART I.

§ 1. In a preceding paper on the Zingiberaceae of Java ') I gave the

results of a study of living specimens collected by myself in some woods
of West Java (mt Salak, Mt Gedeh and jungle of Depok) and in the Bot.

Gardens of Buitenzorg. Dried materials were put practically aside; and

only part of the genera was dealt with.
The following report is to contain some completions to the former
treatise, in the first place a survey of those genera then passed over and
further the result of the examination of the Buitenzorg Herbarium as to

the Zingiberaceae of Java (collections of Koorders and Backer), the Malayan

archipelago, of which the materials are still very scanty, and of the species
cultivated in the Bot. Garden.
The first part is to contain the genera Curcuma, Gastrochilus, Kaemferia
and Zingiber.
The genus Curcuma has been dealt with in a more ample way than
the other genera.
This ampleness is a consequence of the following facts. Sometime
before my resignation as a curator of the Herbarium, in 1913, Mr. Heyne,
curator of the Museum for economical Botany, applied to me for the deter-

mination of the numerous kinds of Curcuma rhizomes sold in the native

bazars and provided me with flowering materials of a good many species.
There existing already a rather extensive literature about this genus
among which the splendid pictures of Roscoe, the detailed descriptions of
Roxburgh and Wallich, the monograph of K. Schumann, the Flora of Indo-
china by Gagnepain, the Exkursionsflora of Koorders, the task seemed not a
very difficult one. It appeared however that the Javanese species were very
insufficiently known, that the majority of the cultivated species were endemic
or at least not to be' reduced to any of the descriptions or pictures existing
of asiatic species, that the keys and descriptions in Schumann's monography

') Vide Neue und unvollständig bekannte Zingiberaceae aus West-Java, Bulletin
de l'institut botanique de Buitenzorg No. 20, 1904.
 A

— 2 —
were useless for javanese species and that even the Java "Turmeric" or
"kunyit", though already described in an excellent way by Rumph and Koeniq,
had to be renamed and described again, because none of the recent descrip-
tions quoting those two authors agreed with the plant in question.
It appeared to me that from a cursory determination of the existant
material no good result was to be expected, and Mr, Heyne with his
wellknown thoroughgoingness proposed to me to lay out a culture garden,

where all available Zingiberaceae of economical interest were to be grown

and in this way to procure me living material which might be studied at leisure.

This plan was executed and proved efficient. With a few exceptions
the species of Curcuma have flowered, and far the largest part could be
examined in a living state. As might be expected the majority of the
cultivated forms proved to be new to science and many of them represented
quite new and well distinct species.
The abundance of materials induced me to study this genus in a more
explicit way than is done commonly in a systematic report,
A very appreciated complement for my study with respect to the spontaneous
growing species 1 received by the kind assistance of Mr. Beekman, Director
of the Exp. Stat, of Forestry, under whose supervision specimens of all Curcuma
species available in a flowering state were collected in the principal teak
forests of Java by Mr. Ralshoven, Assistant conservator of forests, who
acquitted himself in a very satisfactory way of his task. Some new species
and interesting information about the distribution 1 thank to his investigations.

For the knowledge of some wild growing species of the tableland of

Mt Yang am indebted
1 to Mr. Jeswiet, subdirector of the Oost-Java Agricultural
Station, who provided me with splendid living and well preserved materials.
At last I have to thank Mr. Hj. Jensen, Director of the Klaten Agri-
cultural Station for flowering material of some species, sold in the native
market of Djogja, wanting in our gardens and cultivated by himself.
Among the new species described below there are two, viz. C. Heyneana
and C. Mangga, bearing the authornames Valeton and van Zijp. This is

due to the fact that when applying for information to Mr. v. Zijp, pharmacist
in Malang, at the same time a collaborator in the scientia amabilis, a pupil
of Prof. Dr. Went in Utrecht, about a new Curcuma described by him
(1815, 340), which information was given willingly, was informed thatI

Mr. v. Zijp was since a long time occupied in growing and studying the

Curcuma species sold on the bazars. He told me that at that very moment
he was about finishing a study of the two species above named known by
the native names "giring" and "temu mangga", to be published in the
„Kruidkundig archief".
I proposed to Mr. v. Zijp to compare our studies of those two species
and to make up a description of them and baptise them in common.
Mr. V. ZijP consented and so the latin descriptions of the two above named
species which certainly belong to the best ones of the paper, are due to
our combined efforts. Also about some other species dealt with, Mr. v. Zijp

provided me with some valuable information.

§ 2. Some notes about the descriptions.

A valuable factor in the descriptions of Zingiberaceae is the colour

not only of the flower but also in some genera of the rhizome. This factor
is commonly not used in specific diagnoses, very often taken from dried

material, where colours of course are not of any use. In Curcuma and
Zingiber, however, colour often belongs to the essential diagnostical helps
and some species resembling one another very much in a dried state may
be distinguished with certitude if the colours have been noticed by the
collector (see at Z. Zerumbet). There, however, exists among botanists a certain
vagueness in the designation of colours which troubles the clearness of
the diagnoses.
In order to obtain objective designations indispensable in diagnoses I

have made use of the "Code des couleurs" by Klincsiek et Valette (Paris
Paul Klincksiek, 1908), where 720 colours arranged systematically are
indicated by ciphers.
In this "repertory" Klincksiek accepts 24 principal colours which are
obtained by dividing the spectre in 12 divisions, 4 for every simple colour
of the spectrum, to wit: red, orangered, orange, orange yellow (yellow, yellow
green, green, greenblue) blue, violet-blue, violet, violet red ; which are divided
once more each in a more pure and a somewhat nuanced state. These 24 normal
colours ("couleurs normales") are diluted ("eclaircies") into 4 degrees, making
96 new "tones" and these 120 tones are "abated" ("rabattus") by mixing
them with equal portions of black in the same way in 4 degrees. From this
proceeding result 24 X 25 = 600 colours (= 100 modifications of each
of the spectral colours) which are exposed in 24 double pages each
containing 25 colours, and numbered from 1 — 600.
Each group of 25 specimens contains one of the normal colours placed
on the left hand at the top of the page, each of the vertical columns contains
the four dilutions and each horizontal column the four abatements of the
same colour. Thus pure red is represented by number 1 ;
red, nuanced, by
number 26; red-orange by number 51; red-orange, nuanced, by number
76, orange by number 101 and 126, orangeyellow by number 151 and 176,
yellow by 201 and 226, etc. etc.

Pure red once diluted is 6, twice diluted is 11, thrice diluted 16 etc.

Pure red once abated is 2, twice abated 3 etc.

Pure red once diluted and once abated is 7, twice abated 8 etc.

Because all the numbers are distanced 1 in the horizontal and 5 in

the vertical columns, every number which ends in 1 or 6 belongs to the
 - 4 -
first, not abated, column, all those of the second, once abated range, end
with 2 or 7, all those of the 5th, 4 times abated range, end with" 5 or 0.

The hundred first numbers contain all derivations of red, gradually

more mixed with orange, unto orange, the second hundred those of yellow,

the third century all blue etc. Thus 213 is the second abatement of a
dilution of yellow 201, and because 206 is the first dilution, and 211 the
second dilution 213 is the second abatement of the second dilution of yellow.
In this series the much diluted tinges are scantiy represented. Therefore
another 120 numbers, 5 on each page, are added indicating the very bright
tinges, the first of which, on the first column, is derived from the normal
colour and has the same cipher as the most diluted one of that column,
augmented With a zero, so the 4th dilution of red is 5, the fifth is 05,

the. 4 that follow are dilutions of the second abatement of that colour,

their gradations indicated by the letters A. B. C. D. Thus 3 D is a dilution

of the second abatement of red.

For those of my readers to whom this booklet is not available 1 give

here a survey of the numbers and names used in the "Chromotaxia" of

Saccardo, comparing them with some of the most important ciphers, derived
from the "Code", used in this treaty.

I. Red and brown colour. (1 — 100. The pure red colours,! and
Code)..

26, with their dilutions are wanting in Saccardo. They occur however in
the fruiting spikes of Zingiber species.
Ruber, Red, Sacc. 14 is orange-red, Cod. 76, 81, and related tinges.
Miniatus, Scarlet, Sacc. 15 is very near to Cod. 68 = twice diluted orangered.
Incarnatus, Flesh-colored, Sacc. 16, is about 96 = fourtimes diluted
orangered. Ro^eus, Pink, Sacc. 17, is about 21, fourth dilution of pure

red, but there are also many dilutions of red violet, which may be named
"pink" or "rose-coloured" e.g. 596 and related colours. Testaceus, brick-
coloured, Sacc. 18, is about 87 = red-orange once abated, twice diluted;
and numerous related colours. Latericius, brick-coloured, Sacc. 19 is the
same once more abated = 88. Badius, Bay, Sacc. 20 = 59. Castaneus,
chestnut coloured, Sacc. 10, = 54 and 78.

II. Orange .colours, (101 —200 Code).

Aurantiaciis, orange-coloured, Sacc. 21=126 and 131. Luteus, egg
yellow, Sacc. 22=151. Flavus, yellow, Sacc. 23= 176. Ochroleucus,
yellow-whitish, 28=166. Ochraceus, ochre-yellow, Sacc. 29 = 136 and 141.

Cremens, cream coloured, Sacc. 27=171 (diluted). Stramineus, Straw

colored Sacc. 26 = 0196. Here belong also most tinges brown L^mörmus. of :

Umber. Sacc. 9 = 128 and 133. Isabellinus leather coloured, Sacc. 8=127.
Avellaneus, drab, Sacc. near 147. Fulvus, Tawny, Sacc. 32 = 112.
7,

Ferrugineus, Rusty, Sacc 31 = 107. Mellens, amber coloured, Sacc. 30 =

182. Ater, blackish, Sacc. 4=124 Olivaceus, olive green, Sacc. 39= 180.
 — 5 —
Fuligineüs, sooty Sacc. 11 — 154 and 455, and Fumosus, smoky, Sacc. 6
the same colour, but very much diluted.
III. Yellow colours (201 300). CiY/-/nus — = lemonyellow Sacc. 24 = 201,
pure yellow-Su//7/2U/'£i/s-brimstoneyellow Sacc. 25 = 226, second yellow-
Flavovireus Sacc. 33 = 251, green-yellow.
IV. Green colours; (301 — 400): Viridis Sacc. 35 = 301 and 326, pure
green. Prasinus, smaragdine Sacc. 36 = 31 \-Aerugineiis, verdigris = 336 and
341, resembles also 366, 397, 353 D. This color with different tinges occurs -

in young rhizomes of C. aeruginosus.-Atrovirens, Darkgreen Sacc. 34 is the

deepest abatement of green 330. Glauciis, seagreen Sacc. 38 is about 378 A.
V. Blue colours; (401—500): Cyaneus, brightblue, Sacc. n. 41 . is not as
pure as 401 and 426.- Caeruleus, pale blue Sacc. 42 = 411.- Caesius,
eyeblue is 428 B and 428 C, both dilutions of the 'second abatement of
pure blue. Atrocyaneus, prussian blue, Sacc. 40 = 430, fourth abatement
of the second pure blue, but 455 and 480, abatements of violetblue answer
as well.- Plumbeus, lead coloured Sacc. 44 = 423.- Ardesiacus Sacc. 45 = 425.
VI. Violet colours (501 —600). Violaceus, violet Sacc. 47 is 512 (once
abated, twice diluted violet, while the more pure purple tinges 501 — 521 and
526 — 546 are wanting in SAGCARDO)-Atroviolaceiis, darkviolet Sacc. 46 is

about b28-Vinosus, vinous, Sacc. 50 is one of many tinges of red violet,

551 etc.- Lividus, livid Sacc. 49 = 5d7-Lilacinus, lilac Sacc. 48 a very
light pure violet 0546-Purpureus, blood-coloured Sacc. 13 = 576, red-violet.
Atropureus, Dark purple. Sacc. 12 is a much abated red-violet = 554, etc.

Curcuma Linn. ').

Linn. Musa Cliffortiana (1738), excl. description.

§ 1. Diagnose. This genus is perfectly defined by two of its characters,

viz. the Structure le. of the staminal apparatus and 2e. of the inflorescence.
The inflorescence is a strobilaceous spike consisting of numerous large
concave bracts adnate with the lower half of their inner margins to the

backs of those immediately above and forming pouches which contain two
to seven flowers each, embraced laterally by their membranaceous cymbiform
bractlets and composing a sessile cicinnus, the flowers of which expand
successively. The uppermost bracts of the spike are longer than the mean
bracts and differently coloured while some of the top ones are always sterile.

') According to Dryander (1793, 212), the definition of Curcurma given by LiNNAEUS
in Musa Cliffortiana (1736) and in Gen. Plant, (1797), etc. does not refer to the two
species named in spec. PI. (1753) but to the figure of Rheede (1692, 11 t.ll), repre-

senting: Kaemferia pandurata L. Therefore Curcuma L. is strictly speaking a synonym

of Kaemferia. But Linnaeus comprehended under this name also C. longa and other
true species of the genus, and therefore the name Curcuma may be retained, under
refutation of the description.
 An analogous inflorescence is only to be found in Hitchenia.

The staminal apparatus consists of the stamen accompanied on either

side by a petaloid staminodium, connate sideways with the filament near
its base, and of the labellum which is applied and a little adnate with its

margins to the edges of the staminodes and consists of a large petaloid

obovate or almost circular disk with a thickened longitudinal bar in the

center, and of which the side parts are erect so as to form a wide channel
while the small endlobe is more or less protruded or recurved.
The structure of the stamen is very characteristic (see page 24). The filament
is short and broad, constricted at the top and attached to the back of the connective
in such a way that the anther is versa/Z/e. The thecae are parallel, contiguous,

but embracing the style between them, linear, straight or bent backward along
the base of the anther, dehiscent in front and having very thick and fleshy
back- and sidewalls, from which are springing in most of the species the short

or long awlshaped spurs. These are however no/ essential to the diagnosis of

the genus, being wanting in a few species. Almost all authors however who
deal with this genus have considered this character as essential. On the other
side the dorsifix versatile anthers, already mentioned and depicted by
Forbes but neglected by all other authors, should be considered as
such, for they always go together with the other important characters of
the genus.
The pollen in this genus is globose, smooth, rather large and cohering
by means of a glutinous substance, not soluble in water, forming large
bandshaped rather loose pollinia

§ 2. Subdivision. In his survey of the Indian CuACMma spec, in HooK.

f. FI. Br. Ind., Baker divided the Asiatic species in three groups or sections:
Exantha, Mesantha and Hitcheniopsis. The first section contained those
species where the inflorescence was distinct from the leafstem, the second
those where the. bracts were adnate only near their base while the greater
part was extant and free ; the third those where the bracts were adnate for

a large portion of their length, while the free tips were recurved. In both
the last named sections, the inflorescence was central.

This last section was based principally on Curcuma Roscoeana, Wall

(1830 t.9), which, according to Bentham in Genera Plantarum (1 880, 643),
ought to be transferred to Hitchenia, as has been done by Petersen 1868
II 6.16. Schumann in his monography has followed Baker in the subdivision
of the genus but he added as a diagnostic character of Hitcheniopsis the
wanting of "spurs to the anthers. He takes however in this subgenus among
others C. petiolata Roxb., notwithstanding this species has calcarate anthers
as may be seen in the 4 figures quoted by himself, and, according to Hooker
(Bot. Mag. 5431), the bracts are adnate to the middle, not to the top. His
diagnose of the subgenus is therefore of no use, the more so because also
 — 7 ~
the primary character based on the proportion of the adnate part of the
bracts to the free parts is very vague and practically useless.
The species combined in this group by Schumann, following Baker,
Ridley and Gagnepain, are very heterogeneous, and some of them manifestly
are wrongly placed in this genus. They are:
C.petiolata, Roxb., C. cordifolia, Wall., C, Roscoeana, Wall., C. parvifolia,
Wall., C. alismatifolia, Gagn., C. sparganifolia, Gagn., C. gracillima, Qagn.,

C. Kunstleri, Baker, C. lanceolata, Ridl., C. sylvestris, Ridl.

Having been able to examine some of them in a living state, other

ones by specimens, and some ones from the excellent plates

Herbarium
and descriptions Wallich will shortly review these.
of 1

and 2. The first name^d species: C. petiolata, Roxb, diwd C. cordata,

I

Wall, considered as synonyms by Baker and K. Schumann, are true Curcuma-

species, showing all principal characteristics of the genus.
3. C. Roscoeana, Wall, has some resemblance with Curcuma in the

(adnate?) pouch-forming bracts and the versatile anther with a short filament.
But here the resemblance ends and the differences are as follows:
Spike: No coma, all bracts rigid, red, erect with a much recurved top
(free, according to Wallich, except at the broad base, adnate with the
edges, according to Baker).
Petals: Dorsal lobe not cucullate.
Staminodes: ovate, subdistant, not connate with the filament.
Labellum: simple, not lobed, not concave, with two elevated lines in

the center, including a median groove.

Anther: Terminal, articulate to the filament with a broad base;
thecae distant much shorter than the large connective which ends in a
membranaceous, ciliate crest.

Decidedly this is not a Curcuma. Perhaps Bentham was right in reducing

it to Hitchenia, but the essential characters of that genus are still very
vague.
4.. C. parviflora. Wall. Here the spike certainly resembles much that of
a true Curcuma, for there is a distinct, white coloured coma, the fiowerbracts
seem to be connate, forming true pouches and the flower, resembles that
of Curcuma by the enlargened faux and subfornicate dorsal petal.
Still I think the Curcuma are wanting.
most important characters of
The petals converge behind the stamen and staminodes. The latter ones are
free from the filament and seem to be placed in an exterior cycle. The
labellum is patent, recurved, not lobed not concave, without erect side parts
and central bar, but also without a median groove.
Anther: terminal subarticulate and nutant with a broad base, very short
thecae (opening by pores?) and a very large fleshy connective prolonged
into a considerable crest.
 - 8 —
Moreover the habit is that of a Gastrochilus and the violet lip with

radiating white lines shows more relation to that genus than to Curcuma.
At all means it is to be excluded from Curcuma.
5 C. alismatifolia Gagnep. ! 1908, 57 (v.s. Herb, mus Paris 343) has
at first look a rather striking resemblance to a true Curcuma because of
the long pink coma lobes. On the other hand it resembles C. parvifolia
by the violet colour of the labellum and the shape of the bracts, both rather
different from a true Curcuma. The central furrow in the lip points also
more to a Gastrochilus then to a Curcuma but it reminds C. Roscoeana.
The stamen differs as well horn thai oi C. parvi/lora as irom a true Curcuma.
The narrow parallel thecae of the rather long crested anther are attenuate

at their base into a kind of spurs and the connexion with the filament is

at the backside nutant. The pointed thecae

near the base, probably it is

remind some species Curcuma meraukensis.

of Gastrochilus, but also
6. C. sparganifolia Gagnep.! 1908, 59 (v.s. Herb, mus Paris, 30). Here

the bracts of the spike are quite free one from another and herein they
differ essentially from those of Curcuma. The anther with the shortly pointed

thecae, is evidently terminal. The staminodes are free from the filament.
The labellum is entire, orange-coloured in the centre.
7. C. gracillima Gagnep.! 1908, 59 (v.s. in Herb, mus Paris, leg. Pierre

and Harmand.) Here the bracts are all alike, erect, with extant subacute
tips. The anther is not spurred, shortly crested, wether it is terminal or

versatile is unknown.

The lip is bibbed. Colour unknown.

The three last named species have in common a very curious peculiarity :

The stylodes at the bottom of the flower are failing; at least they are not
to be observed in the dried flower, as was stated by Gagnepain and as 1

could persuade myself by examining flowerbuds of th-e above cited materials.

This peculiarity was never observed in any species of the Order, except

by Gagnepain in Kaemferia cuneata, Gagn. (1905, 546) a species very near

to K. elegans. I, however, am almost sure' that if living materials were

examined, these organs, either very small or connate with other organs,
would be found. Now I think it a very important circumstance, communicated
by Wallich that in the living flower of C. /?oscoéana the stylodes or nectaries
are exceedingly small and only are to be traced by their yellow colour.
Undoubtedly this shall prove to be the case in the above named species,
and it evidently indicates a certain relation between the three here named
species and C. Roscoeana.
8. C. sylvestris, Ridl (1893, 73) (v.s. Herb, mus Paris ex herb. Pierre!)
Slender creeping rhizome. Scape accompanied by a solitary leaf. Flower
resembling that of a Gastrochilus with terminal anther, with a recurved
violet crest, and an emarginate lip with a yellow central spot and violet
 — 9 —
streaks on the lobes. Evidently no Curcuma, most probably a Gastrochilus,
though reduced by Ridley to Hitcheniopsis.

9. Curcuma lanceolata, Ridl. 1908, 22. In this badly known species

the bracts are ovate, green; the anther is terminal, the staminodes are much
smaller than the coroll lobes. Lip white, apex yellowish, sides barred crimson.
Evidently no Curcuma. Probably a Gastrochilus.
10. Curcuma Kunstleri, Baker (v.s. comm. e Temanggo
Herb. Perak,
leg. Ridley!; v. v. cult, in Hort. Bog. olim missa ex Singapore! sub „Kaem-
feria spec").
The study of living specimens of this species persuaded me that its
ranging in Curcuma is a perfect mistake brought about by a superficial

likeness of the spikes in dried specimens. Really it does not possess one
single characteristic of this genus, as I have discussed below (see under
Gastrochilus).
I believe I may conclude from this review, that the 10 species of
Hitcheniopsis do not constitute a natural group. Two of them C. petiolata

and C. cordifolia are true Curcuma species. The remaining eight have
in common the more or less strobiliform inflorescence, which however shows
a rather different construction in the single species, the terminal anther
(perhaps with exception of C. sparganifolia and C. alismatifolia), and the
wanting of spurs to the connective.

Provisionally I think they must remain together forming a rather dubious

group, Hitcheniopsis, which might be put as an Appendix to Gastrochilus.
None of them occur in the Archipel.

As to Curcuma petiolata, Roxb. which is cultivated in Java and of which

I examined living specimens, I found them different in some characters from
the Curcuma type. This species is very nearly related to a recently discovered
species: C. aurantiaca, van Zijp, conspicuous by the absolute wanting of the
spurs. Together they form a very natural group, being distinguished from
the other Javan species by several mora or less important characters.
The most important of these consists of the structure of the anther
(compare page 25). Here the spurs are either wanting or very short, while
the thecae run down along the face of the spurs or where these are wanting,
are bent backward along the base of the anther. Moreover the anther is not
attached to the filament about the middle of its back as in the other species
but very near the base though it is dorsifix and versatile, just as
there. A second point of difference is furnished by the staminodes, which in
the main of the species are longitudinally grooved, with a complicated top so
as to be folded up under the margins of the large and hooded fornicate dorsal
lobe of the corolla. In the present species these are straight not or very
little folded, and, in the expanded flower, are larger than the dorsal lobe.
As a character of less value I consider the bracts which are very numerous
 — 10 —
and at least in the lower half of the spike are connate to a little above
their middle, and the coma-bracts which do not extend much beyond the
floral bracts.
The rather long pouches give them a superficial resemblance to

C. Roscoeana but on the whole they do not differ so much from the Curcuma type.
Studying the descriptions and plates of the numerous species of Curcuma
known till now 1 found that several of them are receding from what I consider
as the originalCurcuma type in the same way as the above named species.
Thus the genus can be divided into two subgenera which propose to call I

Eucurcuma and Paracurcuma (= Hitcheniopsis Baker ex parte). Beyond the

species named above, C. aurantiaca, C.petiolata and C. cordifolia, here belong:
C. meraukensis Val. and C. latifolia Val. (Valeton, 1913, 924 tab. 79 B. and C).
In both these species but the most distinctly in C. meraukensis the spurs
are appendages of the base of the cells and in the latter they show even
much resemblance with those of C. alismatifolia Gagn.; for the rest^flower
and inflorescence agree with that of C. petiolata.:

C. australasiaca, Hook. f. (1867 t 5620).

C. montana, Roxb. (1807 8,355.), Roxb. Cor. pi. II (1798, t 151).
These two species, as already said by Hooker, are very nearly related,
and both have a great resemblance to C. pe//o/a/a. Of the second there exists
a detailed figure by Griffith (1853, 3, 415, t. 352) and here, as seen in
fig. 3 the cell seems not to be limited by a wall below but continues on
the lower margin. Also the figure given by Roxb. shows a great resemblance
to C. petiolata.

C. longa, Bentl. and Trim, (non aliorum) (1886, 269).

Both the apparently rather good figure, drawn from a plant, flowering
in the botanical Gardens at Kew, and the description, point to a species
very different from C. longa, Koen. which latter according to Roxburgh (see
below) is the original plant of the "turmeric". The kew plant belongs
apparently to the species which according to B. and Tr. was introduced
into the English stove by P. Miller in 1759, and which might be seen at

that time (1886) in most botanic gardens. It may have given origin to much
confusion; and it seems to me quite probable that it is this species that

caused Hooker to insist on the resemblance between C. australasiaca and

C. longa.

§ 3. Survey of the Javan species of Curcuma.

A. Paracurcuma: Bracts often very numerous, connected at least partly

beyond the middle. Spike cilindrical, with comparatively short bracts of the
coma. Bracteoles small, staminodia straight, larger than the dorsal petal which
is somewhat cucuUate, obtuse or with a short concave top, not clasping
the staminodes, except in C. cordifolia Wall. Anthers attached near the
base, not or very shortly calcarate, spur not longer than a quarter of the
 — 11 —
anther, grooved on the face, as a continuation of the loculi; appendix of

the connective forming a short cup which encloses the stigma entirely or
its base. Stem short; leaves spreading, short-or long stalked, the base mostly

rounded. Ligula large, forming an ovate auricle on both sides of the base
of the petiole. Rhizome short or wanting, bulbs or tubers in groups.
C. auraniiaca, V. Zijp.
C. petiolata, Roxb.
B. Euciircuma. Bracts mostly not adnate over the middle; only in

C. colorata Val, this is the case with the lowest floral bracts. Bracts of the
coma mostly extant far beyond the floral bracts. Staminodia longitudinally
grooved, folded under the cucullate and pointed dorsal lobe. Anthers calcarate ;

spur attached with a fleshy base to the back of the cells. Connective rounded
or narrowed towards the top, not lengthened to a cup, sometimes slightly

produced between the loculi; anther attached to the filament at the back
about the middle; outer wall of the thecae prolonged at the lower end to

a small tubercle, the cell not continuous along the lower side, or in some
species of the Exantha, only as a narrow furrow, not containing pollen.
Full-grown leaves acuminate at the base, Ligulawithoutelongatedauricles.
Rhizomes lengthened, consisting of merithallia and forming lateral branches.
Fourteen species in Java, two in Sumatra.
These are combined into two sections:
I. Mesantha: Inflorescence originating from the centre of the foliate stem.

C. domestica, Val.
C. purpurascens, Va I.
C. viridiflora, Roxb.
C. colorata. Val.
C. eiichroma, Val.
C. soloensis, Val.

C. Brog, Val.
C. ochrorhiza, Val.
II. Exantha: Inflorescence originating laterally from the rhizome, non foliate.

C. Zedoaria, Roxb.
C. xanthorhiza, Roxb.
C. phaeocaiilis, Val.
C. aeruginosa, Roxb.
C. Mongga Val. et v. Zijp,
'

C. Mangga,
Var., rubrinervia, Val.
C. Mangga,
Var. sylvestris, Val.
C Heyneana, Val. et v. Zyp.
C, Lörzingii, Val.
 — 12 —
§ 4. Compendium of the characters of the genus, which are
important to the distinction of the species.
1. Stemandleaves.
The similarity of the habit and the resemblance of the leaves of the
Curcuma species is so great that it is often very difficult to see the difference
betvi^een two not flowering species even in living plants and mostly quite
impossible in the herbarium. The following points may be considered.:
1th Average height of the spurious stem or lenght of the sheaths, and
posjtion of the leaves.
2d Transition of the sheath to the petiole with the ligula.
3d Length of the petiole.

4th Shape of the leaf and average proportion between length and breadth.
5th Pubescence.
6th Colour of the leaf.

The Paracurcuma-specles are at once distinguishable from the

/.

Eucurcuma species by the shortness of stem and the more or less spreading
or pendent leaves of Gastrochilus-hablt. The lateral and central flowering
species are not distinguished by a constant character.
In both groups the stem consists of a number of white or reddish
scales, which grow in length to the centre, the innermost shaped as leafsheaths
without a blade, with a rounded and scariose-edged top, the alternate broad
sheaths of the leaves, conduplicate and imbricating at the base, form the
much flattened spurious stem. In valid specimens of all Eucurcuma-spedes
the leal^Iades are nearly erect; but generally the structure is stronger
in the lateral species and upon an average they are taller.

The outer leaves are sessile in the lateral, shortly petioled in the central
species, the petioles of the following and inner leaves are gradually growing
longer like the leaves themselves, but those of the lateral species are shorter
than those of the central species.
2. The transition of the petiole to the sheath is very uniform. Everywhere
the petiole is canaliculate and is subabruptly dilated at the base to the broad
conduplicate sheath. The ligula forms there a narrow membranous strap
on the inner side, consisting of two lobes which converge in the
middle with a '

blunt angle qr with a downward convex bow, and are

confluent on the outer side with the. broad membranous margin of the

sheath. In Eucurcuma-species the sheath passes gradually into the petiole.

In Javanese Paracurcuma-specles the margin with the ligula is elongated
upwards to an ovate lobe or auricle on both sides, which may
reach a length of 10 m.m. in C. aurantiaca. (in C. petiolata about
3 m.m. In C. domestica the margin of the sheath (including the ligulalobes)
is laterally produced but is not upward elongated. In the sessile or

short-petioled oldest leaves of all species the lobes are almost in a straight
 - 13 -
line, so as to form a circular band. The apex of the sheath (with the ligula)

is commonly ciliated at the edge, densely in C. Mangga and C. Zedoaria

and sparsely (nearly glabrous) in C. Heyneana. The characteristic differences
are only ,to the seen in young fresh leaves. They are seldom of any use
for the determination of dried materials.
3. The size of the leaf and the length of the petiole are very relative. In the

lateral species and also in some others (C. purpiirascens) the oldest leaves are

sessile and, since in herbarium material often only a few leaves are to be found,
this gives occasion to incorrect definitions (see C. aeruginosa). The petiole
increases regularly as the plants become older. It is of no use to mention the
dimensions of the leaves as commonly is done in the diagnoses unless the length
and width at least of one of the oldest and of the youngest leaves, is given.
4. Some species may be recognized by the absolute size of the leaves
(see the definitions). So Curcuma domestica has the smallest leaves among
the Eucurcuma-spec'ies known to me, rarely surpassing 400 mm. mostly
smaller.
C. xanihorhiza has the largest leaves; blade to 120Ô mm. long, the
whole plant to two meters. In C. Z^Joor/a and C. oera^/nosa the leaf reaches
at the utmost 1 meter in length.
Regarding the relative length and breadth of the leaves it is a constant

rule that the fi-rst appearing leaves of a plant are broader and with a broader
base than the later formed. Especially about the end of the rainy season
the leaves become considerably narrower. Also the last leaf under the peduncle
is much narrower and longer. The difference of the breadth in old and
young plants which is accompanied by diffence in breadth and acumination
of the base is very important especially in the Paracurcuma-specles and
leads to dimorphism. 1 have made use of this average proportion in the

description of the species, and indicated it by P. (Proportion). Some species

can be determined by this.

5. Pubescence.
Pubescent leaves as occur in some asiatic species: C. aromatica,
C. latifolia, C. cordi/olia have not yet been found in Javan plants. But in

most of the species the sheath is very finely pubescent or puberulous

while the petiole and midrib are glabrous. Only in C. sumatrana Miq. the
pubescence coniinues along the back of the petiole and base of the midrib.
Practically the blade is glabrous except the filiform caudate point which
is always more or less ciliate as are also the edges of the leaf top. When
however the upper surface of the blade is scrutinized with a very keen
lens, magnifying 12 — 16 X> linear, there are always visible very short hairs
dipersed on the parenchym in the foremorst part of the leaf sometimes
very scarce, sometimes, as in C. aurantiaca, tolerably numerous and appressed
to the parenchym, forming rows alongside of the veins.
 3

- 14 -
6. Colour. The colour of the leaves is a good character to many species.
We get with the aid of the leaves the following survey:

A. Leaves of both young and adult plants quite green without colour
on the nerves:
a. Peduncle central.

a'. Leaves rounded at the base. Ligula with an auricle on both sides
of the base of the petiole {Paracurcuma), stem short;
a^. Auricle5 — 10 m.m. long; leaves very dark-green, spreading, short-
petioled. Bracts very pale-pink and light-green : C. ai/ra/z/mca.

b'. Auricles 2 — 3 mm. long. Flowering plant to '/a meter high.

Bracts all red purple: C. petiolata.
W. Leaves always acute at the base: auricles of the ligula not laterally
produced. Stem always more than '/a m- high: (Eucurcuma)
a^. Bracts of the coma snow-white.
a^. Leaves narrow, not very large, light-green. C. domestica.
b^. Leaves large, broad, dark-geen (304 cod.) C. viridiflora.
b^. Bracts of the coma pink; sheath and ligula pubescent; leaves
broad (P = 2.5), light-green: C. soloensis

C. Brog.
C ochrorhiza.
b. Peduncle lateral.

a'. Leaves with a very long-acuminate base, relatively narrow (P —

or more), ligula and sheath-edge ciliate: C. Mangga.
b'. Leaves with a rather broad acute base, rather broad and firm
(P=:2.5); ligula nearly smooth: C. Heyneana.
c'. Leaves very large and thick pale seagreen at the backside:
C. Lörzingii.
B. Leaves with a red or purple cloud at least in the young plant:
a. Peduncle central:
a'. Hollow of the mid-rib brown-coloured exclusively on the upper side,

colour not extending over the parenchyma. Leaves of the coma

purple or pink. Brown colour of the younger leaves in old plants
mostly vanishing. Flowers white or yellow: C. colorata, C. euchroma.
b". Hollow of the mid-rib red-brown, colour passing about a little into the

parenchyma so as to form a narrow feathershaped cloud on both sides.

Flowers white with a yellow central bar of the lip : C. pyrpwrasce/zs.

b. Peduncle lateral:

a'. Brown stripe on and along the costa sometimes very dark, in young
plants; totally vanishing in old plants: C. Mangoa, var. rubrinervis

and sylvestris.

b'. Brown band and cloud persistent, vanishing only in abnormal

circumstances.
 Costa purple-brown over the whole length unto the petiole, or
greenish in the middle with a broad (totally 15 — 25 mm.) pur-
plebrown feather-shaped cloud on the parenchyma on both sides
of the costa wich is visible on the dorsal side. The first appearing

leaves often green. Rhizome light-yellow. C. zedoaria.

b^. Costa more or less green at the middle, and only brown at
the edge and outer-side.
a^. Leaves with a broad, dark-brown, rarely pale-brown spot at

and above the middle, almost quite green below the

middle : C. aeruginosa.

b^. Leaves with a narrow, dark- or pale-brown spot along

the whole costa, broadest above the middle,
a''. Very high large plant with the leaves 1 m. long. Stem
green. C. xanthorhiza.
b*. Stem dark-broWn. C. phaeocaulis.

The above mentioned differences in colour proved to me to be constant

in the different species. They, however often fade about the end of the

growing period or in less favourable growing-conditions, or quite vanish

in very bad circumstances (transplantation or injury), in those plants where
they otherwise are very characteristic.
11. Subterraneous organs.
/. Stem.
The subterraneous stem of a foliate or flowering plant generally consists

of a fleshy tuber (primary tuber or bulb) with rhizomes issuing from it. The
bulb is commonly conical, ovate or globose and when young enwrapped
by the scaly bases the leaves, when old covered with the annular
of

concentric scars of these. The annulated bulbs are not yet described in textbooks
of botanical morphology, but they come nearest to the "solid bulbs" of Crocus
and Colchicum, only they are coated merely as long as the aerial leaves
exist and afterwards become nude and annulated. Sometimes they are annulated
only at the top existing for the rest of the thickened topend of a rootstock
and may then be compared with the tuberiform rootstock of Trillium spec;

and they always remain for some time in connection with the rootstock from
which they have issued. From the buds of these bulbs the fleshy rootstocks
spring mostly in opposite rows of 2 or 3, one above an other, they are
composed of short internodes covered with appressed white membranous
nerved trigonous scales, somewhat longer than the internodes, getting scarious
and obliterating on old rhizomes. The rhizomes grow horizontally, obliquely
or even vertically according to their place of origin. They may reach a
considerable length (unto 300 mm.) or remain short, composed of but a
small number of internodes; but always they have a tendency to curve
upward and produce a new plant. Their buds are always disposed in two
 - 16 -
alternate rows and virtually every one of them has the tendency to produce
either a rhizome branch or a new plant. The secondary and tertiary rhizome
branches which spring practically from every bud, if covered with soil, are
different in length. A few of them are equal to the primary branches and
continue these after the endbud has developed into an aerial stem, forming
sympodia and side-branches but the most part suspend their growth for

some time and form rows of tubers either on each side of the principal
secundary branch or, and this is more commonly the case, on the lower
side only. These abbreviated rhizome branches are called "sessile tubers"

by most authors and a complex formed by a rhizome-member with the

adhering branches is commonly called a palmate tuber, though the disposition
of the members is not at all what is called "palmate" in the botanical
terminology, but rather "pinnate." Rumph was the first to describe the
branching of a rhizome complex and compared the branches with their
side-branches to a closed first. The latter he called „toes" (traduced by
BuRMANN into articulationes or digiti). The primary bulb he called mother-root.
The habit of the bulb and rhizome-complex are very characteristic
for any species and a most valuable help for the determination. Of no less

importance for this aim are the internal colour, the smell and the taste.
The following colours where observed in different rhizomes. The ciphers
are taken from the "Code des couleurs" by Klincksick and Valette (1908) ;

(see above page 4).

Orange-yellow to orange (151—126) C. domestica.

C. xanthorhiza.

Orange-yellow to pure yellow (156 — 161) C. purpurascens and allied

species.
Pale-sulfureus . (241—246) C. Zedoaria
(206—216) C. Brog.
(226—236) C. Heyneana.
(236—241) C. Mangga.
Pale ambercoloured (153 D) = C. Zedoaria old rhizome.
Greenish blue 386 — C. aeruginosa.
m

Pale greenish blue 396 = „ and C. phaeocaulis.

light-blue 442 = C. aeruginosa.

Key to the determination of the principal species by

their subterraneous organs.
A. Rhizomes very short or wanting; bulbs in groups together:
a Short rhizomes consisting of few limbs, bent upward, and forming
new plants, with short broad branches, forked at the top, the whole forming
a short and compact rhizome-system. Internally very pale sulfurcous:
C. petiolata.

b. Rhizomes immediately upward bent and forming new plants;- no

branches: C. aurantiaca.
 - 17 —
B. Rhizomes branching (Eucurcuma)
a. Rhizome-complex consisting of middle sized falcate, upcurved
members, merithallia, long 50 — 100 mm., horizontal and growing
obliquely downward forming a new plant at their top and on the lower
side (very rarely on both sides) a series of secondary and tertiary
branches which are at first ovate, afterwards clavate and falcate,
when young internally and externally yellow to orange-coloured
(176—156), covered with snow-white, nerved, membranous scales,
afterwards dark-grey externally; dirty-orange coloured internally:
a'. Internally orange-coloured; pendulous tubers with a yellow inner
cortex rarely quite orange: C. purpurascens.

C. viridiflora.
C. colorata.
C. soloensis.
C. euchroma.
b'. Internally lemon-yellow: C. brog.

These species are difficult to distinguish by an exactdescription of

the rhizome complex. They all are called "tis" or "tingang" on the
sundanese market. All belong to the central-flowering-species. They
are however, not seldom confounded with the lateralflowering
C. xanthorhiza.

b. Rhizome-complex otherwise.
a'. Rhizome-complex much branched, primary rhizome and rhizome-
branches straight, mostly longcontinuous in horizontal or oblique
or. vertical direction forming often on both sides, rectangularly
patent secondary and tertiary branches; terminal buds acute,
a^. Rhizomes slender and very -copiously and repeatedly branched;
rectangularly extant branches biseriate, all parts internally and
externally red-orange-yellow to miniate (151, 156, 161).
C. domestica.
b^. Rhizomes internally' light- or dark-citrine.

a^. Rhizomes long, straight, or downward bent, mostly growing

downwards and more or less clavate, with rectangularly extant
branches never upcurved except when forming new plants,

externally white, (when old light-brown), internally yellow

(226 236, 231.) C. Heyneana.

b^. Rhizomes mostly consisting of shorter members mostly upcurved
with very numerous snow-white short clavate branches, rarely
pinnate, mostly in one series on the inferior side of the branches;
internally (when young) light-citrine 236, 241, with white
bark. C. Mangga.
c^. Rhizomes irregularly branched, colour internally light straw-
yellow. C. Mangga, var.
 !

— 18 —
b'. Primary tubers large; rhizomes large and thick, mostly ventricose
terminal buds very blunt (lateral inflorescence),
a^. Tubers internally yellow.
a^. Primary tubers 100X100. rhizomes an inch thick, with few
branches, colour internally orange-yellow to miniate ;
pendulous
tubers orange coloured on the section. C. xanthorrhiza.

b^. Rhizomes thick in the middle, sometimes long, mostly short, with

rectangularly spreading, more or less barrelshaped and clavate

side-branches, in the middle thick with narrower base and top;
tertiary branches tuberous. Section when young, very pale-yellow
(231) when old light melleous-brown. Pendulous tubers very
large, internally pale sulfureous. C. Zedoaria.

b^. Tubers internally blue,rhizomesandsecondarybranchessometimes

long, ventricose, slightly upcurved or S-shaped, with rounded
top, branches not numerous, pendulous tubers numerous at the

rhizomes, internally pearl-grey,

a^. Rhizomes internally light-blue or light-green (396 and 0296);
stems green. C. aeruginosa.

b^. Rhizomes internally often sallow-yellow or green, at the top and

the buds more or less blue ; stems darkbrown ;] C. phaeocaulis.

II. Roots.
The roots which spring in a very large quantity from the bulb and
more isolated also from the rootstocks are filiform and very long. In young
bulbs they often are thickened more or less near their base, even so as to
appear almost napiform but tapering gradually and passing into ordinary
fibre roots; roots of a diameter of 5 mm. were observed e. g. in a young
bulb of C. Heyneana where they formed a dense group in the centre of the

tuber amidst a large quantity of thinner fibre roots. Upon a tuber of

C. xanthorhiza they reached a diameter of a little finger.

RuMPH describes similar roots as belonging to one species in particular,

called by him with the malayan or Javan term "tis" or "dingin" and he
compares them with the clavate pendulous tubers of the "Kuntchi" Gastrochilus
panduratum.
During the flowering period part of the fibrous roots form at their end
filipendulous or pendulous tubers. These may be ovate or pearshaped,
spindle-shaped or ellipsoidal and sometimes they pass again into fibrous

roots at their end. Their lenghth may vary between 20 mm. and 150 mm.
and their distance from the bulb from 10 mm. to 400 mm.
They are internally of a spongious or succulent or often viscous tissue
and mostly of a watery-pale pearl-colour. But often they are quite yellow
or orangecoloured internally and in other species pearl-grey with a citrine
 — Ig-
or a yellow inner cortex. Their shape and colour may be sometimes of use

for determining certain species.

It seems that in Java nowhere the amylum of these tubers is used. In

Hindostan several Curcuma-species are mentioned the root tubers of which

are used for the production of flour ("tikoor").

III. Inflorescence and flower.

1. The inflorescence originates from the middle of the foliate stem or from a
separate side-branch. In the latter case a new foliate stem springs from a side-
tubercle of the flowerbearing tuber, together with or after the inflorescence.
In the subgenus Paracurcuma the inflorescence is central. In Eucurcuma
this is only the case in a small group of species, Mesa/if/zû. In most species
the foliate stem originates laterally from the base of the flowering-stem,
Exantha. In the latter the flowering and foliate stem are enclosed at the

base by a common short white scale and both are further surrounded by
a number of closely appressed sheaths sometimes with more or less divergent
tips, open on one side, they have a rounded or blunt top with a thorny
point in the middle. On the flowering stems their number is varying from
three to ten. There are differences in their form in several species, but also
in several specimens of one species and especially in herbaria they are of
little value for determination.
The peduncle enclosed by these sheaths is perfectly similar to the
central peduncle of the Mesantha.
In both groups one or two, rarely 3 leaves are to be seen on the peduncle
and these show almost the same variations in different species. In the most
simple case they consist of more or less reduced blades without separate
sheaths and without ligula. These may remain free unto their base or adhere
with their edges to the stem, always leaving the back of the stem free so as
to form spacious pouches placed at some distance under the inflorescence ;

this distance is varying from 10 mm. to 180 mm. In most cases one or
two of these leaves take quite the form of flowering bracts; only they are empty,
larger than the flower-bearing bracts and their shape is a broad triangle.
Rarely, in the Exantha, those empty bracts are vranting and all the bracts
of the lower part of the spike are floriferous.
As has been said before, there is in this form of the peduncle no
difference between Exantha and Mesantha, In a separate inflorescence,
destitute of sheaths, we cannot distinguish the Exantha from the Mesantha
and, alas, such specimens are often found in the herbaria.
The spike is composed of bracts, whose number differs from 13 to 85.
Usually the number is not constant for a species so it may differ from 25 to ;

65 in C. purpurascens. In C.petiolata from 25—85. In C. Zedoaria there are no

more than 20 bracts, as a rule; the bracts reach then a considerable size.
 — 20 —
Theoretically the bracts are reduced leaves, partly adnate to the axis,
and their phylogenetic origin is illustrated on an extremely clear way by
the successive reductions from a normal leaf unto a bract which are to be
observed in the peduncular leaves.
Generally their form is elliptic or obovate with an ovate top, and their
lower portion from '/4 to "/s is adnate to the higher placed bracts so as
to form pouches while the free upper half forms by the upward bending
of its sideparts a sort of wide channel or gutter which continues the pouch
and the top of which is spreading or slightly recurved.
The lenght and breadth of the free portion of the bracts is the cause

of a rather different habit in several species. In dried material it is often

very difficult to state this difference.
Towards the top of the spike bracts and especially their free portions
become longer and narrower; in the same time the green colour changes
either into white or in some modicfcation of violet; generally a group of
intermedial bracts is found between these two forms. The uppermost group
forms the coma which has mostly a wider diameter than the rest of the
spike and of which the last developed bracts produce only rudimentary
or no flowerbuds.
The arrangement of the bracts is rather equal in all species and very
regular. Nearly always may be observed 5 "parastichies" running in a rather
steep curve which together contain all the bracts and of which the bracts are
contiguous ("contact-parastichies"), and besides very often a system of 3

parastichies, running in a contrary direction and thus crossing the former

ones and being likewise contiguous.
In the same species these 5-parastichies, „fünfer-Zeilen", (Schwendener),
"5-curves", (Church), run now to the right, now to the left without preference,
and the 3-parastichies (dreier-Zeilen) respectively the contrary. Tracing these
5 parastichies to their base one finds that their lowest bracts form together
a depressed spiral, seemingly a circle or whorl like that which is seen very
often in the disposition of the sepals of the dicotylédones and which is

called "aestivatio quincuncialis"; of this spurious whorl the first and second
leaf are placed outside, the fourth inside, the third and fifth half inside half
outside. Following this spiral along the surface of the spike it may be seen
that the 6th bract lies with the first in the same of the five parastichies above
mentioned, the 7th with the second, the 10th with the 5th etc. This curve
is the so called genetic spiral which contains all the bracts. According to
the number of the bracts being larger or smaller the five first bracts

(mostly including the 1—2 empty bracts) are placed in a flatter or

in a steeper spiral. The 4th always is placed somewhat higher between
the second and the first, the 5th between the third and the second, the
6th between the 4th and 3tli etc. This curve naturally is no contact-line.
 — 21 —
This arrangement of the bracts is what is called in a newer term (Church,
V. Iterson, Schoute) the 3 + 5-position.
The 4th bract being inserted between the second and first, it indicates
with the first bract one of the 3-curves (the other two are determined by
the second and 5th and by the third and 6th bract) but in the same time it

forms with the second the beginning of a 2-curve (zweier - Zeile) which,
of course, runs opposite to the 3-curve and thus runs in the same direction
with the 5-curve but forms a much lowerspiral ; the other 2-curve is determined
by the first and third bract. Mostly these are also contact-parastichies ; so
that we have in most cases a (2 + 3 + 5)-position. Following tlien the

genetic spiral it appears that also tlie 9th leaf forms with the 1st a parastichy,
the 10th with the second etc. and also the 14th with the first; these are
the 8 and 13-curves, of which there are of course resp. 8 and 13. Often
the 14th bract is quite perpendicular above the first the 15th above the
second so as to form orthostichous lines. So we have substantially a divergency

of 5/8, but the line is very seldom really an orthostichous one but is more
or less curved. In very dense spikes the 21-curves and sometimes the 34-
curves are easily to be seen and thus both nearly perpendicular lines.
A general scheme of a leaf-positon of the divergency 13/21 (3 + 5-

position with a rectangular parastichous angle) stretched out on a flat plane

is to be found in Schwendener's Mechanische Biattstellungs-theorie (1878
fig. 1.) copied in Schneider's Handwörterbuch (1905, 93) and the leaf-
position in a spike of Curcuma brog agreed perfectly with this; also in
C. purpurascens this occurs sometimes in spikes of 40— 50 bracts. Our PI. IV
fig. 1 of the young spike of a middle-sized C. purpurascens, is almost built accord-
ing^ to this scheme. Taking here an indifferent bract we see that it is surrounded
by 8 other leaves and thus the centre of 4 parastichies. So No. 9 is the
point of contact of the 5-curve: 4, 9, 14, which takes to the left — of the
three-curve: 6, 9, 12, which takes to the right, and is most conspicuous,
of the two-curve: 7, 9, 11, which does not form a complete contact and of
the 8-curve (1, 9, 17) which does not form a contact at all. When we
think these figures placed on the "Dachstuhl" of Schwendener (1, c. 13)
and we move these figures in such a way that the first and 9th separate a little

farther, then the 7th and 1 1th will approach the 9th and the two-curve will become
a contact parastichy. Then we get the 2 -f- 3 + 5-system usually occurring
in the mesantha-oi purpurascens-group. When we continue this stretching

farther, then the 4th, 9th and 14th also separate and the five-curve is
still

no more a contact-line, and we have the system 2 -|- 3. This occurs often
in very feeble spikes of the C. aurantiaca. It is thus the form of the paras-
tichous angle, which determines the shape of the spikes, and this depends
again on the number of the bracts, and the thickness of the axis. Of course
such movings in- and outwards do not happen in natura.
 — 22 —
The most frequently occurring systems are: 2 + 3, 3 + 5, 2 +3+ 5,

and 5 +
8. The first occurs in very feeble spikes of different species. It

is the regularly found leaf-position in C. Zedoaria and C. aeruginosa, where

the number of bracts is small (from 13 to 28), the axis rather slender

and the bracts with their long pouches are far apart. Here the three first

bracts form a spurious whorl, the 4th, 5th and 6th, the 7th to the 9th also,
in such a way that the 4th comes between the second and the first; the 7th
between the 4th and the 5th, etc.

The second case occurs often in the thick dense spikes of C. purpurascens
of 30 —65 bracts, however less often than the third; but it is not sure
whether in reality there is still a contact in the twocurve, only the full-
grown pouches having been observed by me. The 9th bract lies rather
exactly above the 1st, the 8th and 13th spiral are very distinctly visible;
the parastichous angle of the 3rd and 5th curves however, is very blunt.
The last case, where the lowest spurious whorl consists of 8 leaves,

which form 8 distinct contact parastichies, occurs in the very regular spike
of more than 80 bracts of C. petiolata.

2. Flower: The flower consists of the following parts:

1st: The calyx, which is about half as long as the tube of the
corolla, thin-membranous, tubular, connected very firmly at its base with
the corolla-tube and more or less dilated upwards. The upper margin is

divided into three unequal, very short teeth and dorsally cleft nearly half-way
down. The two largest teeth have a hairy small somewhat protruding crest

or are truncate, or rounded; the smallest toothlet is blunt and connected

almost entirely with one of the others. In the two Java species of Porac«/-cu/7za

they are much larger than in Eucurcuma, very unequal and rounded. More-
over the whole calyx is there hirsute; so that only by the calyx these two
species are readily recognised.

In the subgenus Eucurcuma, however, 1 have found the calyx of little

value for determination of the species. In C. euchroma and in C. Zedoaria,

for instance, 1 found specimens differing conspicuously in having the calyxteeth
now broader now narrower, shorter or longer, acute or blunt.

2d: The corolla, united with the staminal-apparatus congenitally over

its whole lenght. It has about the shape of a stalked cup (the tube with
the faux) on the margin of which (using the common expression) the three
petals are inserted and which continues inside of these into the lip at the
front and into the stamen with the staminodes at the back.
The petals are of an other, somewhat more membranous consistency
than the rest, they are confluent with the outer layers of the tube-tissue,
so they may be pulled off leaving the other parts seemingly undamaged.
Their colour is pellucid-white (C. purpurascens), pale-pink (C. viridiÛora)
 — 23 —
pink (C. xanthorrhiza) red-purple (C. aeruginosa and C. phaeocaulis.) The
dorsal one is cucullate and ends in a hollow hairy point, rarely (as in

C. aurantiaca), the flower is externally more or less hairy.

The labellum (see PI. II fig. 3 and 11) an -obovate or orbicular disc
consisting of a straight somewhat thickened middle bar ending in the dilated
and bifid endlobe which is more or less protruding and often decurved and

of the semi orbicular sidelobes upcurved so as to form a wide channel.

The outline of the lip is generally quite entire but if it is flattened

artificially there appears a fanshaped wrinkle on each side of the top, as

a consequence of the upcurling of the sideparts; sometimes however there
is an emargination on each side of the top or median lobe separating it

from the sidelobes. In C. aurantiaca this midlobe is much broader than in

the other species and of a semi-orbicular outline. Here it stands straight
out in the living plant, instead of being curved down as in most species.
In C. petiolaia it is also rather broad and has a triangular outline but it is

decurved in the living flower. The sidelobes are (when flattened) semiorbi-

cular; downwards they form another flabelliform wrinkle on either side

whereby they are separated from the lower part, which appears as a broad
and very short stalk or claw. The mid-lobe has in the flattened lip a bifid
tip of which the lobules sometimes are overlapping, and is traversed in the
middle from top to bottom by a longitudinally veined band of a firmer

structure and an orange-yellow or yellow colour (156-176), in all the species

known to me, while the lip for the rest is pale-orange, white or cream-
coloured. The mid-band is narrower than the mid-lobe and is traversed by
a number of straight vascular bundles of which mostly 6 are more con-
spicuous with an odd one between them which is divided about the middle
of the lip into two or more slender branchlets, which spread at the top
in the end-lobe. Downwards these fascicles bend outwards forming the lower
limit of the sidelobes and continue to the base of the throat. On both sides
the central bar is limited by a broad border of papillae, and in very young buds
of C. xanthorhiza there is to be seen an elevated line, on either side, which
reminds of the wings observed by Gagnepain in C. alismatifolia. The side-
lobes are traversed to the edge by a greater number of outward curved lines.

The labellum represents in the flower-diagram a combination of the

two foremost stamina of the interior whorl, (of which only one, the back-
stamen, persists as such) with one stamen of the outer whorl of which the
two staminodes represent very clearly the two dorsal ones.
For the rest there are still 3 suppositions possible:
A. The inner or petalar staminodes are abortive and the labellum in
its entirety represents the whole outer staminode (K. Schumann).
B. The middle-part of the labellum represents the outer staminode,
the side-lobes represent the two inner- or petalar staminodes.
 — 24 —
C. The labellum consists of two lateral innerstaminodes, while the odd
outer staminode is abortive (Lestiboudois and many others).

CosTERUS has recently (1915) defended the supposition B. and has

given it a new support by the examination of the course of vascular fascicles.

According to him it is the central fascicle of the labellum that represents the

abortive outer-staminode.
In the bud the margins of the lip as well as the" top are more or less
crisped and involute, forming a hood and clasping the upperpart of the
stamen in all species. This is observed by Gagnepain in C. /on^a (1908, 63).
The lip itself is quite enclosed by the staminodes with exception of the
middle part of its back, and together with the stamen and lateral petals all

are enwrapped for the greater part by the dorsal petal, which leaves only
free the base of the latter ones.

The aestivation agrees here perfectly with the fig. of Eichler, quoted
by Schumann (1904) p. 15. fig. 4, if the asterisk be substituted by the
middle-part of the labellum. According to this empiric diagram we should
come to the conclusion that both the staminal-cycli are represented in Curcuma
(supposition B.) The structure of the lip however which shows no clear
indication of not consisting of one entire piece, but, regarding the venation,
quite agrees with a staminode does not give a certain decision in favour
of one of the three suppositions, given above.

The corolla-tube and the faux are connected by a narrow slit and
separated by three hairy tufts, placed on a more or less thickened ring
and barring the access to the nectaria to unwished for visitors. The bottom
of the faux is also more or less hairy. The relative lenght and breadth
of the faux and tube cause differences in the shape of the flowers in

different species, but these are comparatively little and in most cases not
to be seen in dried material.
Above and in face of the insertion of the dorsal petal the tissue of
the faux continues in the stamen with the two staminodes (see PI. II) which
are connate with it at the base as far as 2 or 3 mm.
For the diagnosis of the species the shape of the staminodes is not
without importance. In Eucmcuma they are two elliptical-oblong or nearly
round petaloid disks, more or less convex at the inner edge, which is

contiguous with the stamen, and convex at the outer edge, thus bending
on both sides over the anther; their longitudinally folded and wrinkled tip

is crammed in and fastened by the hood of the dorsal petal (see fig. 1 and 3).

In the Javan species of Paracurcuma the staminodes are not folded up.
They are flat and the shallow hood of the dorsal petal presses slightly
against their back; their margins are overlapping behind the stamen. Here
they are velvety; in Eucurcuma always glabrous with a papillose area in
the middle only. The stamen consists in both subgenera of the short broad
filament which is narrowed upwards and passes on the back of the anther

into the narrower fleshy connective; in Euciircuma about in the middle, in

Paracurciima near the base of the anther.

The anther consists of the fleshy broad connective, ovate when seen
from the back, horse-shoe shaped on the section, and including the style,
each arm bearing a flat linear theca. Below the place of affixion to the

filament the back-wall is prolonged on either side- to an awlshaped spur

with a thickened base, while the outer wall ends downward in a small

projecting tubercle. The top of the ovate or oblong dorsal portion of the

connective is sometimes quite blunt, sometimes it is prolonged into a small

lingula projecting between the two anther cells. This is mostly yellow and
of a glandulous tissue. The apex of the style with the stigma passing

between the two anthercells is in the bud enclosed between these and the

lingula, but in the open flower it passes beyond it and is protected by the
hood of the petal only.
^ In C. aurantiaca the shape of the antlier is somewhat different. Here
the connective is also horse-shoe-shaped but the connecting portion on the
back is not ovate but linear and nearly as long as the thecae, the point of
affixion to the connective being near the base; upwards it continues behind
the top of the thecae and forms above these a small room, just large enough
to be filled out by the stigma. There are no spurs at the base but the
anther is here obliquely .truncate and the thecae continue on the lower
margin of it, bending backward with a right angle; the tubercle of the wall
is wanting. The anther is curved in the shape of a shallow C, concave on
the face. Compare PI. 11 fig. 28.
In the shape of the stamen, as well as in nearly all other traits,

C. petiolata is intermediate between C. aurantiaca and the Eucurcuina-specles.

Here the affixion of the anther is near the base, as in C. aurantiaca, but
there are short curved spurs; and the thecae continue with right angles on
the lower margin of the anther, and over the foremost surface of the spurs.
The tubercle of the anter wall is present. The prolongation at the top of
the connective is much smaller than in the former and approaches in shape
the lingula of Eucurcuma, and the stigma is somewhat projected beyond it.

The shape of the anther and of the spur is rather constant in each
species. Differences exist in the pubescence, in the lenght and width of the
thecae and of the lingula, the length of the dorsal part of the connective
and especially in the form and divergence of the spurs. Most of these are
of any use only in fresh material, e.g. the pubescence which is only conspicuous
in open flowers and the form of the spurs, which become difformed in

drying up. Only more considerable differences in the shape of the thecae
and of the appendage of the connective, can be recognized in herbarium
materials. But here only ripe buds are to be used, for in the decaying flower
 - 26 —
the stamens thicken in their central part and contract in a corkscrew fashion
while dying and so the anther gets difformed. Again if the buds examined
be too young the proportions of the anther are abnormal. So e.g. the anther
described by Gagnepain in C. longa (1908, 63) = C. domes^/cû, Val. showed
the connective almost quite loosened from the thecae which were attached
to the filament near their top. This is quite contrary to what is seen in
living flowers of that species.

3e Pistillum. The ovary is hairy in all species of Curcuma known to

me (according to Schumann this is not the case in C. /^ucor/z/za, Roxb.) and

so is the base of the calyx too. The ovules are apparently always well-
developed; on the top of the ovary are to be found the two cylindrical
nectaries or "stylodes", varying in lenght between 4—8 mm. and secreting
a large quantity of nectar, which remains stored up in the corolla-tube.
In ancient descriptions (Hooker, Bentley and Trimen) these are often
erroneously called staminodia.
The style is filiform, glabrous, runs along the back of the faux and
filament, passes between the thecae and terminates in the stigma. This is

a cup-shaped two-lipped organ with a broad transversal chink, the ciliated

lower lip of which somewhat protruded.

is

For the description of fruit and seed compare C. aurantiaca.

Fertilization.

The flower of Curcuma, as well of Eucurcuma as of Paracurcuma, is

quite fitted for pollination by insects, as also is known from the other
Zingiberaceae, and especially for cross-fertilization. In one ?,ptc\t?,(C.soloensis)
the loculi of the anthers- contain no, or a very little quantity of, pollen
connected by a narrow strip of tissue and these are for the rest filled with
mucilage. Nevertheless 1 once found pollen on the stigma of a flower of this

species. It must have been brought from the flower of an allied species, of
which many specimens grew in the neighbourhood. In our cultivated species
however the pollination happened very rarely; they flowered in the middle
of the rainy season and insect visits were very rare.

Only once during the many months in which 1 observed the flowers I

saw a green bee (probably an Anthophora) enter into two flowers of

C. euchroma, and a Xylocopa visiting flowers of Cai/ran/Zaco. Where pollination

occurs an abundant crossing may be expected between related species for
the form and construction of the flower is nearly equal in many species of

Eucurcuma. I believe, however, that fertilization is also very rare in wild growing
plants, e.g. in the very common and abundantly flowering C. purpurascens, wild
growing species belonging to the Mesaniha. For fruits never were found in any
of the spikes of central floweringspeciescollected in theteakforests. Only two
species: Curcuma Mangga, var. sylvestris (an Exanthous species) and Curcuma
aurantiaca v. Zyp (a Paracurcuma) received abundantly fructiferous spikes,
I
 — 27 —
the latter from different regious of Java. I also found twice a single fruit

in one numerous examined spikes in our cultures of this species.

of the
The pollinating-apparatus of an Eucurcuma has been rather correctly
described by H. 0. Forbes (1885, 247), with a good figure.
This is composed in the following way: (see our fig. 8 on PI. II).

As is described above each anther-cell is provided at its outer wall with

a right or curved spur of the lenght of '/a
— '/a the whole anther, the

fleshy base of which forms the back wall of the cell. Besides the lower
margin of each cell bears a small tubercle at its base at the outer side.
Just above the spur-base the anther is attached with its thick connective
to the narrowed top of the short filament which is traversed by three elastic
fibre-bundles passing into the connective; these allow the anther to rotate
on its point of attachment.
In the quite opened flower the anther lies transversely on the filament)

face upward, and in such a way that the spurs are placed precisely in the

middle of the orifice of the corolla, while the upperpart of the anther with
the apex of the style (passing in the common way between both thecae,
so that the stigma protudes a little above the anthei) is hidden in a firm

"dome" formed by the folded staminodes of which the posterior half is

clasped by the hooded dorsal petal. No insect of a mediocre size can intrude
into the flower nor reach the stigma and anther without bumping its head
against the spurs and then immedialy afterwards its back against the lateral

tubercles of the thecae. A middle-sized bee doing so moves the lever and
the entire face of the anther with the stigma are pressed firmly against the
back of the insect. The cells being very shallow the coherent pollen forms
a flat strap covered with a thin layer of mucilage. As soon as the bee,
which has entered deeply into the flower, withdraws, the anther returns in

its transversal position; the stigma first separates from the body of the

bee and then the loculi gradually from the top to the bottom but then the
top of the pollen-mass sticks tot the back of the insect, and the loculi leave

their contents in a coherent strip on the back of the insect. It is clear that

so the stigma does not touch the pollen and at all events the pollen touches
only the outer side of the lower-lip.
The bee entering into an other flower rubs along the lower lip of the

stigma and the pollen is forced into it. The construction is thus practically
perfect to make sure crossfertilization.
In C. aurantiaca the construction is similar, but very different in particulars.
The side-walls do not end in a protruded knot; the anther is attached
near the base to the filament and is erect in the normal position, but it is

a little curved, concave at the face. The entrance to the flower tube is thus
free but the body of the insect which moves along the somewhat angular
projecting base of the anther, presses the top with the stigma against its
 — 28 -
back. Here the thecae are reflexed and in the angle-point the mucilaginous wall
forms a viscouscorpuscle in function similar to the retinaculum of the Orchids.
The back of the insect entering into the flower touches this most
projecting point of the anther. When the insect comes out again it pulls
the short lever arm up and the upper part of the anther constituting the
longer arm removes gradually from its back; but with this the whole pollen
mass (see PI. Ill f. 29) gets loose from the thecae as a coherent strip from below
to above, and remains erect on the back of the insect. The (see fig.) whole
process is thus just the contrary as in Eucurcuma. While in the latter the
retiring of the anther is mechanic, and the insect looses the pollen strip
from above to below; in C. aiirantiaca the anther is pulled backward by
the retiring of the insect itself and and in the same time the pollen is

loosed from below to above.

As in so many respects C. petiolata is here again intermediate betvveen
Eucurcuma and C. aurantiaca, but nearer to the latter. As in C. aurantiaca
the anther is attached near its base and is nearly erect, the short spurs are
of little use to block the entrance. Besides, as has been said, the loculi are
recurved at the base, as in C. aurantiaca, and continue over the lower edge
which is at the same time base of the spur.

Evidently the construction is nearer to that of C. aurantiaca and the

pollen gets loose also from below to above. The lower part of the thecae,
however, though poUiniferous is very narrow, and may easily be overlooked,
A similar structure is also to be seen in C. Heyneana, V. et v. Z. (see below)
where the little cap of the connective protrude a little farther and the
spurs are less deeply grooved. A beginning of a continuation of the thecae

in the spurs is also found in C. aeruginosa but here it does not contain
pollen. In the latter species, however, the pollination is just as in Eucur-
cuma. I never saw living flowers of C. Heyneana and cannot tell how the
pollination takes place.

§ 5. Key to the determination of the species.

1. Tubers in groups, without elongated rhizomes. Leaves rounded
at the base. Anthers not or shortly calcarate. Staminodes not
folded. Liguialobes auriculate.
A. Anthers ecalcarate: C. aurantiaca.
B. Anthers shortly calcarate; loculi of the anthers continuous over the
base of the spur.
a. flowers orange; bracts of the coma quite dark-purple-brown, iloral-
bracts also dark-purple-brown at thê top: C. petiolata.

b. flowers light-yellow; bracts of the toma pink.

a', spurs of the anthers curved, floral-bracts obtuse: C. australasiaca.
b'. spurs of the anthers straight,- cells continuous along the whole
face of the spurs.
 — 29 —
a^. Bracts acutely apiculate; lip and staminodia long and narrow:
C. meraukensis.

b^. Lip and staminodia very broad.

Flower nearly as long as broad when explained: C. latiflora.

C. Flower unknown. Habit of C. petiolata-. C. sumatrana.

11. Rhizomes elongated, branched. Leaves narrowed at the base.

Flowers white or pale-yellow of pale-orange. Anthers with

solid spurs, which are nearly as long or half as long as the

cells, with a fleshy base at the back wall of the cells and
with a knot on the foremost top of the cells. Staminodia fol-
ded longitudinally. Ligula-lobes not auriculate.
A. Inflorescence central — Mesant/ia:
a. Bracts all lanceolate, the outmost somewhat broader; more than half
free, all light-green or the bracts of the coma white, sometimes with
minute brown spots near the top. Bracteoles 30-35 mm, long, corolla-

tube very long. Lig. proportionally small. Flowers white : C domestica.

b. Floral-bracts, when loosed from the axis, obovate or elliptical, adnate
to the half or more.
a'. Bracts of the coma white or light-green.
a^. Flowers slender, protruded ten to twenty mm. beyond the bract;

top of the lip curved outwards." Flowers white with a yellow

middle-band of the lip. Bracts of the coma white at the base,
often brown-spotted and light-green striped at the top.

Costa of the leaf brown above: C. purpurascens.

b^. Flowers short and broad, not protruded beyond the bract; middle-
part of the lip not protruded.
FJower cream-white. Petals light-pink middle-band of the lip
dark-yellow. Costa of the leaf not brown; leaf darkgreen :

C. viridiflora.

b'. Bracts of the coma pink or dark-purple.

Bracts coma dark-purple, floral-bracts purple at the top.
of the
Floral-bracts very broad; some of the lower ones adnate more
than half way, all broad-ovate, very obtuse, somewhat narrowed
at the top. Flowers protruded ten mm. or more beyond the bracts,
orange yellow with pink petals. Costa of the leaf brown above,
rhizome orange-coloured: C. colorata.

b^. Bracts of the coma light-pink or violet, lower part white ; floral-

bracts mostly quite green; not adnate beyond the middle,

a^. Mid-rib quite brown-coloured above, at least in the oldest leaves,
parenchyma green. Flowers slender staminodia ; blunt-elliptical,

rhizome brightorange-yellow : C. euchroma.

b^. Leaves without a brown mid-rib.
 — 30 —
a*. Rhizome citrine; Flowers light-yellow: C. brogX
b*. Rhizome orange-yellow: C. soloensis.]

C. ochrorhiza.
B. Inflorescence lateral.
a. Leaves quite green:
a'. Inflorescence with acute, elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate floral-bracts ;

with lanceolate white intermediate bracts and pink bracts of the

coma. Flowers short and broad; lip and staminodia nearly orbicular ;

endlobe not protruding. Leaves commonly less than 3 times longer

than broad: C. Heyneana.^^^

b^ Floral-bracts rounded, small, coma bracts violet, obtuse, without a
mucro. Leaves more than 3 times longer than broad.
Flowers narrow, with a long and deflexed end-lobe of the lip:

C. Mongga.
c'. Floral bracts very broad rounded or subtruncate, free parts not
longer or shorter than the pouches, all bracts without a mucro.
Endlobe of the labellum broad not much protruded, Leaves pale
seagreen at the backside: C. Lörzingii.

b. Leaves with a feather-shaped light- or dark-purple-brown cloud along

the whole costa or a part of it.

a'. Cloud at length vanishing and the full-grown leaf quite green,
a^. Rhizome yellow and odoriferous: C. Mangga van rubrinervia.
b^. Rhizome nearly colourless, nearly scentless:
C. Mangga var. sylvestris.

b'. Leaves with a persistent purple-brown cloud along the costa.

diK Foliate stem dark-brown. Petals purple-brown-red, costa brown
along the edges to near the base and in the upper half somewhat
broader brown; rhizome partly blue, partly light-yellow or light-
green: C. phaeocaulis.

b^. Foliate stem green,

a^. Leaves with a wide brown cloud on both sides of the costa,
only in the upper-half of the leaf. Petals purple-brown-red.
Tuber and rhizome internally blue and partly white, the young
rhizome aeruginous: C. aeruginosa.

b^. Leaves with a brown cloud along the costa, feathery spreading,
often continuous to the petiole; costa itself mostly in its upper-
part also brown-coloured, for the rest green ;
petals rather white ;

flower short, lip and staminodia short and broad, tuber internally
light-yellow: C. Zedoaria.

c^. Leaves with a brown cloud along the sides of the costa,
which itself is green, petals pink, rhizome and root-tubers
internally deep-orange: C. xanthorhiza.
 — 31 —
§ 6. Description of the species.
Curcuma domestica Val. nom. nov. *) C. longa (non. Lînn.) Koen. (1783, 3,

72); prob. Gagnepain (1908, 63); prob. Loureiro (1790, 10). Curcuma domestica
minor Rumph. (1746 V. 169 t. 67!)

Herba mediocris vix tnetralis, raro sesquimetralis. Bulbus ellipsoideus.

Rhizomata numerosa, e toto circuitu bulbi densissime exorta, cylindrica vel

medio incrassata, stricta, superiora horizontaUa, ramis secundariis et tertiariis

etc. numerosissimis et iterum iterumque ramosis, vulgo biseriatim supra et
subtus e ramo prioris ordinis exortis et angulo subrecto patentibus. Omnes
partes extus et intus intense aurantiacae vel imo miniatae. Sapore et odore
valde aromatico, radices Daucus carotae referente.
Radices filiformes et filipendulae saepe longissimae, tuberi fusiformes
intus albi, cortice interno flavescente.
Folia inter minora, saepe pedalia. raro in speciminibus uberosis usque
semimetralia, oblongo-lanceolata, medio 3.5X 'ongiora quam lata, basi in foliis

primariis obtusiuscula, in junioribus decurrenti-acutata, tenuia, glaberrima,

tota viridia patula longe petiolata et vaginata.

Ligulae lobi angusti, ciliati, leviter arcuati, intus arcu basi convexo
contigui, extus cum margine vaginae membranaceo valde prominonte con-
fluentes et leviter auriculatim exserti.
Inflorescentia centralis scapo brevi, saepe vaginis foliorum superata.
Bracteae, pleraeque lanceolato-ellipticae acutae, superioribus ad '/a vel ^/s

vel fere ad medium usque laxe adnatae, suberectae apice paullum recurvo-
patulae et canaliformes, inferiores ovatae acutae, infimae 2 — 3 steriles, ceteris
paullo majores. Comae bracteae ceteris paullum longiores et brevius adnatae,
tenerae puberulae flaccidae, + 4 apicales minores steriles.
Bracteae florales basi et medio virides marginibus et apice albae, comae
pro maxime parto vel totae albae summo apice vulgo parce dilute badio-
punctulatae.
Flores inter majores, albi, labello cremeo, parte mediana lutea.
Bracteolae permagnae, tubum corollae vaide superantes.
Calyx late tubulosus. Corollae tubus longissimus sensim in faucem
infundibularem dilatatus; labellum suborbiculare lobis lateralibus parvis lobo
mediano sat prominente, emarginato. Staminodia obovato-linearia subfalcata
rotundata basi sat alte filamento adnata. Filamenta duplo longiora quam
lata. Anthera distincte ligulata, calcaria patentia late cornuformia summo
apice semper extrorsum recurva.
The mean size of the bulb is 50 25, and it X consists of about 12
circles. The rhizomes which proceed all around the old bulb are 50—80

*) Gagnepain (1908, 63) and Schumann (1904, 108) quote, as a synonym of

Curcuma longa, C. domestica, Lour. This synonym, however, does not exist.
 — 32 -
mm. long, as thick as a man's finger, straight, or a little curved, and produce
at both sides, often at almost right angles, the secondary and tertiary
branches, which spread freely forming a dense clump. The ultimate ramifi-
cations ("sessile tubers") are very numerous, and form two opposite rows
standing out at right angles; they are elliptic, acute, about an inch long.
RuMPHius describes such a clump in this way: "The whole clump
seems to be composed of many half closed fists and childs hands, some of
which are placed in the earth obliquely, others transversally, consisting of rather
long articulations with few fibrils and glands, the latter existing only in
old stocks. So the whole stock, dug out and depurated from its skins
and fibrils and quite smooth, resembles a fine artificially and elegantly cut
out handiwork."
The rootstocks are externally and internally orangé to miniate, the
young tips white (Cod. 126 160, the younger ones 136—131.).—
Pendulous tubers hanging at the top of very long (often 400 mm)
fibres are ellipsoid 40X20, internally of a watery grey colour with a
yellow inner cortex, the fibres often swollen near the base (5 mm thick)
and coloured like the tubers.

Leaves oblong lanceolate, base obtuse or almost rounded in the primary

leaves, long attenuate in the younger ones; wholly green, long petioled.
Petiole thin rather abruptly broadened to the sheath of which the broad
membranous border is ciliate and somewhat puberous over a short dis-
tance, the sheath for the rest is smooth. The ligula consists of two semi-
lunar diverging lobes, (1 mm broad) contiguous in the middle of the sheath,
confluent at the outer side with its prominent border and forming a very
short ciliate rounded auricle at each side of the petiole base.
The leaves are commonly rather small, in flowering plants rarely sur-
passing 500 mm. In one very large sterile form or variety from Modjokerto
(vern. name = "Kunir bentis" jav.) they measured from 450X90— 700X 100 (=
P 3-7.) the petioles 190-400. In the outer (first appearing leaves) they are
elliptic (P = 2.5) but the mean size is 300X70-80 (P = 3.2— 4.3, mean
P = 3.5).

The inflorescence measures from 100-150X50-70, cylindrical. The

peduncule varying much in length bears commonly a reduced leaf-disk.
There are often two or three vacuous bracts at the base of the spike,

of whieh the outer one is often placed at some distance; the two inner-
most are almost alike to the flowering bracts but often shorter and wider
(32X25). The bracts are all elliptic-lanceolate and acute, (mean length
50X25 — 27 to 60X24, those of the coma 60 — 75), are adnate only all

for Va — rarely to
^/s of their length, forming short pouches from which
'/2

the flowers in the middle of the spike are somewhat protruding, the free
parts are spreading and a little incurved, of a rather thin consistence,
 - 33 -

all finely pubescent at both sides, especially near the top, which in

the coma is conspicuously niucronate. The colour of the mean bracts is

light green, often with white length stripes or white bordered, near
the coma whiter, a few (often only 4) of the coma-bracts are wholly white,

only with some very-fine scattered light brown spots near the top.

Flowers long and narrow. Bracteoles large (35 mm.). Smallest measured
flower 48, tallest 56. Dimensions: K 10-12, C 48— 52, T 18— 24, F 15 - 16,
Lab. 15—16X14 — 17. Lip almost orbicular with a very short claw. Stamd.
falcate oblong, top rounded or almost truncate, with a deep furrow, 10 X 6;
fil. rather long 5 — 6X3. Anthera with a broad ovate connective, the top of
which is distinctly protruding between the cells, united with the filament
about the middle of the cells. Spurs very large, broad, diverging, a little

curved with the fine top always recurved to the outside.. By the last

character alone the flower is readily distinguished from all other species.
The tube is rather narrow, abruptly dilated into the broad (25 — 30 mm.)
faux, the lower part of which is internally hirsute. The flower is creamy
white, with the exception of the yellow band of the lip and the white petals.

Distribution: Java. Cultivated, and wild growing throughout Java. It

grows everywhere in teak forests and the roots are gathered and sold in
the market-places.
Native names: "Koneng temen", sund., "Kunyit", mal., "Kiinir", Jav.

A very large variety cult, in Modjokerto = "Kunir bentis".

RuMPH gives still another malay name "Kuning warangan", never

met with by us.

In Sumatra, Muara Dua at 150 M. cult., native name "Kunyer". Leg.

Grashoff 482 (Herb. Heyne).
It occurs also in Malacca (only cultivated) where it is known by
the same Malayan name as in java " Kunyit" (Ridley 1897, 268). The living
.

specimens kindly sent by Mr. Ridley leave no doubt about the identity.

In the only rather poor inflorescence which has appeared, the coma-bracts
were greenish white, without any trace of pink. According to Ridley
this plant produces the "turmeric" of Malacca.
Probably the species occurs also in Cochinchina (LouREiRO. I.e. "bracts
whitisch, rhizome deep yellow") and the good description given by
Gagnepain of C. longa agrees very well with our species.
Only there are a few remarks with relation to some details of his

description, which has been made up from dried specimens,

le. The tips of the coma bracts are said to be pink. If this is not a com-
pliance to tradition, the species varies with pink topped coma bracts.

2e. "Bractées à peu près libres". The relatively short pouches are indeed
a good character of this species. Still in the living spike, the bracts are
always adnate to '/a
— '/2 of the length.
 - 34 -
3e. "Anthère insérée presque par le sommet sur le filet, connectif presque
nul". In the living flower the filament is affixed to the fleshy trigonous
connective about the middle of the dorsal side of the cells (as in all

other species of Eucurcuma).

At. "Labelle capuchonné au sommet". This is indeed the case with all

species of Eucurcuma, but only in the bud. In the open flowers the
labellum has always a protruding bifid terminal lobe, which in this
case is rather long and reflexed.

Curcuma purpurascens, Bl. (1827, 46). Curcuma domestica major

Rumph. 1. c, cum tab. 68 (sphalmate a Burmannio ad C. zedoaria reducta).

Bulbus conoideo-ovoideus magnus. Rhizomata numerosa crassa imprimis

e basi bulbi excrescentia horizontalia et verticalia saepe clavata, semper
leviter apicem versus curvata; rami secundarii et tertiarii pauci vel numerosi
crassi breves plastici, e latere inferiore rhizomatis exorti, illique similes
horizontales et sursum recurvati.
Omnes partes adultae intus intense sordide aurantiaco-luteae; novellae
pallide luteae vel luteae. Rhizoma juvenile extus luteum squamis albis
vestitum. Tuberi filipenduli magni ovoideo-vel oblongo-fusiformes fibris

longis penduli intus pleromate griseo, cortice lato intense luteo. Radices
incrassati stirpis juvenilis pleromate luteo, cortice griseo.

Gaulis valde compressus cum foliis 6 vel pluribus erecto-patulis ad

1.5 M. alius, juvenilis squamis 3—4 appressis apice crasse spinulosis saepe
rubescentibus involucratus. Folia magna, inferiora subsessilia, superiora
sensim longius petiolata, petiolo late canaliculato, exteriora minora late
elliptica, interiora sensim magis elongata, omnia basi lata obtusa, constricta

et specie rotundata, in petiolum decurrentia, albomarginata, apice breviter

acuminatissima, vulgo 2 — 2.5 — Ay^\o\\g\ox?i quam lata, supra sub lente
fortiore puberula et versus apicem ciliolata, subtus glaberrima, intense
viridia, costa media supra per totam longitudinem sordide purpurea, in fol.

exterioribus colore magis intense, in junioribus sensim pallidiore demum

evanescente, parenchymate attingente imprimis in medio folii etiam colorato.
Ligula angusta cum margine pubescente vaginarum ciliata, lobi semilunares.

Inflorescentia magna in apice caulis cum scapo '/4 ~~ '/2 metralis, nunc
vaginas foliorum superans, petiolis superata, nunc inter vaginas disjunctas
semi-inclusa.
Folia peduncularia valde varia semper sessilia saepe unum foliaceum
angu'ste lanceolatum pedale vel ultra, spicae appressum. Bracteae vacuae
semper 1 — 3. Bracteae florales latissime ovatae vel subobovatae apice bre-
vissime obtusissime attenuatae late rotundatae, bursis latissimis validis, partis
liberis aequilongis; haec valde induplicatae, canalem versus apicem dilatatum,
bursa angustiorem sistentes; in parte superiore spicae elongatae, late
 - 35 -
ellipticae, acutae; bracteae comae numerosae, pleraeque fertiles elliptico-

lanceolatae, bursis abbreviatis, summae lineari-lanceolatae, onines acutae

et brevissime mucronatae, paucae steriles breviores.
Bracteae pleraeque pallide virides, supra medium spicae pallidiores
albido-striatae, versus apicem albae apice viridesceute, dorso pallide purpu-
reo-puncticulatae, omnes utrinque cum pedunculo dense puberulae.
Flores inter majores, valde angusti, semper parte '/s vel '/4 supra
bracteam émergentes, bracteolis tubum corollae superantibus involucrati.
Calyx tubi dimidium superans, dorso breviter incisus brevissime late denta-
tus. Corollae tubus gracilis, fauce infundibulari versus ostium angustata,
labellum obovatum in unguiculam brevem angustatum, lobo mediano semi-
orbiculari, bifido, sat prominente paullo deflexo. Stamlnodia obovato-oblon-
ga apice rotundata; stylodia parva. Filamentum vix longius quam latum.
Anthera elongata, calcaribus e basi lata apice valde acutis leviter curvatis,
patulis, loculis vix brevioribus. Corolla cremea, petala alba, labellum
medio luteum.
The conical primary tuber (70X30. 80X30), which flowered lastmonsoon
produces now a number of rhick fleshy rhizomes (80 25 with 5 — 15 mm.X
long internodes), with 4 side-branches of which the lowest lengthens itself

and forms a young primary tuber, whose offshoots again form a third
primary tuber, the youngest tuber bears fleshy swollen roots. Root tubers
elliptical on very long root fibres.

The rhizomes as well as their branches always are falcate, upward

curved; the side branches always originate on the lower side of the
primary braches.
The shoots are pale-yellow. The old rhizome is dirtj-orange externally
and internally (161 — 156). The old tuber (186), yellow-orange-yellow; the
young white offshoots internally light-orange (196 191). A young rhizome —
186. The root-tubers have a grey pleroma and an orange-yellow inner
cortex. The fleshy roots have in the contrary an orange-yellow pleroma.
A flowering plant with about 7 leaves had a spurious stem '/2 ^^
long, 60 mm. broad at the base, 25 mm. thick. The petioles 60, 160,270
on one side, 100, 210 on the other side. The leaves placed in two rows
and pushed aside by the peduncle, measured on one side 550X220,060X230,
700 X
190, on the other side 600X230, 630 215, of which the youngest wasX
not quite grown. The young leaves are on the surface especially near the
top, along the veins more or less densely covered with obliquely spreading
hairs, which are visible by ~a 8— 16 times magnifying power, and the nar-
row membranous (in vivo white) edge is ciliated especially at the top.
Also the finely pointed acumen is ciliated.

The rather broad projecting edge of the sheath is over a great length
finely and densely hairy. The broad ligula lobes are rather long ciliated.
 - 36 -
The peduncle with the spike may attain a length of 500 mm. and it

protrudes to the top of the leaf-sheaths; very often the stem remains short
and the spike so as in C. domestica appears laterally between the sheaths.
Usually there are two peduncular-leaves of which then the highest is bract-

shaped and forms a part of the spike ; while the lowest sometimes has a long
abnormal narrow blade; sometimes the peduncular-leaf is wanting and
then there are two sterile bracts at the base of the spike. The spike reaches
a length of 100 — 220 (mostly 140) mm. The number of bracts is 30-67.
The flower-bearing bracts are ovate-elliptical with a broad ovate upper-
part, attenuate, but rounded at the top; the free parts are longer and
broader than the pouches, but narrower than the latter by the inward
bending of the side-parts, they are erect, their tops more or less patent,

in the largest intermediate bracts the tops become acute and more decurved.
The coma-leaves are elliptical-lanceolate to oblong and mucronate, and
much spreading.
In a spike 200 mm. long and 100 mm. broad at the top, with about

35 bracts the middle size of the bracts is 43 X 35 ; the lowest sterile 44 X 30:
(pouch 17) and one of the lowest 50 X 30 (pouch 20) : the 16th from below.

The largest coma-leaves of a large spike are 84 X 30 (pouch 24) 78 X 34

(pouch 20) most of these bear flowers, about 4 are usually sterile.

The coma-leaves are quite white in the lower part, lightgreen in the

upperpart (286 and lighter) or nearly white, they are more or less distinctly
light-brown spotted at the top on the outer-side. The flower-bracts are
light-green (276—281) with a hyaline hairy edge. All the bracts are short
and fine hairy on both sides as is also the peduncle.
The first bracteole is rather large, somewhat longer than the coroll-
tube, 22X13 — 26 mm. long, pellucid-white. The flower 45 — 50mm. long
always arises 10—15 mm. above the bracts, except in the leaves of the
coma, where flower and bract are about the same length.
The calyx is at the top almost truncate with 3 unequal toothlets of
which the smallest is connate with the largest and separated from the
third one by a short split, with a rather long split on the dorsal side
between the 2 larger toothlets. Length 11 mm. split 4 mm. ; corolla 50 mm.
Tube 16, ring 2, faux infundibular, narrowed, 14 — 15 mm. Lab. with broad
semiorbicular mid-lobe, 8 mm. broad, projecting 3 mm., incised with round
lobules. Lab. narrowed at the 17X17, base, only 12 mm. broad at the
base. Faux 13 — 14, when flattened 25 mm. broad. Staminodes elliptical,
more or less falcate, somewhat widened at the top with a deep
longitudinal wrinkle, with an obtuse top, 13 — 14X7, filament (the free
portion) 4X4. The dorsal corolla-lobe is 14X11» nearly glabrous at the
top. The side-lobes are rotundate-ovate, 10X9. The anther is large and
narrow, the spurs, curved and very acute, are nearly as long as the loculi.
 — 37 —
The rounded top of the connective which is somewhat longer than half

of the loculi does not form a distinct iingula.

The colour of the petals is snow-white, the flower is for the rest very

pale-cream-yellow, the middle-band of the lip dark-yellow.

Distribution. The species is cultivated in Western Java (Bauten,
Soemedang) and central Java (Djocdja) and grows spontaneously in the teak
forests; from oriental Java I did not see any specimens. But there is a

specimen collected by Backer (11579) on mt. Wilis at 900 M. "dispersed

among shrubs", which most probably belongs here, the brown costa and
white bracts being mentioned by the collector. Though flowering abundantly
throughout the whole raining season, it does not appear to fructificate.

Outside of Java it is unknown, but specimens of other regions occurring

in Herbaria would certainly be labelled C. longa. But it does not occur

among the rhizomes sent from Singapore.
The species was certainly known to Rumphius and it is either this

species or C. viridiflora which is represented by tab 68, wrongly quoted as

C. Zerumbeth by most authors. The likeness
of Rumph's tabula 68 to our species

is The tuber described by Rumph by the name of- "//s" or "af/«^//7"

striking.
(=z tinggang ?) might be a young plant of this as well as of any other species.
Native names: Certain names in occidental Java: "tinggano'\ or "tis",
sometimes "pinggang", in Djogdjakarta "gelenje" or "belenje".

Curcuma viridiflora, Roxb. (1820 I. 34) Bl. (1827,46).

Bulbus conoideus, rhizomata crassa, verticalia et horizontalia magna,

repentia, semper leviter falcata; rami crassi hand densi, plerique mox
elongati et falcati. Omnia extus lutea, intus sordide aurantiaca, partes novellae
luteae et dilute luteae.
Tuberi filipenduli fibris longis pendentes, majusculi, ovato-fusiformes,
intus cylindro centrali luteo, cetera grisea.
Gaulis sesquimetralis. Folia late elliptica (P =r 2.2 — 3.1) et (summa)
elliptico-lanceolata; extima brevissime, cetera modice petiolata, basi, ob
partes valde incurvatas, specie rotundata, explanata obtusa vel acuta,
decurrentia; albido-marginata, apice breviter acuminatissima, tota intense
viridia, subglaberrima, apice minutissime pubera.
Ligulae lobi angusti glabri, vagina margine puberula.
Inflorescentia centralis cum scapo et foliis peduncularibus praecedenti
similis, bracteis comae late patentibus, inferioribus erecto-patulis apice
patentibus. Tota infl. cum pedunculo minuta puberula.
Bracteae inferiores et medianae pallide virides, '/2 — ^4 parte basi
adnatae, bursas latas paullum convexas sistentes, late ovatae, infimae
paucae tantum late rotundatae, pleraeque ovatae, obtusae vel acutiusculae,
 — 38 —
superiores, cire. 15, lanceolatae acutae totae niveae vel summo apice
punctulis raris vix distinctis purpureis notatae.
Bracteolae tubum coroUae superantes Flores inter minores bractea toti

inclusi. Corollae tubus latus. Faux cupularis, ostio lato. Staminodia magna
apice rotundata subflabellata. Labellum late unguiculatum, lamina latiore
quam mediano brevissimo bilobo, baud prominente, a lateralibus
longa, lobo
semi-orbicularibus non nisi plica separato. Filamentum circ. aequilongum
ac latum. Anthera magna calcaribus validis thecis subaequilongis basi
curvatis ceterum subrectis acutis, lingula connectivi brevissima.
Tuber and rhizomes as in C. purputascens. As there the orange-yellow
colour of the rhizomes (176) is mixed with a brown tinge and at the top
the colour of the section passes into a nearly pure yellow.
The largest pendulous tubers, on 160 mm. long fibres are ovate,
with a blunt top, 50X 25. The endodermis is gold-yellow (236), the rest
very light-ash-coloured. •

The leaves of a young vigorous plant with 5 leaves are elliptical with
an obtuse, nearly rounded base and short-stalked, (petioles 35—60, sheaths
150—260). The broad edges of the sheath with the ligula-lobes project
laterally on each side to 5 mm. of the base of the petiole. At the inner

side the latter converge to form a "V".

As well the sheath-edge as the ligula are very finely or hardly puberulous;

the latter is very finely ciliated. The leaves are long 300 X 145, 390X1^0,
260X120, 340X160. P = 2,2.

Of an old flowering plant with 7 leaves, where the spike appeared

laterally between the sheaths, the petioles are long 100 — 320. The oldest
leaf 400X180, the youngest 600X 140. P. is on average 3,1, In this

plant the ligula is less protruded laterally and some of the projecting tops
are coarsely ciliated, the base of the leaf is more acute.

The colour of the leaf is dark-green (304), much darker than in related
species, the nerve is colourless, without any brown, even in the first-formed
leaves; the surface is hairy when young, as it is in the preceding species,
but less copiously and the hairs are shorter.
The central spike has two sterile bracts and no peduncular-leaf. The
inflorescence is often 170 X 80 — 100. It is very finely hairy like the peduncle
which is about as long.
The coma-leaves (about 9) are as in C. purpurascens much longer
and more acute than the floral-bracts, 60 — 75 mm. long, they end in a mucro.
The 6 lower bracts are somewhat longer than broad; the average
floral bracts more narrowly ovate than in C. purp/zrascens; in dried material

this difference not to be observed. The outer sterile leaf of a rather

large spike with 40 bracts was 60X45; the average floral-bracts (40 - 45) X 30,
having 17—20 mm. wide pouches.
 — 39 —
Intermedial bracts 55 X 30. pouch 20; one of the lowest of the 15
come 75
bracts of the 20, pouch 20. X
The 15 coma-bracts are snow-white with or without sporadic light-
brown dots at the top; partly light-green-striped. The floral-bracts
light-green.
The flowers smaller than in puz-pz/rnsce/îs but much broader in all parts ;

they do not protrude above the bracts. The bracteoles are at the utmost
26 X 16. In a flower of 45 mm. length the calyx is nearly as in C. pnrparas-
cens, but smaller, 9 — 10 mm. Petals 11 X
11. dorsal petal 14. Tube 17

mm.; faux 14 30. Lip X 16 X

18, 13 mm. broad at the claw which is 2

mm. long. The shape is transversally oblong, the broad mid-lobe does not
protrude but is separated from the broad short side-lobes by a wrinkle. The
staminodes are 14 X 9 with a deep wrinkle, elliptical, broadly rounded, a
little incurved; filament 4X4. Large anthers with broad long, conspicuously
curved and much spreading spurs, somewhat shorter than the loculi. No
distinct lingula, stylod. 5 mm. long.
The colour of the flowers is light-cream, the middle-band and lobe of
the labellum gold-yellow with a little brown stripe on both sides of the

middle-band reminding C. zedoaria and C. latifolia, Roxb. The petals are very
lightpink especially at the top, the buds somewhat darker.
Distribution: The species here described is doubtlessly the same
which Blume indicated by the name C. viridiflora, Roxb. and there is nothing
in Roxburgh's description which is contrary to this determination. The type
specimen of Roxburgh's description was collected in Sumatra (Bencoulen)
and sent from there to Calcutta, where it flowered.
In Java this species seems to be rare. My description was made up
after a single living stock (cult H. 40) and a spike preserved on alcool, col-
lected in Bauten.

"Native name." "Tinggang" just as the preceding species, of which the

rhizomes can not very well be distinguished.
Either this or the preceding is doubtlessly Rumph's Curcuma domestica
major, represented in tab. 68.
Roxburgh mentions the native name "giri"'OT "giring" and reduces it

to Curcuma giring of Rumph but this reduction is manifestly wrong. It is

"however" possible that "giri" or "giring" is used for this species in Sumatra.
But this point of Roxburgh's text is not very clear.
Though this species is not easily to be distinghuished from C. pur-
purascens by dried materials, in a living state the two are different in many
aspects. In fresh specimens the dark concolorous leaves of the first are
very conspicuous; the flowers do not protrude beyond the bracts and are
much shorter and broader and the midlobe of the lip is not prominent and
the dark yellow band is bordered by two red lines.
 — 40 —
Curcuma colorata, Val. n. sp.

Herba florens circ. uni-sesqiiimetralis. Bulbi sat magni, ovoidei. Rhi-

zomata ex omni parte bulbi oriunda, horizontaiia et plus minus verticalia,
semper cylindrica et falcata, apice acuto sursum incurva, rarius elongata
et sigmoidea, ramis secundariis mox elongatis, sursum incurvas et rhizo-
mati aequalibus. Omnia teretia, 20 — 22 mM. crassa, extus pallide brunneo-
lutea, intus aurantiaca, squamis trigonis pallide brunneis. Radices filiformes,
plures filipenduli et valde elongati, tuberi penduli ovato-fusiformes, endo-
dermis et cortex internus aurantiaci (pleroma griseum).
Folia 4 —8 in planta florente, longe petiolata, oblongo-lanceolata basi
rotundata et induplicato-acuminata, saepe obliqua, apice sensim attenato,
vulgo 3,2 (3,5 — 3,9) X long'ora quam lata, 4 primaria magis minusve ovata
basi latius rotundata sub inflorescentia angustiora nunc valde elongata,
nunc diminuta. Folia intense viridia, versus apicem subpuburela, costa media
supra concava rubra vel atro-purpurea (parenchymate attingente semper viridi)

in foliis primariis, in plante adulta sensim pallidiorc,- demum saepe viridi;

costa subtus viridi parenchymate nunc purpureo transfuso.
Inflorescentia centralis breviter vel longe pedunculata, pedunculo toto
vaginis incluso, petiolis longe superata. Laminae sub spicam normales ,vel

plus minus diminutae, folium pedunculare singulum saepius bracteiforme

trigono-ovata, dimidio inferiore saccatim adnata, bursae floriferae infimae

applicatae.
Bracteae baud densae, Bursae latissimae, sat profundae, in parte infe-
riore spicae longiores quam partes liberae, in medio spicae lis aequilongae,
baud valde convexae, consistentia crassiusculae, arete precedentibus adnatae.

Partes liberae latiores quam longae, late ovatae, apice late brevissime rotundato-
apiculatae, suberectae apice patulae. Bursae superiores angustae, partes
liberae ovato-lanceolatae medio latissimae, patentes, basi marginibus sursum
incurvis constrictae. Bracteae comae apice submucronatae, fere omnes fertiles.

Bracteae florales pro parte virides, apice scarlatinae; br. comae fere

totae intense carmineae. Flores magni sat longe e bracteis protrusi, pallide
aurantiaci, labio aurantiaco. Bracteae puberulae; pedunculus tenuiter

pubescens.
A flowering plant, measured, attained 1,2 M., which appears to be the

mean height, though one very robust specimen cultivated by Heyne (H. 35)
attained 1,60 M.
The rhizomes spring from the opposite sides of the bulb as well as
from the base. The primary rhizomes are short or mediocre from 50 —
100X20 and produce similar branches mostly on their lower side only;
all curve upward at their top and the sessile tubers form one sided or
rarely alternating rows along the main branches. Externally the colour is
 — 41 —
a sordid briglit orange with ligiit brown scales, the conical terminal buds
are white. Internally all parts are deep-orange (156), the pendulous tubers
grey with an orange coloured inner cortex.
The leaves are oblong- or subovate lanceolate, with a somewhat
obliquely acuminate base, attenuated slowly to the acute point ending in a
short Cauda; the first leaves are comparatively broad rounded at the base
and constricted and acuminate at the canaliculate peliole. Here P is 2.25 — 2.2.
The become rapidly longer when the plant grows, and become
leaves
elliptical-lanceolate. The average length of an older flowering plant is
450X 140-1- 170 -f 350; of a larger plant 550 150 230 -f 400. The X +
largest measured leaf of a flowering plant was 650 X 1 70 -f- 200 + 400. P.
is 3 or often 3.2 — 3.6, in the highest leaf 4 or more. The plants seem to

become stronger and larger when they do not come in bloom. In a not

flowering plant (35 H.) the largest measured leaves were 650 X 150
4-200 + 400, 750X 185 + 250-f 500, 850X200 and 720X 230. The
colour is rather dark-green. The hollow midrib is dark-brown-red, which
colour never spreads over the parenchyma of the upper surface -but some-
times appears on both sides of the midrib beneath.
In an older period the red colour vanishes sometimes nearly, especially
in leaves which orginate in a dry period; but nearly always alight-brown
tinge remains slightly visible near the base.
The ligula is very little developed and consists only of two bows
which are convex upward, confluent in the lower part into a concave bow
and mostly not broader than a half mm., almost glabrous, not auriculate
neither protruding.
The inflorescence is cylindric with a dilated coma (160X70 in the midst,

XlOO near the top) the length varies between 120 — 200, the peduncle from
200 — 650. The spike protrudes a little above the sheaths but is surpassed by
far by the long petioles. The peduncular leaf has sometimes the form of
a common leaf with sheath adnate to the peduncle, 450 mm. long and 110
mm. broad, with a 130 mm. long petiole surpassing the spike; inthiscase
the undermost bract bears a flower. But offener the peduncular leaf is

represented by one or two of the lowest bracts which are much taller than
the rest, sterile, adnate for one half of their length, trigonous-ovate, obtuse.

The bracts are adnate for ^'3 to '/2 of their length forming broad and
very convex poches narrowed at their base while the free parts are erect

and continuing the pouches, constricted at their base while their top is

expanding. The free parts if flattened, are ovate broader than long a little

narrowed at the base with a somewhat acuminate but very blunt summit.
The length of the 7the bract of a mean spike is 46 mm. of which 30
mm. are adnate and only 16 mm. are free, the width is 30 mm. but the
pouch is narrowed at the base. The 23th8 bract (intermedial) is 60X34,
 — 42 —
adnate only 25 mm. the free part 35 mm. long. Of an other spike consisting
. of 28 bracts the mean size of the 14 lowest bracts was 16 — 18 (free

part) + 22 — 23 (pouch) X 25 — 30. The intermedial bracts measured 32

(fr. p) + 30 (pouch) X 30, 30 + 26 X 27 and 29 + 20 X 28. The tallest

of the coma-bracts measured 70 X 25.

The 3 or 4 superior coma-bracts are dark purple mostly 577 and 578
but varying between 576 and 583, the following are white or light green at
thé base, striped in the middle. The intermedial bracts (bract No. 23 from the
base) are green and violet striped down the middle, violet at the top. The floral
bracts are light green with a violet top, the undermost almost wholly green.
All bracts are puberulous and shortly ciliolated. The flower is rather
large (50 — 60 mm.) and protrudes a good deal above the bracts. The
bracteole is 20 — 25 mm. long, or in another spike 28 — 30. It is white
with, a pink top. The calyx is 9—10 mm. long subtruncate with three very
small ciliate teeth and with a short fissure.
Corolla-tube 18, faux 18—22, Labellum 18 X18 with a narrowed base.
Stamd 16X10. broad, f labellate, fi lam. 3. 5X 4, anther (without the spurs) 5 mm.
Spurs feebly curved, thin, 3 mm. Dorsal corolla-lobe 15 X 14, lateral 12 X 12.

The whole corolla is pale orange-coloured (171 —0.171), the medial band
of the labellum 151. The coroll-lobes very pale pink (0596), the bud pink.
Distribution and native names. This species grows spontaneous
in the teak forests of all parts of Java. I also received specimens of the Yang
.plateau from Dr. Jeswiet and Mr. Backer collected it on mt Wilis at 300 M.
(Backer 1 1348). According to information taken by Mr. Ralshoven the rhizome
is not used by the natives in the central parts of Java. In West-Java it occurs
sometimes at the passer but without a proper name; sometimes it was sold
by the name "tis" or "tinggang' (just as C. purpurascens) (Heyne c. 35). In

east-Java (Pasuruan) the less clever expert natives called it "tema labak"
{= Curcuma xanthorhiza) and from Tjabak (Rembang) received I it with the
name temu kètèk ("monkey turmeric"). Also from Randublatung (K. 1645,
no native name). It is a beautiful species easily recognized by the broad
dark purple coma, the tall flower stalks, the large orange coloured flowers,
the tallest flowers of any Curcuma of Java, the peculiar form of the lower
flower-bracts which are adnate above the middle with expanding, narrowed,
very blunt tips. It has some resemblance to C. petiolata and would be
placed by Baker in the subgenus Hitcheniopsis. By the flower however it

is a true Eu-curcuma.
Outside Java the species is still unknown.

Curcuma euchroma. Val. n. sp.

Herba sesquimetralis. Rhizomata saepe elongata, merithalliis brevibus,

bulbos numerosos florentes approximates serialiter producentia, basi
 — 43 —
ramis numerosissimis clavatis et falcatis cum rainulis falcatis obsessa. Extus
et intus lutea vel pleromate aurantiaco, cortice flavo temporis decursu
sordide aurantiaca. Radices filipenduli longe stipitati interdum intus toti lutei.

Folia aduUa longe petiolata subobovato-Ianceolata 2.5 X 'ongiora quam

lata, versus apicem rotundato-attenuata sat abrupte acuminata, basi latius-
cula in petiolum canaliculatum sensim constricta. Ligula cum margine
vaginae puberulo ciliata lobis lateraliter vix prominentibus.
Inflorescentia raro longa, pro ratione lata, cum pedunculo vaginis
incluso longitudine varia. Bracteae externae vulgo 2 cassae, folium pedunculare
nullum, Bracteae florentes late ovatae acutiusculae, late patentes etsubrecurvae,
dilute virides vel pallide flavo-virides baud rubro-maculatae. Bracteae comae
antice punctulato et striulato-lilacinae, basi colore pallidiore et viridi-commixto.
Bracteolae vulgo tubum corollae paullum superantes apice viridiusculae.
Flores dilute cremeae lobo mediano flavo, petala dilute rosea. Calyx tubi
corollae fere ^/g aequans, dentibus subtruncatis. Staminodia elliptica.

The bulb of a 3 months old plant, which already flowered, was

80 X 40, the 6 lowest rings already stripped of the leaves; numerous clavate
rhizomes (110X25) originate from this tuber; two opposite continue to

grow horizontally in a vertical plane and form new merithallia and plants,
so that sometimes five flower-bearing plants lay in one row, which
develop alternately from the inside to The branches of all
the outside.
degrees grow upwards in a curve. The colour of the young rhizomes is
bright-orange-yellow (161) the tops are white. The old tuber and old
rhizomes are, at least in one specimen examined, bright-orange almost 156,
pleroma sometimes 151, bark 161. The young and growing parts 161 to 176.

The tubers are pendulous on long fibres, their colour is in one of

our specimens quite orange-yellow on the section, nearly as in C. xan-

thorhiza, but not so dark.
The leaves are different in shape from those of the apparently very
similar C. colorata, though the young plants resemble each other very
much. In both the base is broadly rounded and the midrib on the upper-
side more or less dark-red-brown coloured, without passing of the colour
over the parenchyma; in both this red colour becomes more faint during the
growth and the young plants seem then superficially quite green, the
colour, however, does not vanish entirely. But there is in the shape of the
full-grown leaves an important difference with C. colorata. The greatest
width is here always above the middle and the leaf-edge passes with a
rather wide bow to the top which is narrowed into the acumen. Also !he
average broadth of the leaf is always greater than in C. colorata. E.g. In
a young plant: 570X 195: P = ^.3. 530X205: P= 2.5. 500 X 198; P = *

2.5. 460X180 190: P. 2.6. 450X 170 160: P. 2.6. 400X 160 100: P. 2.5.
260 X 120 45: P. 2.1.
 ^ 44 —
The average of P. in 8 leaves of a large flowering plant was P. 2.5.

or without the oldest leaf = 3. The petiole was 110 — 240 long, except the
oldest leaf, which was only 50 mm. long. The largest measured leaves
were 630X200 and 620X225 and in a stronger specimen 720 X 250 + 25
(P.2.7.); the sheaths 400 — 500. The sheath is externally more or less
hairy near the top. The ligula-lobes protrude a little with a hairy edge.
The peduncle has mostly no peduncular leaf but sometimes there
are two empty bracts at the base of the spike of which the outmost is

large (80X50) and circularly adnate round the stalk. For the rest one
empty bract of the common is always adnate for a
bluntly triangular shape,

Va (60X40, of which 20 adnate). The bracts are arranged 3 -{- 5; the head-
curve is directed now to the left, now to the right, both equally frequently
happens, also the 2-spirals, are very distinct in the same direction as
the 5-spirals, but with a lower pitch. They are proportionally large, ovate,
rather acute, always free more than the half, except a few of the lower
ones, which are more adnate. The pouches are wide, free portions not
much incurved, with much spreading tops; the 4 comabracts are somewhat
more incurved at the base, more flattened in the upper part, obtusely mucronate.
The colour is sometimes light-green 276 and 286, then again very
pale-yellow-green. The coma-leaves slightly violet-dotted (587 597) in their —
upper half, downwards (0571) lighter and sometimes green-striped. The
intermedial bracts green and violet-striped, and with pink tops and spots.
The flower is diluted-ochraceous (221—216) the medial band 201 the ;

petals somewhat pink, 17 or 53 A. or 578 A. The bracteola is somewhat

longer than the tube, to 25 mm. The calyx is as in the related species,
the teeth distinct, blunt, mostly provided with a ciliate crista.
The flower is much smaller than in C. colorata. The longest flowers
were 50 mm. of which the tube with the hair-ring is 17 18. The calyx —
10—11. The faux is 13—15 mm. long and 27—29 broad. The lip 17X16
or smaller, the claw 2.3 mm. long and 12 broad, the top rounded, the
mid-lobe a little prominent in the flattened lip. The staminodes, measured
in the centre 15X^0; broad, elliptical, blunt Vv'ith a shallow wrinkle
rather in the The filament is 6X4 of which 2 mm. is connate
middle.
with the staminodes. The anther large, with the long curved spurs 8 mra.
The stylodes rather more than 6 mm.
Distribution and native names.
The species is described from three cultivated specimens of different
origin of which the rhizomes belonged to the most intensely orange-coloured.
From Modjokerto Mr. Heyne received them under the name of "Kiinir

batok" (449), from Kediri as "Tenioe prif. (52). From Madura (Soemenep)
under the name of "Temoe lati", a substantially similar form but with
more yellow rhizomes.
 — 45 —
To this species I reduce more or less varying forms found spontaneous
growing in the teai< forests of Rembang (Randublatung), Bondowoso and
Kediri. A form particular by the large calyx and the triangular petals, but
otherwise similar was sent from Bondowoso as "Temu ladi", (cult. Heyne
700). AU those names are very local and uncertain. The following num-
bers of the HEYNE-culture garden, all of teakforests, belong here.
H. 690 "Temu ketek" Bondowoso, flowered. •

H. 688 "Temu giring"? Randublatung. ^

H. 682 Kediri, flowered.

H. 702 "Temu glenjeh" Kediri, flowered.
H. 700 "Temu ladi" Bondowoso, flowered.

Curcuma ochrorhiza, Val. n. sp. Comp. C. amada, Roxb. 1820 I 33,

Rose. 1830t.

Herba adhuc juvenilis nunc parva. Rhizoma e membris brevibus hand

crassis leviter curvatis horizontalibus et verticalibus compositum, apice a-cutis,

valde ramosis, gemmis a latere inferiore oriundis. Omnes partes extus

albidae, intus dilute subviride sulfureae. Gustus leviter carotinus.
Bulbus cire. 35 mm. crassus, intus albus, sulfureo-tinctus. Rhizomata
30 — 70X 15 — 25 mm. Folia latiuscule oblonga caudato-acuminata basi
subrotundata in herba adulta 330X140, pet. 100, vagina 140; vagina ad
ligulam subdilatata hand auriculata. P. 2.3. — 2.7., inde ab initio concoloria
viridia. Folium pedunculare breve ovato-oblongum obtusum. Bracteae
cassae nullae.
Spica nunc parva sat densa. Bursae baud profundae. Bractearum
mediarum pars libera late oblongo-ovata, apice obtusissima. Bracteae totae 45
mm. longae quarum bursa 20 mm., lat. explanata 30 mm., medianae omnes
totae pallide virides. Br. comae obovatae obtusae vel superiores acutiusculaè

haud prominentes 50 — 55 mm. longae, bursa + 13 mm. longa, albidae

apice roseae.
Flores iis C. euchromae similes pallide flavae (221), labellum medio
luteum (201), apice (lobo mediana) brevissimo patenti haud decurvo. Petala
pallide rosea (53 A, apice 22) late ovata, apice rotundata, labello breviora.
Pet. dorsale late ovatum cucullatum, rostello parvo trigono. Staminodia late

obovata apice subacuta medio plicata. Anthera majuscula, Ihecis versus

basin attenuatis, tuberculo insigni, calcaribus validis falcatis, filamentum latum.
mm. longi, calyx 9 mm. cor. tubus 16 — 20 mm., apice 9 mm.
Flores 45
latus. Pet. dors. 15X14, rostello 2X2, hirsuto, lateralia 12X11. Faux
infra labellum 10 mm. X25. Labellum 19X15, parte libera 10 mm. longa.

Staminodia petalo longioria medio 14 mm. long 11 mm. lata. Fil. 5X5.
Anthera 4 mm., cum calcaribus 7 mm. Stylodia cylindrica apice crassa
5 mm longa. Ovarium cum basi calycis hirtellum.
 - 46

This species is named from the externally and internally, white, in the

center greenish-lemon tinged, rhizome, never met with in any other one of
this group. It belongs very near to C. brog by the green leaves pale flowers
and whitish bracts. Whether old stocks can reach the sarne dimensions is

still incertain.

The young rhizome has a faint taste of mango or carrots.

It was sent (only once) from the teak forests of Randublatung bearing

the fancy name of "Temu lawak" {—C. xanthorhiza, Roxb.) and cultivated.
Heyne 705. Flow. Nov. 1917.
This species appears rather nearly related to C. amada, Roxb. (Fl. ind.

I 33) of which Roscoe (1830, t. 99) gives the following description: "Coma
rosecoloured, corolla pale yellow or strawcoloured, lip obscurely threelobed,
yellow. Spike central, plant entirely green. "Bulb a conical tuber; palmate
tubers at the base, thick fleshy, fingered, inwardly pale yellow. Pendulous
tubers farinaceous pale. Fertile bracts pale green or strawcoloured."
"A native of Bengal, known as "amada" or mango-ginger, because of

the peculiar smell of the rhizome which is used as a medicine."

These species are thus different by the colour of the petals and of the

bracts. Moreover the rhizome of C. ochroleuca has only a very faint smell

of mango, and is not used medicinally in Java. It differs from C. broghy

the obtuse bracts of the spike.

Curcuma soloensis. Val. n. sp.

Herba metralis vel sesquimetralis. Bulbus et rhizoma fere precedentis,

elongata, rami sat longi falcati et clavati omnia extus juventute pure, demum
sordide, aurantiaca. Tuberi penduli intus grisei endodermate luteo.
Folia modice petiolata, late lanceolato- et ovata-elliptica, basi subro-
tundata, apice sensim acuminata, crasse herbacea, inde a juventute plane
viridia. Ligula in utraque parte petioli basi auriculatim prominens ciliata et

cum vaginae margine hirtella.

Inflorescentia cum pedunculo 300 — 750 mm. longa. Folium peduncu-
lare singulum vel dua, bracteiformia, externum bracteis ceteris duplo lon-
gius. Bracteae pallide virides, ovatae (cum pursa obovatae) acutiusculae,
marginibus paullum erectis incurvis pallide virides, patulae. Br. comae par-

tim roseae, ellipticae apice mutico. Bracteolae corollae tubum aequantes.

Calyx apice truncatus, mucronibus nuUis. Corolla pallide aurantiaca, labelli

parte mediana intense aurantiaca. Petala pallide rosea. Staminodia oblonga

obtusa medio plicata.
The root-system is again much like that of C. piirpurasce(is. An old
tuber is 60X45 and internally dirty-orange (almost 181). The rhizomes

100X25 are sallow-orange-brown (181), a side-branch is 60 X 20; a side-

80X20. Young
tuber rhizomes are pure orange-yellow on the section (161).
 - 47 —
The pendulous tubers are ellipsoidal and pass again into roots. They
are internally light-grey with a yellow or lemonyellow endoderniis (206— 186).

A flower-bearing plant has 8 leaves, the petioles of the 6 middlest

290X 125,
of these are successively 50,110,150.180,260,300, the dimensions
360X155, 450X180, 480X185, 550X175, 525X190, 510X190, 510X
170. P. is average 2.5; in the narrowest leaf 3; in the youngest not full-
grown leaf but one; 3.8. The leaves belong thus to the broadest.

The colour is light-green (303) without any brown in the mid-rib of

the first leaf. The backside between 312 and 317. The base of the leaf is

first seemingly rounded by the folding of the edge.

The sheath and leaf-edge as well as the ligula entirely finely hairy.
The inflorescence which appears in the common way between the leaf-
sheaths, has a bract-shaped peduncular leaf, placed very near the inflores-
cence and as usually triangular shaped. (60X60). In the examined spikes
are +
30 bracts, which are broadly ovate, rather blunt, not acuminate, but
they form with their upcurved sidelobes shallow wide gutters which for a
greater part, are longer than the wide pouches, only some of the undermost
are as long or somewhat shorter. The coma-leaves are broad, rather blunt

and without a mucro. Of the above mentioned spike, the average (lowest)
bracts measured 46X34, another,50X34, of which just the half formed
the pouch; a coma-leaf measured 72X36, pouch 20. The colour of the
lowest 14 bracts is very light-pure-green (286 and 291). Higher upward
the tops become spotted violet and the lowest half of the 6 coma-bracts
is nearly white, the middle pink, the top rather dark-violet (587, 578 and
578 B.)
The coma-bracts are, especially at the top, on both sides and on the
edge short, not densely hairy. The edges of the bracts are very short hairy.
In, each pouch are three flowers which occasionally protrude especially
below, but most of them do not. The bracteoles are not longer than
the tube.
The structure of the flower is like that of C. purpiirascens etc. The
labellum, however, is less protruded and the whole fore-edge is entire with
a small incision at the top. The colour of the petals is very light-pink
(3 A.), the lip etc. common orange (171—166, mid-band 156). The teeth
of the calyx are nearly truncate and want a mucro at the top. The corolla
is slender. By a flowerlength of 48, the greatest breadth of the faux
(when flattened) is 22 — 25, the tube is 16—18 mm. long, the faux 15 mm.
the lip (when flattened) 15— 16X 16— 17, narrowed at the base into a claw;
the staminodes oblong-elliptical, blunt, narrowed at the base and inward
bent at the top. The filament (the free portion) is 4 X 4. The lateral

corolla-lobes are broadly rounded, oblong-ovate, the dorsal lobe is glabrous

and has an oblique mucro which is hairy. The stylodes are 5 mm.
 - 48 —
long. The anthers are proportionally short (7. 3 X 3) with a ligula, protruding
between the Ihecae. The spurs curved and firm, at the top somewhat outward bent.
Distribution and native names:
This species Mr. Heyne received from Solo under the name of „ge-
lenje" or "belenje" (Heyne, 50) and under the same name an apparently
identical plant from Kediri, (Heyne, 55). which, however, has not yet
flowered, and another specimen from Poerworedjo (flower bearing). Finally
I received living plants from Randublatung (Rembang), flowering in

Décembre 1916 and again in Aug. 1917, through the kindness of the bureau
of forestry. The name seems to be rather universal for this species in Central
Java. Probably it is this species which is commonly known as "temu
kopyor", used by the natives for dying purposes. Though this name may
be applied^ also to some related species.

The species, sold in Djocja at the bazar, under the name oi"gelenje",
is, however, another species, to wit C. purpurascens, Bl, 1 perceived this
as well from a written information of Mr V. Zyp, as by a flower-bearing

specimen sent to me by Mr. Hj. Jensen from Klaten.

To this species 1 reduce provisorily, until better material for study is

available, some small plants growing in the teak forests and called by
diverse local names, the most commonly used of which are T. ladi (red

and white form) and T. putri.

Diverse stocks are grown in Mr. Heyne 's culture garden under the
numbers 683, 685, 687, 691 and 701, which belong to this group, of which
685 is from Kediri (sub nomine locali "temu giring") the rest from Rem-
bang (Randublatung).
The only one of these which has flowered (Heyne 691) has orange-
tinged flowers like those of C. soloensis and green leaves, with exception
(sometimes) of the first ones, but the rhizomes are rather different. They
consist of very short members not thicker than a little finger, falcate very

ramose, vertically and horizontally, the principal ones reflexed upward

with a geniculate bent and then growing to an oviform erect annulated
bulb 50 mm. long and 25 wide. The colour is constantly 181 Cod. in 683
H. 176 in the other numbers. These short abruptly upcurved rhizomes
remind those of C. petiolata, Roxb., called "T. putri" in Batavia, which
however is a very different species. Here is also to be mentioned a form
from these same forests known as "temu gepijitan" or "temu ladi". (Kalshoven
1642, flowering Dec. 1917), with a dark purple coma, and which is pro-
bably a different species but still badly known.

Curcuma brog. Val. n. p.

Tuber parvus, globosus vel cylindricus. Rhizomatis rami breves medio

leviter inflati, incurvi, extus nitide mellei intus sordide citrini. Radices fili-
 - 49 -
penduli angusti tuberculati intiis pallide flavescentes. Folia plane viridia,
laminae basi acuta, P. 2.5.-3,25. Ligula glabra, ciliata. Inflorescentia magna
densa, bracteis 50 vel pluribus, longe pedunculata, habitu C. euchromae.
Bracteae comae lanceolatae valde acutae vix distincte mucronatae, purpureae
infra medium pallidiores, intermediae viridi- et albidostriatae, florales pallide

virides (91) basi albidae, late ovatae, valde acutae patentes, subcanaliformes
et subrecurvae, pursis dimidium bractearum baud superantibus plerisque bre-
vioribus, latis baud valde convexis.
Flores iis C. euchromae sat similes sed minores et pallidiores, labelli

lobo mediano citrino, corollae lobis insigniter minoribus, staminodiis

longioribus, angustioribus.
Bulb round 45 X 45 or smaller, or cylindrical, vertical, densely
annulated. Primary and secundary rhizome branches growing horizontally and
vertically, short, cylindrical, often swollen in the middle or clavate, 50 — 60 X 20,
consisting of 9 — 11 internodes, falcate, resembling long maggots, shining
lightbrown, appressed setose. The edges of the internodes, with small thorn-
like appressed processus. Internally the bulb and rhizomes are sordid
lemon-yellow,, 236 — 241 — 266. Young rhizomes externally yellowish white,
pointed, internally pure lemon-yellow (211). Roottubers slender, 50 X 12,

Internally very pale yellowish.

Leaves rather broadly lanceolate, e. g. 500 X 200 + 200 -f- 400, 575 X 1 75,
500 X 180, 650 X 200; average P. 2.5—3.5.; all quite green. Flowering
stem 600 mm. high, peduncle 13 mm. thick.

Comabracts rather numerous (8), acutely lanceolate, with an almost

obsolete mucro, upperhalf redviolet, 556, almost white at the base, with
very short pouches, 75 X 20 mm., (pouches 15). Intermedial bracts palegreen
with violet stripes 55X 26 (pouch 25.) Mean bracts pale yellow-green
(291), 45 — 50X28— 25, pouches 20 — 24. The shape of the mean bracts
is broadly ovate like those of P. euchroma more acute at the top. The
sterile inferior bract is widely trigonous, 40 X 40 and 50 X 35. No peduncular
leaf.

The flowers resemble those of C. euchroma but are distinct by the longer
calyx mm. in a flower of 50 mm.)
(13 with truncate lobes, the bracteoles
25 — 30 mm. long. Tube with the ring 20, faux 15X25. Side petals ovate
oblong rounded, small. (13X9)- Dorsal petal 15X12, broad, cucullate
with a large hairy rostellum. Staminodes cream-yellow, 221, very obliquely
elliptic oblong, obtuse, 15X8. Lip with a prominent endlobe and broad
semiorbicular sidelobes 20X18, central bar sulfureous, orange-yellow in
the bud, 156.

Distribution:
I received of this species flower-bearing specimens from the teak-forest
of Randublatung, the species is undoubtedly much related to C. soloensis,
 — 50 —
but easily to be distinguished by tlie colour of the flower and the very
different rhizomes, it differs from C. ochrorhiza by the more acute bracts
and the colour of the rhizomes.

Curcuma Mangga, Val. et v. Zijp. n.sp. — Curcuma amada, Val. {non

RoxB.). in Heyne (1913, 207). — comp. C. leucorrhiza, Roxb. Fl. ind. 1. 30;
RoscoË 1830 t. 102.

Exantha. Herba bimetralis. Bulbi globosi vel elliptici, dense annulati.

Rhizomata digitum crassa, numerosa ex omnibus partibus bulbi exorta
horizontalia vel obliqua, saepe recta, valde ramosa. Rami secundarii et

tertiarii ad illos prioris ordinis perpendiculares, breves, congeriem densam

interdum maximam sistentes. Gemmae obtusae albae. Rhizoraa extus pal-
lide flavescens, apice album, intus dilute flavidum, cortice in partibus
juvenilibus dilutiore, fere albo. Bulbus intus pulchre flavus. Omnes partes
sub lente puberulae, magis minusve fructus .Mangiferae necnon aliquantillum
rhizoma Z. officinalis redolentes et sapientes, subacres, hand amarae.
Radices filipendulae elongatae filiformes, tuberi fusiformes angusti et

elongati utrinque longe attenuati, intus albi, pleromate pallide flavo.

Folia anguste oblongo-lanceolata supra medium paullum dilatata breviter

caudata, basi longissime in petiolum decurrentia, saepe 4-plo longiora

quam lata, pallide viridia, concoloria. Petiolus mediocris, ligula bisemi-
lunata, cum margine vaginae dense ciliata.

In stirpibus junioribus folia multo minora latiora.

Inflorescentia inter minores ante folia exorta. Scapus squamis vaginan-
tibus 4 — 10 instructus.
Squama superior saepe a caule divergens nunc plane limbiformis, saepius
convoluta mucronata, ad 350 mM. longa, basin spicae saepe superans.
Spica apice valde dilatata.

Bracteae inferiores latissime ovatae obtusae sensim breviores et ob-

tusiores, inde a forma ovata ad orbicularem transeuntes, inde (bracteae comae)
ad ellipticam, inde ad oblongum, omnes obtusisimae vel rotundatae, utrinque
minutissime puberulae, omnes (summis exceptis) florigerae. Bracteae comae
basi albae, versus apicem violaceae et rubro-violaceae, bracteae intermediae
pallide virides, interdum violaceo-striatae, inferiores pallide virides.
Bracteolae sat magnae tubum superantes. Flores graciles, fauce attenuate.
Calyx late obtuse tridenticulatus. Tubus corollae ^5 longitudinis floris

superans, petala lateralia anguste ovata obtusa ; dorsale cucullato-ovatum et

mucronatum. Labellum obovatum unguiculatum lobo mediano bifido valde
distincte prominente et a lobis lateralibus emarginatione separato.
Staminodia lata falcata apice rotundata. Filamentum parvum, lat. long,
aequante.
 — 51 -
Anthera angusta infra medium affixa, liguia brevi late rotundata termi-

nata, calcaria loiigiuscula, hand ciirvata hand valde divergentia. Flores albi

lobo mediano flavo.

During the flowering period the plant grows to more than 1 meter with
2—3 leaves. The primary tuber of an old plant 35 X 35; elliptic mostly per-
pendicularly lengthened 50X25 or 80X35. Rhizomes a finger thick, very

numerous spreading in all directions, almost straight often somewhat clavate

with perpendicular or horizontal side-branches, which soon are branched

again. In sterile plants lumps of a foot in diameter are formed by

a repeated branching (PI. VI f. 2). The longest measured rhizome 125X20,
of which the side-branches are 50 — 60 X 12. The downwards directed side-
branches form bipectinate figures by the alternate large buds of which,
however, only those on the under-side develop to tertiary short branches.
The internodes are short, the nodes somewhat swollen, mostly provided
with ring-shaped lacerate rudiments of the scales (see PI. VI). The tops are

more or less acute or blunt, not rounded. The colour is very pale-yellow
with white tops. The section, also of the tuber, is citrine (236) ; the young
offshoots white yellow.
The leaves are elliptical-lanceolate, but broadest above the middle; very
long-acuminate towards the base and passing very gradually into the canali-
culate petiole; acuminate towards the apex ending in a short filiform cusp.

In a specimen of the Bot. garden, which grows in the shade of the

woodgarden and which had still two leaves only, these leaves were 700 X 180
and 500X160, viz. from the top to the liguia, being the base of the leat
so much lengthened and narrowed, a well-marked limit of the petiole is

wanting. The leaves of another older plant with 4 leaves, were 605X160,
700 X 185, 740 X 770X556 and the petioles respectively 80, 190, 300, 380,
180,
a diameter of 25 mm. being taken as a limit between the blade and the
petiole. P. was here thus 3 in the oldest leaf, 5 in the youngest, average
rather more than 4. In another plant with 6 leaves the average lenght
of the leaf was 580 X 150 (P = 3.8.) ;
petiole 225. Sheath between 500 and 650.
As be said these leaves grow in the shade.
Of a sterile rhizome (91 H) (of "temu po/;" from Djocja) which grew on
an open sunny spot, the length of the leaves at a plant of 7 leaves, was:

350X 180, 340X150, 440 X 190, 570 X 192, 600 X 190, 650 X 170;
the petioles from 100 to 200. Here in the 4 oldest leaves P. is 2.2; in the
three youngest 3.3. In a fourth sterile plant (of temoe mangga from
Batavia) the smallest leaf was 510X180, the largest 700 X 140, the average
of 7 leaves 3.5. The membranous edge of the sheaths protrudes laterally
rather far beyond the base of the petiole and passes into the broad lunate
liguia; the latter is densely ciliated along the whole edge, also the edge
of the sheath is ciliated but less densely-.
I

— 52 —
The inflorescence originates nearly simultaneously with the leaves
from a young side-tuber of the primary tuber, the foliate stem from a sidebud
of the primary-tuber.

The scales of the peduncle are long 50 mm., rounded mucronate,

the internal one (4tli) is sheath-shaped, 250 mm. long with a convolute
or rarely small, flattened blade. In another specimen the stem was surrounded
by 10 sheaths.
The peduncle was 150 160 mm. long. —
The spike, almost as long as the peduncle, had a violet-red (531 — 551)
coma which protruded rather far beyond the spike, the coma bracts (9),
however, were white from the base to the middle, the intermedial bracts
were light-green, white with violet stripes, the middle-bracts (forming 2

or 3 cycli) were light-green. All are somewhat velvety to the touch.

The bracts (32 in an examined spike) are sometimes all flowering,
but the outmost is then somewhat larger than the following, sometimes,
however, this is sterile and placed some cm. below the spike and adnate
only at the base. Of the middle-bracts (20) the free portions are somewhat
longer or almost as long as and broader than the pouches, the 2 — 3 outer
ones broadly ovate, the others nearly orbicular with an almost rounded
top, they form wide and high gutters which are but little concave and
they are much spreading. The average length was rather more than 40,
including the pouch which was half as long or less, the breadth was 25.
The pouches are narrow. In the intermedial bracts, long 50, the free
portions were 30 — —
32X30 32. Of the leaves of the coma the outer ones
were broadly elliptical (long 55) the free portion 40 — 45 X 32, the inner
ones, as commonly smaller and narrower, 45X16- ^nd 42X^4 all with
rounded top withot a trace of a mucro.
The flowers protrude a little above the bracts so that the deflexed

middle-lobe of the lip is distinctly visible. The primary bracteole is large,

longer than the tube 25 — 28X12—14, and quite hairy on the outerside.
The flower is 44 mm. long. The calyx is about half as long as the
crown-tube and has a small split and 3 very short nearly equal, rounded
teeth. The lip is obovate with a much protruded recurved mid-lobe, which
is separated from the erected side-lobes not only by a fold but also by
a slight The flattened lip was long 16X^4, narrowed to
emargination.
a short claw broad 9. The staminodes are nearly elliptical, converging
behind the stamen, narrowed at the base, the outer edge convex (14) inner
edge 10 (shorter by the connating with the stamen). The filament is small,
about 3X3, the anther proportionally long and narrow, affixed near the
base; the oblong connective projects somewhat between the loculi as a
short lingula. The spurs are narrow and parallel, slightly curved. Loculi long
4 — 5, spur 2—8. From another flower was noted: Length 48, calyx 8, side-petals
 — 53 —
oblong-ovate (13X8) the dorsal petal 13X10. Tube with the hairring
20; stamiiiodes at the lipside 14, ad the filatnentside 11; filament 4X3;
lip 17X15; faux flattened 12X22. Tube 18 mm., stylodes 4 mm. The
flowers are pure white, the mid-lobe yellow.
Distribution: Curcuma Mangga is cultivated in Buitenzorg, Batavia,
Djocdjacarta and diverse other localities. I never met with specimens
of the type collected wildgrowing in the teak forests or elsewhere and as such
it makes an exception to all other cultivated specimens, all of which are
occasionally met with in the teak forests, where they often are gathered on
a large scale for trading purposes.
The malay name is unvariably /e/nu TWon^'^o; in Madura and the eastern
part of Java and in Djocdjacarta it is called "tema" or "teinu poh",

poh being the Madurese name of the mangofruit. Locally sometimes "temu
badjangan", another local name of the mango (Bodjonegoro, according to Mr
Ralshoven). In Batavia it is called sometimes "temu lalab", this being a

médecine made of the rhizome. Rumph mentions the "temu Mangga" with
a few lines. He declares this kind not to be well known in Ambon, and
mentions the farine and diverse medicines prepared from the rhizome.
Outside of Java this species seems to be cultivated in Singapore. At
least it seems most probable that this is the temu "pauh" cultivated by
the Malays, having "a yellow rhizome, with a smell and taste of wild car-
rots." (Ridley 1899,118). 1 presume this "pauh" means "mango"", as well
as it does in Atjeh, Madura and in the Buginese land.
This species is not the Curcuma amada, Roxb. as I took it to be
formerly. (Heyne 1. c.) before 1 had seen the lateral scape. The spike of

C. amada as drawn by Roscoe t. 99, and more especially the median lobe
of the lip, rather far protruded, have some resemblance to C. Mangga;
and the name 'Mmocfc" ossawet/ by Roxburgh after a Bengali word, meaning
Mango-ginger, because of the Mango-aroma of the rootstock, indicates a
remarkable analogy to our species. All this however is purely accidental for
C. amada having a central spike, is not related nearly to C. Mangga.
There are two varieties of C. Mangga, the first, cutlivated here (C. Heyne
5) is remarkable by its conspicuous dark purple coloured middle part of

the leaf in the young plants, but it has the same taste and aroma of the
rhizomes as has the type, and in a full grown state it is not easily to be
distinguished from it. Flowers are still unknown. The second should perhaps
be considered as a proper species, which combines characters of C. Zedoaria
and C. Mangga, for the flowers show the protruded lip and rather long
spurs of C. Mangga, while the rootstocks have very little of the Mangga
type, neither in form nor in proprieties. The first appearing leaves have a
narrow purple cloud, the full grown plant resembles C. Mangga. This form
is interesting .because it is the only known species of Eucurcuma which
 — 54 —
fruits abundantly, and tlius perhaps represents the only species of fucwrcwma
which is to be considered as truly spontaneous (see Plate XXX).
This species, especially the variety "sylvestris" should be compared
to C. leucorrhiza, Roxb., which it resembles in many aspects. Most curious
is the deflexed midlobe of the lip (see Roscoe (1830) t. 102 fig. 3.) occurring
in both species, distinguishing them from other species. Roscoe gives the
following description:
"Spike lateral; plant entirely green; leaves broad lanceolate, smooth on
both sides; spikes few flowered; coma pale rosecolour; petals slightly tinged
with purple; lip yellow. Bulb ovate; palmate tubers long and straight;
pendulous tubers numerous, far spreading, pearly white within ; leaves broad-
lanceolate, petiolate smooth uniformly green; plant from 3 to 4 feet high,
spike 150—200 mm. high. Fertile bracts green, coma pale rosy. Dorsal
corollobe slightly mucronate, all lobes white tinged with purper. Lip white
with a purple tinge, yellow and bifid at the apex".
"A native of the forests of Bahar. Tubers of both kinds are used for
preparing a kind of fecule, called Tikhur".
According to K. Schumann the ovary of C. /ewcorr/z/zo should be smooth.

Curcuma Heyneana, Val. et v. ZijP. n. sp.

Exantha. Herba elata usque bimetralis. Bulbi ovoideo-vel oblongo-ellip-

soidei'valde acuti. Rhizomata numerosa vulgo bifaria saepe valde elongata
teretia + clavata, recta vel saepius decurva, horizontalia vei oblique geotropa,
vel imo obverse verficalia, nunquam (nisi gemma germinante) sursum incur-
vata, ramis secundi (vel et tertii) ordinis saepissime angulo recto ex utraque
parte rhizomatis aequaliter protrusis, numerosis hand densis longis et brevibus ;

omnes partes extus pallide griseae vel sublutescentes, sub lente subglabrae,
intus pulchre pure flavae, sapore aromatico et amaro.
Radices filipendulae saepe longissimae, tuberi penduli rari, vulgo parvi
(oblongo-fusiformes), intus pallide grisei, pleromate nunc sublutescente.
Gaulis vulgo 3 — 8-foliosus complanatus. Folia oblongo-lanceolata usque
semimetralia vel ^j^ metralia apice breviter caudata, basi sensim acuta,
concavo-conduplicata et in petiolum canaliculatum brevem desinentia. Ligula
parva, biloba, glabra. Folia sat intense viridia, costa concolore, 2.8 —3 X
longiora quam lata.

Scapus ante folia apparens nunc brevis gracilis, vaginis viridibus saepe
3, quarum superior (folium pedunculare) valde variabilis, nunc subfoliacea
et involuta (explicata lanceolata) nunc saccatim adnata, a spica remota vel
illi proxima, basi obliqua, apice saepe longe apiculata.
Spica inter minores, late cylindrica, apice dilatata. Bracteae a basi inde
omnes (ultimis comae exceptis), florigerae, puberulae, breviter(ad '/a— V Jong'-

tudinis usque) adnatae, inferiores lato-ellipticae acutaesubcomplicataeetpatulae,

 — 55 -
superiores oblongo-ellipticae aciitae et mucronulatae subplanae, ultimae comae
oblongae basi attenuatae obtusae. Bracteae florentes pallide virides etalbescen-
[es, intermediae albae et albovirides, supremae pallide roseae apice purpureo.
Bracteolae tubum floris superantes, hirtellae. Flores albi, vulgo exserti.
Calyx hirtellus obtusissime dentatus, albus, tubi coroUae longitudinis
aequans vel superans (sed longit. variabilis). Corollae tubus sublutescens
brevis in faucem campanulatam latissiraam dilatatus. Petalum dorsale latum

album, extus totum hirtellum mucrone valido. Labellum flavum subrotundum

vix unguiculatum, lobo medio vix protruso, apice bifido lobulis subrotundis
sese imbricantibus. Staminodia pallide flava subrotundo-obovata. Filamentum
pallide flavum, angustum longum. Antherae prope basin dorso affixae puberulae,

apice distincte ligulatae, basi calcaribus brevibus validis subulatis antice

subexaratis munitae. Stylodia brevia.
Plant after the bloom growing up to a height of nearly 2 m. and
forming 8 or 9 The primary tuber remains small, not more than
leaves.

80 X 50, sometimes 40 X
40. The rhizomes progress partly horizontally,-

but for the greater part obliquely dovi^nwards directed (see PI. V.b.). They are
straight or the tops are somewhat downwards curved, never falcate and

upcurved, except in the germing endbud.

The rhizome may attain a length of 200 X 25. The breadth of the

internodes is 5 — 10 mm. The young ones are clavate. The side-branches

develop mostly at both sides of the long chief branches at a right angle so

as to '
form long bi-pectinate or pinnate bodies the longest side-branches
are than long 45 X 15 and they end with blunt white tops. The external
colour is light-yellow, afterwards grey. Internally the tuber and rhizomes
are pure bright yellow (226, also 236 and 231, sometimes 206 — 211). In

older branches somewhat mixed with brown (210).

The roots are partly thick and fleshy, densely covered with root-fibres,
partly filiform, they may attain a great lenght (400 mm.) before forming
pendulous tubers, which pass again into root-tubers at the top. The pendulous
tubers are narrowly fusiform (70 X 18, 80 X 15); their section is white-
grey, sometimes with a yellow tinge (246) in the middle.
The leaves are uniformly green, rather broader and less prolonged at
the base than those of C. Mangga. Of a sterile plant (H. bog. 65. 10) with 6

leaves was noted; sheaths: 220 — 350, petioles of the 4 innermost leaves: 50,
70, 130, 140. Blades 175 X 75, 300 X 110; 330 X 130, 420 X 130
(average 350 X 135, thus P. = 2.4. Of an old plant, which has not yet
flowered, the largest leaf, the youngest but one, Js 530 X 200 X 150:
(P. = 2.6.). A similar leaf of another plant from the Yang mountains, 550 X
165 + 140, (P. = 3.3.).

The ligula consists of two crescents convex above, broad 2. 5 — 3 mm.,

which touch each other in the middle of the innerside, forming so a V,
 - 56 -
shaped figure; they pass gradually into the broad membranous sheath-edge
and they do not form protruded side-lobes. They are nearly glabrous only
very near the edge somewhat ciliate.

The inflorescence is broad and short (90 X- 70). The colour is light-

green, the coma mostly very light-pink with dark tops, the intermedial bracts
often quite white. The bracts are all broadly elliptical with an acute top
and only '/4 or (at the coma) '/s of their length is adnate with the preceding,
so that the pouch consists nearly of the free portion. The bract is little

concave and not constricted near the base ; the top is spreading with a slight
curve. The largest (lowest) bract was 40 X 26, the largest of the coma
50 X 23. The flowers do not protrude outside the bracts. The primary bracteole
is 22 X 13> the secondary one 19 X 8- The corolla is broad and short:
L: 43, K: 8. Tube short and wide (12.), the faux very wide, in proportion
to the length of the flower (when flattened, 23). The lip is nearly orbicular
(16 X 16), 10 at the base and there is but little separation between the broad
mid-lobe, consisting of two round lobules, and the broad side-lobes. The
colour is white with a dark yellow mid-band (Jeswiet.) or quite yellow
(V. Zijp.) The staminodes are broader than in any other species, broadly
elliptical, above rounded, narrowed towards the base, (14.5 X '!)• The
filament narrow (4.5 X 2.5). The dorsal coroll-lobe is broadly ovate, quite
hairy on the back and at the top. The lateral ones are ovate with a rounded
top, upwards narrowed (12 X 10). The stylodia are short (3 — 4). The
anther is recognizable by rather short, straight or curved, much spreading
spurs, which are grooved on the face, just as in Paracurcuma, and the
narrow connective is prolonged to a small lingula between the loculi.
On a specimen from the Yang mountains the dimensions are: K 13,

C 44, P.d. 13 X 14, P. 1.13 X 10, F 12 X 25, Lab. 18X20, std. 15X12,
fil, 4X3, stylod. 3, Bractea 23 X 14.

Distribution. This species is cultivated universally throughout Java

in the villages, and the rhizomes are sold at all bazars with the certain name
"giring", not used for any other cultivated kind. It occurs also wild growing
in the forest of all parts of Java and is apparently endemic. At least no
species has been described by foreign authors which can be reduced hereto.
RuMPH I.e. p. 169 mentions the "giring" very shortly; he says that "the
rhizomes are long and narrow, internally pale yellow and bitter", a diagnose
which may concern our species.
Native names besides "gihng". are: in Tomo, Soemedang, West-Java:
"djaha" in East-Java, Pasuruan: "tema giring", "tenia litjin", "tema konèng",
"tema lateng" (local name in mt. Yang.).
Typical specimens were sent from the teak-forest of Tjabak, (Rembang)
(central Java) and also from Kritik (Kediri) East-Java, with thename "temii

poh" a name given unvariably to the Curcuma Mangga in Djocdjakarta and

 — 57 —
in Madura (see above). Rumph mentions the name "p/zo" as a Balinese
synonym of "giring". Locally in Randu blatung-getasand Ngarengan (Rembang)
the name "giring", is given also to a quite other species, having a central
spike and a" red leafrib in the older leaves, described above as Curcuma
euchroma, Val.; and Roxburgh (18 20, 34) cites this name, quoting Rumph,
for C. viridiflora, Roxb., a species collected in Sumatra (Bencoulen).

Curcuma Zedoaria, Rose. C. Zerumbet, RoxB. Cor. pi. (1791) 111 t 201 ;

Flora indica (1820) p. 32. — Roscoe (1828) t 109 — Ridley (1899 et 1907)
descr. proparte, citatis exclusis.

Bulbus magnus, elongato-conoideus. Rhizomata numerosa per totum

circuitum bulbi exorta, brevia, raro elongata, medio incrassata versus apicem
attenuata apice obtusissima, rami numerosi, mox iterum ramulosi, saepe
doliformes, basi constricti saepe rectangule patentes, extus plumbea vel

juniora dilute pallide flavescentia, fere alba, juvenilia intus pallide citrina, plero-
mate paullum intensius colorato cortice et apice alba, vetusta pallide mellea.
Radices e bulbo nascentes, numerosi, partim filiformes, partim rapiformi-
incrassati. Tuberi filipenduli vulgo numerosi, magnitudine van'i, interdum
permagni, fibris vulgo brevibus; intus pallidi.

Gaulis mediocris. Folia elliptica et oblongo-lanceolata, brevipetiolata,

basi valde attenuata in petiolum decurrentia, suberecta, intense viridia, supra

macula pinniformi lata, intense atropurpurea a basi inde usque ad apicem
in utraque parte costae pertensa, costa ipsa rubra vel medio viridescente.
Petiolus sensim in vaginam puberulam continuus ;
ligulae lobi vix arcuati,
angulo obtusissimo divergentes, ad marginem vaginae fere perpendiculares,
cum ilia hirsuto-ciliati. Scapus illi C. xanthorizae similis sed vulgo minor,
bulbo novello ex apice rhizomatis enascens, vagina superiore saepe magna
lanceolata apice mucronata, adnata, apice basi spicae appressa.
Spica laxe bracteata, bracteis magnis latissimis, basi circ. dimidio
adnatis, pursas latas haud valde convexas basi angustatas sistentes. Bracteae

inferiores latissime ovatae apice rotundae, summo apice brevi-ssime constricto

obtusissimo, in vivo paullum producto patulo; pars libera appressa erecto-
patula marginibus incurva et canalem apice dilatatam sistens.
Bracteae comae duplo longiores quam latae, apice obtusae haud vel
obsolete mucronatae, breviter vel brevissime adnatae, apice vix ciliatae
ceterum plerumque glabrae, rubro-purpureae vel purpureae. Bracteae florentes
pallide virides apice vulgo purpureae et interdum purpureo striatae.

Bracteola parva, tubum coroUae paullum superans, hyalina rosea. Calyx

brevis distincte obtuse 3-dentulus, albus; corollae tubus brevis amplus. Va
floris longitudinis aequans, ostium faucis latissimum annulo piloso crasso.
Faux lata. Labellum fere rotundum, lobo mediano apice fisso, lobulis imbricatis.
 — 58 —
vix prominente, bracteae appresso, hand exserto. Staminodia lata brevia basi
vix angustata. Filamentum breve, latius quam longum. Anthera crassa et
saepe dorso minute puberula, calcaribus brevibus pauium curvatis. Stylodia
longa. Corolla alba apice petalorum vix pallide roseo.
The bulb attains considerable dimensions and is often long conical
(60 X 30—100 X 50 or larger). The rhizomes arise in great number about
the whole circumference, they soon bend upwards to form new tubers and
sympodia. The longest was 100 X
20, internodes 15 to 35 mm. Almost
exclusively on the lowerside numerous thick side-branches, of which the
largest soon again form tertiary branches. All branches are short and thick,

clavate and obconical or barrei-shaped with rounded end-buds, which, by

a length of 50, often attain a diameter of 30 mm. The roots are here again
fleshy (especially in the young primary-tuber), and cord-shaped, very
numerous around the tuber, and on short and mediocre stalks (100 — 250 mm.);
they bear a great number of very large and also small pendulous tubers,
the largest oblong-fusiform and more than 130 mm. sometimes 150X 25,

the small ones only 25 mm. long. Internally the colour of the central cylinder
is light-brimestone-yellow, the bark white..
The colour of the still fresh rhizomes and the buds is externally very
light-yellow (246) older ones are shining-lightbrown as if polished. The
colour of the younger parts is bright-yellow on the section, the central-
cylinder darker (216 to 231); the older parts are dirty-light-brown with a
tinge of yellow (honey-brown 182 very diluted) on the section.

The leaf-bearing stem is provided at the base with 2 mucronate scales

which are broadly rounded at the top and scariosemargined, it produces
7—8 leaves. These are short-petioled, the outer sessile, elliptical, ending in

a rather hard mucro; the other all oblong-lanceolate with a Prop, of 2, 7

in a younger plant, of rather more than 3 in an older one. The latter had 7
leaves of which the petioles were successively. 60—210, the outer one
measured 440 X 190 (P = 2.3), the inner one was 750 X 190. (P = 3).

Commonly P = 3.5 — 5. The leaves are thus longer and narrower than in
C. aeruginosa .and xanthorhiza. The leaves are dark-green and the entire
mid-rib from the top to the very base is red or red-brown with a broad
feather shaped extension of a dark-purple colour spreading on both sides over
the parenchyma, broad 8—15 mm., or in very strong plants to 25 mm.,
visible on the underside near the midrib. In old feeble plants the spot
becomes lighter and narrower but always remains darker and broader than
in C. xanthoriza.

The scape is from 100 — 250 mm. long, clothed wih 3 or 4 sheaths or
scales, which enclose the peduncle, and are rather broadly rounded at the

top. The uppermost of these, the peduncular leaf is 90—220 mm. long,

spathulate, quite open, and is inserted 90—200 mm. under the base of the
 — 59 -
spike, sometimes involute, glabrous, except at the top. The tops of the

scales are ovate, those of the peduncular leaf rather acute, all with a mucro.
The spike is composed of only a few very large bracts. In
usually
the first appearing the number is 13 — 20, sometimes 24. In older
spikes
plants the number sometimes becomes greater. The bracts are flower-
bearing quite from the base.
They are broadly-ovate for the greatest part, somewhat narrowed at
the top and than broadly rounded, not very dense, the breadth much greater
than the length of the free portion, and form short pouches, which are wide
above and downwards gradually narrowed and which are almost as long as the
free portion and rather convex; the free portions are erect, close to the

lower ones, and form a continuation of the pouch with an ovate mouth,
the blunt top outward bent.
An average bract is large 45 X 25 or 45 X 35, + 20 adnate. The coma- is

leaves 60 X 26, sometimes 60 X 35, very shortly adnate (12 mm.). An

intermediate leaf is 58 X 38, pouch almost 25. In another one the intermedial
and the coma-bracts were 55 :
X 30 (pouch 20) 53 ; X 35 (pouch 25) 54 :
X 35
(pouch 23); 73 X 27 (pouch 19).

The coma-bracts are bright-carmine-red, mostly 576 — 582, sometimes

551 — 554, dark-purple in the upperpart, with green stripes at the base;
the medial bracts are green-and violet-striped or green with a purple spot
at the top only, the three lowest nearly quite green (276 — 281). The
bracteole is short, 17 mm., pellucid.
The flowers are broad, compact and short. They are enclosed in the bracts.
The calyx has three rather large rounded teeth. The coroll tube is
short and wide, with a wide faux and mouth and a thick ring of hairs.
The faux broad, not much narrowed downwards, the lip nearly orbicular,
the bi-lobulate midlobes a little prominent by the incurving of the side-lobes,
but without an emargination between The staminodes are very
them.
broad and folded up in the broad, cucuUate dorsal petal. The anthers
are broad and thick, the spurs almost half as long as the loculi, the
connective finely hairy, not produced at the top, the filament short,
broader than long, the side-petals ovate.
A measured flower was 40 long, calyx 8, coroll-tube 14, thus almost
'/a of the length of the flower, the dorsal petal 14 X '2.

Another flower 46 long, C. 10, Tube 16, faux 10. lip 18X16, 11
broad at the base, the tube here thus proportionally longer that than in
the former; staminodes 14 X 10, 10 long inside, 13 long outside, filament
3 X 3.5 ;
stylodes 6.

Distribution and vernacular names: The species here described is

cultivated throughout Java and isfound spontaneous in the teakforests(Randubla-

tung, Kediri and probably elsewhere). Backer collected it growing spontaneous
 — 60 —
near Batavia (no No), and at Lengkong, 600 M. on grassy lawns, Backer
17092; while some specimens collected ad Tjitjurug, 325 M., among alang-
alang (Backer 17247) most probably represent the same species. According
to Blume it is very common in West-Java.
The first rather good description, has been given by RoxB. (1820, 20)
who called it Curcuma Zerunibet. But Roscoe (1828 t. 109) changed this
name into C. Zedoaria on the base that this is the plant producing the
drug "Zedoaria" of the Materia medica described by Berghuis (Materia
medica 1788), and by Willdenow, name .4momu/72 Zerfoona, while the
to the

drug Zerumbeth takes its origine from a species of Zingiber. The plant
described by Roxburgh (1820, 20 and 1798 201) and by Roscoe (1828 t 109)
t

must therefore be considered as representing the type of this species which

following Roxburgh and Wallich was indigenous at Chittagong and in the

eastern Himalaya.
The Javan species here described, and reduced by Blume to Roxburgh's
species, agrees very well with the cited descriptions and drawings by the
above named authors. Only the Javanese plants seem to be of a higher
Roxburgh mentions as the mean heigth only 2 or 3
stature, for feet, and
Roscoe 4 feet, wile the cultivated Java specimens attain 5 or 6 feet.

Outside Java the following regions are given by different authors as

being inhabited by this species.

Ceylon, cultivated,: Hermann (1578, 636) and Trimen (1898, 4, 241).

Malacca: Ridley (1899, 119 and 1907, 21). Ridley's description agrees

as to the flower with the Java plant, especially the brown line along
each side of the yellow bar of the labellum which is wanted in the type,

but found also in most Batavian specimens, sometimes however quite absent.
But apparently Ridley has confused this species with another one also very
commonly cultivated in Java and identified here with C. xanthorhiza, Roxb.
His description begins with : "Rhizome orange coloured inside" while, without
a single exception, all authors call the rhizomes pale or bright yellow, as
is also the case with our specimens, and he quotes the malay name temu
lawac (lawas?) which is never given to this species but invariably to

C. xanthorhiza, RoxB. Specimens of temu lawac kindly sent by the curator

of the bot. gardens at Singapore and cultivated in the Bt. Gard, in Buiten-

zorg belong undoubtedly to C. xanthorhiza, Roxß., while a form of C. Zedoaria,

RoxB. was name "temu
sent with the l<uning", not mentioned by Ridley.
Cochinchina, Annani: Gagnepain (1908,67).

Amboina. There is no absolute certainty that Rumph hasknown this

species, but it is not improbable that he meant this species with his "Temw
putih" ; malay name still valid for this species in Java. Roxburgh and
most authors after him cite Rumph VI t 68 for this species though this

tabula shows a centralflowering species and undoubtedly represents either

C. domestica major, Rumph (C. piirpiirascens, Bl. or another species belonging
to the same group). It is not e]uite impossible however that he mixed up
different species in his description, for the description of the bulb, showing
a high yellow central part and a white cortex does not apply to any other
known Java species. At all means the species is not indigenous at Ambon.
Timor? A spike of a lateral flowering species in the Bzg. Herbarium,
sent by de Castro, shows a great resemblance to C. Zerfoana, Roxb. -,
there
is no indication whether it is spontaneous or cultivated. Also C. porphyroianica,

SCHUM. (see below) belongs probably here.

Celebes? A specimen collected by Koorders in Minahassa, 19671B.,
was determinated by Ridley as C. Zedoaria. If this specimen belong to a
lateral flowering plant the determination may be right. But it is badly
preserved and there is no trace of the inferior stem-scales. So it must hold
a place among "Dubia".
Sumatra: Forbes 1. c. discovered at Surulangan near Djambi in the lower
forest in great abundance a species which he takes to be C. Zedoaria.
C. sumatrana, Mig. was reduced by Ridley to C. Zé'ûfoom but he must
have overlooked the fact, mentioned in the description, that the inflores-
cence is central.

Borneo: Specimens collected by miss Gibbs (no. 3956) on the Kinibalu

at 1000 M. were reduced by Ridley to C. Zedoaria (Ridl. in Gibbs, 1914).

Curcuma xanthorhiza, RoxB. (1820)1. 25 — C. Zerfoorm, Ridl. (1899),

119 et (1907), 21, ex parte. — C. species, temu lawak, v. Zijp in Kruidk.
Arch. 14, (1917), 127 c.t. 11.

Herba valida saepe bimetralis. Bulbus maximus saepe 100 mM. long
et lat. Rhizomata pauca, vulgo brevia, crassissima, ramis paucis iis con-
formibus, dilute aurantiaca, apice alba, intus tota intense aurantiaca vel
rubro-aurantiaca (151 — 156 vel 131). Partes juniores pallidiores (161 et 166).
Tuberi filipenduli maximi tereti-fusiformes fibris 50 — 300 mm. longis valde
carnoso-incrassatis suspensi, intus toti intense aurantiaci (156), vel rarius
lutei (216); novelli albi.
Gaulis compressus viridis. Folia primaria sessilia, cetera modice petiolata,
oblongo-lanceolata acuta glaberrima carnoso-coriacea intense viridia, macula
atropurpurea in utraque parte secus costam (medio viridem), pinnatiformi
fere a basi inde usque ad apicem pertensa, suberecta, magna, suprema
usque metralia, petiolis ultimis pedem longis. In foliis primariis costa ipsa
supra rubra. Vagina lata glabra.
Ligula conspicua, lobis rectis 3 mm. latis in medio vaginae angulo
obtusissimo contiguis.
Spica lateralis. Scapus brevis validis, + 5 acutis vel subrotundatis,
mucronatis, quarum summa (explicata lanceolata 145 X 35) spicam attingit.
 — 62 -
Spica mediocris, lata (160—230 X 80—100), baud dense bracteata. Bursae

bractearum parte libera breviores ('/a— ^/ô). apertura lata vix lateraliter

compressa. Partes liberae late ellipticae acutae, erecto-patulae apice vix

patentes, pallide virides rubro-marginatae + 15 superiores paullum longiores,

pro maxima parte rubro-violaceae, basi viridi-striatae.

Flores médiocres vix protrusi. Bracteolae tubum vix superantes. Calyx

corollae tubo dimidio brevior. Corollae tubus elongatus (^s tloris longitudinis
aequans), ostio lato. Faux brevis late cupularis basi annulo setorum crasso
instructa, basi baud attenuata. Labellum suborbicuiare lobo mediano retuso
vix prominente. Staminodia iatissima, flabellato-plicata, obtusissima. Fila-
mentum longius quam latum. Antbera crassa brevis, calcaribus validis thecis
circiter aequilongis, connectivo dorso minute glanduloso puberulo.
in all its parts tbis species is distinguisbed by its colossal dimensions.
A full-grovi^n tuber is 100 X 80, but often still larger. From tbis tbe rbizomes
issue in a small number, sometimes tbree above eacb otber, longSO X 35,
witb 6 internodia, 65 X 40 with four iiiternodia, 35 X 30. From the
underside a little number of tbinner side-brancbes, wbicb are upcurved and
form new tubers. Internally all parts are dark-orange or orange-yellow
(151 — 156), sometimes red-orange like tbe roots of Dauern caroia (131).
Young parts 161 and 166. Tbe accessory roots, wbicb issue in a great

number from tbe wbole tuber, are thick, fleshy (5—10 mm.) about a length
of 60 — 70 mm., below they become filiform and form large fusiform pen-
dulous tubers on distances from 50 — 300 mm. Tbe length of these is 60 X 20—
100 X 25. Tbe roots and root-tubers (the latter about their entire section)
are internally deep-orange when old. The young ones however at first

milkwbite, afterwards lemon-yellow.

A well-growing plant attains a beigth of 2 meter.
In a plant, which bad nearly attained its full growth and about three
months old, the spurious stem was to the youngest sheaths 750 high and 60
broad (much compressed). Tbe plant had 8 leaves, of which only one bad
fallen off. The dimensions of these were:
380 X 145 -fO P = 2.6.

650 X 240 + 40 P = 2.7.

710 X 250 + 80 P = 2.8. (rather more than.)

700 X 260+110 P= 2.7.

820 X 280+ 190 P= 3. (nearly)

980 X 235 + 230 P — 4.1 (rather more than.)

900 X 215 + 320 P = 4.2 (nearly.)

The leaves are thus rather narrowly oblong-elliptical, tbe greatest breadth
was in the middle, gradually acuminate with short cusp, passing over tbe base
without a line of demarcation into the short broad canaliculate petiole. Tbe
line between the blade and the petiole above is indifferently taken on a
 - 63 -
breadth of 30 mm., that is also the breadth of the base of the first sessile leaf.

The leaves are firm of structure, aud they stand erecto-pateiit, somewhat
nutant. The colour is saturate green with a dark-purple feather-shaped
stripe about 10 mm. broad (including the rib) on both sides of the mid-
rib, which does not reach to the base of the leaf, the canaliculate rib is

green in the middle. In the older and, oldest leaves the hollow rib is on
the contrary red-brown and the spot on the parenchyma is still wanting.
The ligule is in the first leaves a straight band 1 mm. broad. In the
higher leaves it is as usually V-shaped but both the branches, forming a

very blunt curve, are straight, only at the edge they pass with a bow-
shaped line into the sheath-edge, being 3 mm. broad about the whole
length and coarsely ciliate.
The scape mostly arises at the end of the dry monsoon from a small tuber
often at the top of a rhizome, from which also a new plant produces laterally,
whose base forms a new primary tuber, it varies in length from 150 — 220 mm.
The inflorescence of a measured specimen (Hort. bog. 67: 9 = 42 H)
is 220 mm. long and without the scales 8 mm. thick, glabrous, the spike

only 180 mm. long (in other specimens 200—250). The scape is provided
with 5 large scales, which are narrowed towards the top, blunt, and end
in a mucro, which is sometimes to 15 mm. long. The innermost is (when
flattened) ovate-lanceolate (145 X 35), and somewhat longer than the
highest internode. Often the highest peduncular leaf is pouch-shaped-adnate
to the stem, almost 100 X 30, when flattened, without a mucro and placed
at distances of 40—50 mm. under the spike; in that case the last but one
sheath has an ovate-lanceolate top, which ends in a mucro. The lowest
bracts are nearly always all flower-bearing; the three lowest placed rather
far from each other, forming a pseudo-cycle and they are somewhat
larger than the higher ones.
The spike is 160—250 mm. long and nearly 100 mm. broad at the
top. The bracts of which in one measured specimen are 35 in 5 more
or less spirally twisted parastichies around the axis, differ but a little from
each other in size and their transition is very gradual. The lowest are
broadly elliptical with an acute top; deeply canaliculately upcurved for
about a '/a to ^j- of the length, adnate with the edges to two bracts of

the higher placed whorl and outwards obliquely spreading without a decurved
top. They are average 50X20 — 32 long, the largest is 55 X 30, here about
20 mm. are adnate, when flattened the free portion is ovate-acute. Above
the 20th their shape becomes distinctly narrower and they pass into the
coma-bracts. These attain here only 55—60 min. by a breadth of 26 — 30,
their connexion with the bracts above them, diminishes to '/s or '/e of
the length, they are oblong-elliptical with an acute top, which ends in a

mucro and which is somewhat recurved, being themselves less incurved

 — 64 -
and more spreading than the lower ones. They are very finely villose on
the surface. The 4 highest are not fully developed, they are much narrower
than the others and sterile. In a large inflorescence the coma-leaves attain

90X40, the bracteole 25. All coma-bracts are violet, between 551 and 576.
The ovary is slightly hairy, 4 mm. long, the calyx 9 mm. long, colourless
with 3 light red toothlets. The corolla is 40 mm. long, of which 20 mm.
comes on the tube. The petals and faux are light-red, between 021 and
21. The lip is yellow, (241—246), the mid-lobule apparently entire, darker
yellow (176); stamina whitish. The lowest light-green bracts are as long
as the flower, 60—55, bluntly rounded with an acute top. They nearly
protrude from the bract and the dark-yellow top of the lip is less

protruding than in C. purpurascens, Mangga etc. The structure of the petals

is The flower is large and the tube 20—24 mm. long, and upwards
firm.

not much dilated, but the in proportion short faux is abruptly campanulately-
enlarged above the mouth of the tube. The proportion of the tube-length
to the border-length is 4 to 5, this being in C. Zedoaria nearly as 1—2.
Particulars of the flower are still the broad thick ring of hair, the broad
downward a little narrowed lip,(18X^8) with broad side-lobes and a
slightly protruding mid-lobe. The staminodes are broad (14XU) with a
very flabelliform wrinkle in the middle, quite hidden in the short dorsal

lobe, but slightly bent inward. The bracteole is somewhat longer than the

tube (25 15). The anther is short and broad and has a thick outer side-
wall of the loculi, the spurs are about as long as the loculi and not much
spreading laterally. Under a good glass (8X10) it is to be seen that the
whole dorsal side is covered with fine glandular hairs.
Distribution and native names.
The species described here under the name of C. xanthorhiza, RoxB.
is cultivated throughout Java under the constant malay and Javanese name
"temoe lawak", and in the Western-Java under the name "koneng gedeh".
As I have not seen an authentic specimen of Roxburgh and as his
description includes only a few characteristics, the determination is not quite
certain. The characteristics given by Roxburgh are: Lateral inflorescence,
deep-yellow rhizomes and root-tubers (the latter is a fact that very seldom
occurs and was considered as sufficient for determination by Roxburgh),
a purple cloud on both sides along the whole midrib, and red petals.

Schumann gives still some characteristics not occurring in the species,

treated here, viz. the leaves should be shortly pubescent at the backside the
bracts greenish-yellow and the coroll-lobes should have a red edge. This red
edge of the petals however is a quite incorrect translation of the expression
of Roxburgh's "outer border of the corolla red"; for, with "outer border".
Roxburgh means, as is known in all his descriptions, the petals themselves,
in distinction from "the inner border", i.e.=lip and staminodes. The petals
 — 65 -
are thus red in C. xanlhorliiza Roxb, in the "tenia lawac" they are light-
red, this difference is but little. As to the short pubescence of the leaves,

it is unknown how K. Schumann comes to this characteristic not mentioned

by Roxburgh, it seems to me of little value.

The tenm-lawac is spontaneous in Java in the teak forests. Specimens

from Ngarengan (Rembang) and Tomo (West-Java) are cultivated here;
they have not yet flowered but are unmistakeable by the dimensions, and
colour of the rhizomes; They do not, however, always possess the peculiar
taste and smell of the cultivated form.

There are also specimens from Mt Yang, 500 M. (Backer 9560) and
from Mt Idjen by Koorders in the Herbarium, probably belonging here,
but without notes sufficient for a certain determination.
Outside of Java this species is known from Malacca, where it is
cultivated by the natives under the name "temii lawas" (Ridley c.) Spe- 1.

cimens cultivated in the Bzg. Gardens from rhizomes received from Singa-
pore with that name flowered here and proved identical with the Javan

"temu lawac."
The type specimen as mentioned above was collected by Roxburgh
in Amboina yet apparently Rumph did not see it, for he certainly would
have mentioned the orange coloured filipendulous tubers, which so highly
struck . the attention of Roxburgh. He mentions however the name "temu
lawas" as given by the Balinese to the species called by him, not without
doubt, Tommon Zerumbet, the description of which is very obscure (Rumph
V. 169). The drawing added to this description and wrongly quoted by
many authors as representing C. Zedoaria Roxb. belongs to a central
flowering spec, (see above).

Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Roxburgh (1810) p. 335; (1820) 1 p. 27.

Rose. (1028) t. 106. Bl. (1827) p.— C. caesia Roxb. (I.e.) p.p. quoad spec. cit.

Rumph. Amb. — C. aeruginosa Qagnepain (1908) p. 68. "Temoe item"

Rumph V. 169.
Bulbus conoideus sat magnus, pleromate caesio vel subviridi-caesio

(haud jure aeruginoso), colore versus apicem in viridem et albidum tendente

cortice albido vel interne caesio. Rhizomata longa crassa leviter curvata
vel s-formia nitide argillacea, internodiis elongatis, ramis parcis brevibus
vel elongatis, medio crassioribus, plus minus falcatis, apice obtusis, intus
eodem modo colorata. Tuberi filipenduli numerosi, fusiformes vel ovati
crassi sat magni (45X23 —100X 20), fibris 10 — 200 mm. longis. Gaulis
validus valde compressus viridis, fere semimetralis. Folia breviter vel modice
petiolata, magna, lamina semimetrali vel longiore, suberecta sat rigida
oblongo-lanceolata, apice et basi sensim acuminata, fere 3 X longiora quam
lata, primaria vix latiora, carnoso-membranacea intense viridia, inde a medio
 - 66 —
usque ad prope apicem supra macula lata quasi pinniformi in utraque
parte secus cüstam iiotata, parte inferiore semper tota viridi subtus con-
colore, glabra, vagina longa puberula, ligula fere striata.
Scapus brevis vel usque pedalis rare semimetralis, vaginis paucis
appressis rotundatis et mucronatis, superioribus binis vel summa tantum
bracteiformis basi spicae adnata.
Spica vulgo laxiuscule bracteata bursis mediocribus vel brevibus
convexis, bracteis puberulis vel glabris. Bracteae erecto-patulae, latae,

omnes obtussimae vel rotundatae, inferiores rotundato-ovatae vel subo-

bovatae parte libera, bursa longiore, latiore quam longa, intermediae paullum
longiores, superiores comam sistentes late eliipticae, vel summae steriles

oblongae apice rotundato mucronulato, omnes valde induplicati canalem

angustam versus apicem dilatatam sistentes.

Flores inter minores bracteas hand superaiites, bracteolae parvae tubo

corollae vix longiores. Calyx brevis apice subtruncatus, dentibus 3 subae-
qualibus brevissimis (V2 mm.). Petala ovata cum fauce rubro-brunnea,
obtusisima, dorsale valde cucullatum. Corollae tubus brevis, faux brevis,
lata. Labellum subrotundum (14X15 — 17X17) parte mediano breviter
bilobo vix prominente, vix unguiculatum sulfureum. Staminodia obovata
apice rotundato-truncata, lateribus fere rectis filamentum brevissimum,
aequilatum, anthera majuscula calcaribus mediocribus; stylodia longa.
Bulbs large, conical.

Rhizomes numerous elongate cylindric somewhat inflated in the mid-

dle (160 X 30), proceeding at all sides, 2 or 3 one above another,
simple or composed of 2 or 3 members forming a sympodium, all

as well as their branches (sessile tubers) which are few and long,

growing as much as possible in a horizontal direction and faintly incurved,

with blunt tips. Externally they are lead-coloured and polished, the tips
white (if growing), tinged pink; internally the plerom of bulbs and rhizomes
is blue, often with a faint greenish tinge, mostly sordid blue or even
blue violet (447 and 467) under the buds, the cortex is white or the
inner part blue (428 D, 453 D). The plerom of a young rhizome was
between 396 and 396, the cortex almost white or also 353 D, a very
diluted „verdigris."
The pendulous tubers are numerous and large, suspended by not very
long (10 — 200) thick fibres; they are 100X20 or 45X25 long, ovate
or fusiform, attenuated at both ends, the colour is pearlgrey with a white
The stem
centre. is (400 - 500) X (30 = 20). The petioles are 0—50— 180
mm. The disks of four measured leaves were: 640— 215. 600X^80 (the

inner), 550X175, 450X120. (P = 3).

Of an other plant of 7 leaves the dimensions were

Outer leaf 450 X 160 -f 0. P. = 3.
 — 67 —
660 X 200 + 150 P. 2.86
600 X 215 + 120 P. 2.8

700 X 220 + 135 P. 3.

710 X 195 + 170 P. 3.6

800 X 205 + 175 P. 4.

The seventh leaf was not yet fully grown. The outer leaves are not

wider than the mean leaves, which makes a difference with the mesantha,

where they are always broader.

Inflorescence. The peduncle which appears apart in the beginning of the
rainy monsoon may attain a length from 200 mm. to '/a and is laxly

enclosed with (mostly 2 or 3) close sheaths which are open on one side,
rounded at the top and provided with a short and hard or sometimes long
and weak point; sometimes this point is replaced by a small, rarely complete
blade. The whole peduncle is 8 mm. thick. The spike is 140—180 mm.
long by 60—80.
The bracts are weak-leathery, the lowest almost glabrous the coma-
bracts covered with very short fine hair. All flower-bearing from the very
base. Nearly always a bract-shaped adnate sheath is placed under the spike
at a little distance.
The whorls are rather distanced. The pouches are broad and not deep ;

the bracts are canaliculate and much constricted near the base, while they
are dilated at the top, which gives them a spafulathe outline, characteristic

for this species.

Explained they are almost orbicular or obovate, in front very blunt or

rounded. The adnate portion is always shorter than the free one, very broad.

The length of the free portion is in the lowest bracts almost equal to or some-
what smaller than the width, in the higher ones the length somewhat greater.
is

Dimensions of one of the lowest bracts : L. = 56, pouch =

20, breadth
(on the border ot the pouch) 37. In the 7th leaf of a parastichy: L 51,
pouch = 30, breadth 26. In one of the largest comaleaves L. = 70, pouch
20; breadth = 25. In another 72, pouch 15, br. 23.

The coma-bracts are provided with a macro, which is sometimes very

short, hardly visible, and is wanting in the intermedial bracts.
The colour of the coma-bracts is red-violet 551, descending to 556
and 561. The top issomewhat darker 552. Downward lighter, partly violet-
and green-striped. The 10 lowest bracts are iight-dirty-green, sometimes
nearly white, with a violet-dotted and striped top. The bracteoles are short,
almost 22 mm. and very broad.
The flower is wholly enclosed in the bract, with a short bracteole, not
much longer than the tube (17 mm.)
The flower is rather short and broad, of one of the largest flowers the
dimensions were: Calyx 11 mm., cor. 45, lip 17 X 17, with many folds, near
 - 68 -
the base only 11 mm. broad, staminodes 14 X 8, filam. 3 X 3-5, faux
13 X 22 (explicated), tube 15. Aiithera 6.5 mm., cells 4.5, spurs 4 mm.
(protruded only 2 mm.), stylodes 5— 5 mm. The colour of the rather leathery

petals and faux and tube is dark pink-red, inner parts pale yellow (216) mid
part of the lip deep yellow; (181) calyx white with red teeth, anthers
white.
Distribution and native names. Thisspeciesiscultivated through-
out Java and is growing spontaneously in the mountainous regions at 500 — 750
M., in dry grassy fields and in the teak forests. Backer (9537) andjeswiet
collected it growing sociably of the more common and very nearly related

C. phaeocaulis (see under); moreover Jeswiei met with it on the Tenger,

the Ardjoena and the Slamat at the border of shrubbery and in grassy spots,
also in planted teak-forests.Koorders collected it on mt Idjen at Situbondo,
Res: Besuki at in November (Kds. 20658 B 20751 B) and in
400 M., flowering
teak forets at Kedoengdjati (25298 B). He however, found the rhizomes filled
with airholes, a statement rather incredible. Rumph makes mention of the
malay name of this species "temu item", it seems to have been introduced
in Ambon from Java.
Native name: invariably "temu item" mal, "temu ireng" jav; but the
same name is given to C. phaeocaulis Val. (vide infra).

Outside of Java this- species is known from the following places:

Malacca: Some rhizomes where kindly sent by the curator of the Bot.

Gardens at Singapore, cultivated by the malays as "Temu itam". They

flowered and proved identical with the Java specimens.
Burma: Here the type specimen was collected.
Cochinchine : cultivated in gardens, Qagnepain (1908, 68), Cambodge:
spontaneous.
The description of this species by Qagnepain agrees rather well with
mine, only the sessile leaves and the red cloud stretching along the midrib
mentioned by him are only to be found in young plants. In adult plants
the cloud never reaches below the middle of the leaf, and the leaves have
mediocre petioles, as also described by Roxburgh.
The determination of the here described species as C. aeruginosa Roxb
is quite certain. As Roxburgh as the picture of
well the description of
RoscOE The purple cloud in the center of the leaves
quite agree with it.

ceasing abruptly below the middle is a very good characteristic.

But the verdigris-colour of the rhizomes on which the name is based
occurs in the Javanese plants only in young rhizomes. The old rhizomes
and bulbs are deep indigo-blue.
Roxburgh reduces Rumph's "temu itam" which is manifestly the same
as our Javanese plant, to a Bengalese species, Curcuma caesia Roxb. But
this reduction is contrary to his description of the species.
 — 69 —
Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. n. sp. — Comp. C. amarissima Rose. Mo-
nandrous Plants t. 101.

Bulbus conoideus, pleroma pallide caesium sub gemmis ad violaceum

tendens apice in pallide fiavum transeuns, cortice albido; vel etiam viridi-
flavum cortice caeruleo; rhizoma elongatum crassum teres leviter curvatum
apice attenuato-obtuso annulis latis, plumbeum, nittidulum; pleroma piope
bulbum pallide viridicaesium vel etiam viridi-flavum, cortice tota sordide
aibo, ceterum totum pallide flavidum.

Gaulis et vaginae foliorum pulchre rubrofusca quasi polita, puberula,

habitu C. xanthorhizae et C. aeniginosae.
Folia elliptica maxima suberecta basi et apice acuta, juvenilia fere a
basi, adulta a media usque versus apiceni macula intense atro-purpurea
vel obscure purpurea ad costam mediam notata, versus basin sensim angus-
tiore et delitescente, consistentia valida, intense virridia.
Scapus semipedalis vel pedalis, vagina summa bractei-formis, ovata,
obtusa mucronata apice pallide purpurea basin spicae involucrans. Bractea
fertilis externa ceteris parum longior, cum bursa brevi paullum convexa,
parte libera apice rotundata marginibus leviter incurvis, Bracteae inferiores
fere ad medium adnatae, parte libera obovata, breviora quam lata apice

rotundata, acuta, br. intermediae (pleraeque) parte libera oblongo-ovata

acuta et mucronata valde convexae. Bracteae comae 4; 7 steriles auguste

oblongae apice obtusae vel subacutae insigniter mucronatae.
Bracteae pallide virides apice purpureo-maculatae. Bracteae comae fere
totae albae, apice macula purpurea coloratae.
Bracteolae maximae, tubum coroilae valde superantes. Calyx magnus
dorso breviter fissus, subtruncato 3-dentatus. Coroilae tubus brevis ostio
lato, faux lata. Stamdia latissima obovata ovato-obtusa. Filam. brevissimum,
anthera magna calcaribus elongatis curvulis baud patulis. Stylodia 3 a 4 mm.
Corolla inde ab ovario ad apicem labelli 45 mm. longa.
Bulb 70X40. Rhizome elongate, with long internodes and rare branches
but litle curved, fleshy, the top obtuse, outside lead coloured quasi polished,
the colour of the internal parts varies between blue, greenish yellow, white
and pink. A young and vigorous bulb has mostly a blue pleroma (403 C et

D) and a whitish cortex tinged with pink (462) near the upper end is

yellowish-white; but sometimes the pleroma is greenish-yellow (287) and the

cortex blue (442). The adult rhizome is blue intermally only near its issue
from the rhizome and yellow for the most part, but young branches
are often more or less blue intermally.
The stem is dark brown (78 et 83), as for the rest quite resembling
C. aeruginosa and the sheaths finely puberulous just as there.
The leaves are very long, first elliptic, afterwards oblong lanceolate
having a cloud along the midrib resembling that of C. aeruginosa, but
 — 70 —
different as to the length, for it is 20-30mm. broad at the midst and extends
in the adult leaves as a narrow strap along the midrib till near the base,
while in the former species it always ends abruptly beneath the middle. Here as
in the other species having purple stained leaves the cloud diminishes and
obliterates at the end of the rainy season and in infavorable circumstances. The
scape and spike are as in C. aeruginosa but the shape and colouring of the
bracts is somehat different; the coma bracts are longer and narrower (f. e.

80X30) and much more acute than in C. aeruginosa where they have a
rounded mucronate coma bracts are white at the lower half
top. Further the

and redpurple coloured The flowering bracts are circ 50 mm long,

at the top.

(The free part elliptic acute 30X16). Intermedial bracts 65, free part oblong
ovate, 45 X 23 in an other flower 55, freepart 40 X 25. The bractlets are rather
;

long, longer than the corolla-tube (30X20). The flowers are longer, 40-50,
and differ from the former by the longer faux (14X25) and especially by
the staminodes which are obovate elliptic longer and broader than in the
former and obtuse not truncate.
They are 13-15,5 in the midst, only 10 mm long at the innerside Fil.

4x4. The anther has rather long curved spurs, which differ obviously from
the short straight spurs of the former. The petals are red, the entire label-
lum deep yellow.
D i s t r i bu t i on a n d n a t i Ve n a mes :

This species is common in Java, cultivated and spontaneous. It belongs

to the habitual flora of the teak forests and was found on the mt Yang by
Jeswiet and Backer at 500 M. The native name is "Teniu itam" juist as

that of C. ae/uginosa, but from Tomo (Soemedang, Western Java) it was

sent by the name "temu santen", while the name "temu itam" was reserved
by the expert natives for C. aeruginosa Roxb. A specimen collected by
Backer (17628) at Tjiletoek at 100 m. belongs probably to this specis. If

comparing the descriptions given here there will be litle doubt that the two
species though nearly allied are different in details in all parts. Both belong
to a group of species described by Roxburgh and Roscoe, having in common
the presence of a blue colour in the rhizomes, a red coma and yellow
flowers with dark rose somewhat coriaceous petals. These are C. caesia,

C. aeruginosa, C. amarissima, C. phaeocaulis and probably also C./irr/z^mea.

The latter is not mentioned in the description as having blue coloured
rhizomes; but in Roscoe's picture the pleroma is distinctly blue tinged, and
the flowers resemble very much those of the other species here named.
These species may be distinguished bij the following survey:

C. aeruginosa Roxb. Stem green. Bulbs and rhizomes internally

blue or blue greenish tinged or aeruginous. Adult leaves with a broad dark
or pale purple cloud along the midrib above the^middle, green belowthe middle.
Coma bracts purple almost to the base. Habitat: Burma and Malaya, Java:
 — 71 —
C. caesia Roxb. Stem green. Bulbs and rhizomes internally light

blue. Purple cloud on the leaves running down the whole length of the

midrib. Coma deep bright red. Habitat: Bengal.

C. amarissima Rose. Stem brown. Bulbs and rhizomes with a yellow

pleroma and a blue cortex. Leaves entirely green. Coma bracts white with
red tops. Habitat: sent from Serampore to Liverpool.

C. ferruginea Roxb. Stem ferrugineous. Rhizome internally pale

yellow (with a bluish cortex?) Leaves with a pale ferruginous cloud on
either side of the midrib only about the middle. Coma-bracts very acute,
crimson and white. Habitat: Bengal.
C. phaeocaulis Val. Stem dark purple brown. Rhizome internally
yellow and pale blue or greenish. Leaves with a dark purple cloud stret-

ching almost to the base, but very narrow in the lower half of the leaf.

Comabracts acute, white with crimson tops. Habitat: Java.

Curcuma Lörzingü Val. nov. sp.

Herba robusta sesquimetralis. Rhizoma crassum, elongatum, intus sordide

citrinum(21 1). Folia maxima, media petio lata, erecta,rigidiuscula, crasse membra-
nacea lanceolato-oblonga (P = 3.5), supra intense viridia, subtus glaucescentia.
Inflorescentia lateralis, ad semimetralis. Pedunculus glaber squamis paucis
(nunc una basilari una pedunculari) elongatis vestitus. Squama peduncularis
dum explanata lanceolata (140X30) acutissima membranacea basin apice
attingens.
Spica longa, densa, bracteis infimis ceteris sat aequalibus florigeris. Brac-
teae florentes densae, parte libera late ovata obtusissima rotundata vel
subtruncato-rotundata, plerumque multo latiore quam longa et bursa miilto
breviore vel aeqiiali, pallide virides, glabrae. Bracteae comae subobovato-
oblongae obtusae sunimo apice haud mucronatae. Bracteolae tubum super-
antes, carinatae. Flores (an normales?) inter minores, lis C. Manggae non
absimiles sed minores, haud émergentes. Calyx parvus truncatus; petala
ovato-oblonga obtusa. Labellum obovatum, lobulus medianus productus
brevis latus, lobi laterales lati valde incurvi. Staminodia oblonga, basi paul-
lum attenuata valde obliqua apice oblique rotundata. Filamentum angustum
longius quam latum, anthera angusta, lingula brevissima, calcaria stricta,
parallela, thecis duplo breviora, antice productione thecarum sulcata non
pollinifera. Stylodia nune parva.
The description is taken from two spikes preserved in alcohol. Leaves
are only known from young sterile specimens growing in the Bot. G., very
large and erect, of a thick, rigid structure like those of C. xanthoriza,
only entirely dark green above, kind of pale seegreen (cod. 341 — 346)
below. A measured leaf attained 700 X 200 + 150. Flowers, in the
examined spikes perhaps prematurely opened, only 38 mm. long, cal. 7,
covr. tube 9, faux 9-10X21. Petals 13 X9 and 12 X 10. Staminodes 12 X 7.
 — 72 —
Lip obovate with a narrow claw and a broad somewhat protruding midlobe,
sidelobes very broad upcurved ; 16 X 15 (with the claw), length of the labellum

with the faux 24. Filament 4X2, anther 4 mm. long with 2 mm long
straight spurs grooved distinctly on the face by a prolongation of the

thecae as in Paracurcuma.
"Flowerbracts bright green, coma bracts purple. Petals pink, labellum
bright yellow".
West Sumatra, garden of Sibulangit in grassy and shrubby wastes on
fertile ground. (Lörzing 1248, 20 th Feb. 16).

This species has a striking resemblance to C. siimatrana Miq. by the

broad very obtuse, or even truncate or subretuse bracts which in the

lower portion of the spike are adnate far more than halfway, like those
of C. petiolata. Miquel however describes the spike of C. suniatrana as
central while, trusting Lörzing, here the spike is lateral.

Among the lateral species, this species comes nearest to C. Mangga,

which has also rounded flowerbracts, and the flowers and anthers are very
similar; but the separated protruding midlobe of the labellum of C. mangga
is wanting here, the antherspurs are not furrowed in C. mangga, the stami-

nodes more plicate etc: By the rigid, fleshy structure of the leaves it is

only to compare with C. xanthorhiza, and by the pale seegreen colour of

the leaves below, it differs from all other species here described.

Curcuma petiolata Roxb. (1820) p. 36.— RoscOE (1828) 100.— HoOK.

f. inBot. Mag. (1870) t. 5821.— Baker (1894) p. 217.— K. Schumann (1904)

p. 102.— Curcuma agrestis sive sylvestris Rumph (1747) V 164.

Herba fere metralis. Buibi médiocres (60X50) vulgo congregati. Rhi-

zomata pauca brevia crassa horizontalia internodiis brevibus, apice sursum
geniculato-reflexa bulbum novum formantia ramis primariis et
et statim
secundariis paucis irregularibus, omnibus gemma acuta incurva terminatis
et gemma ultima sequentis ordinis eodem tempore cum gemma terminali

evoluta, quasi bifurcationem sistente. Omnia extus pallide sordide flava,

intus dilutissime flava. Gustu amaro.
Tuberi filipenduli forma sat diversi, partim oblongofusiformes basi in

radices attenuati, partim parvi fere orbiculares hand longe stipitati. Omnes
intus albido-grisei.
Folia dimorpha, caudato-acuminata, omnia concoloria viridia, supra
secus venas minute appresse puberula, patentia. In herba luxuriante florente
omnia late rotundato-ovata vel subcordata, maxima, latissima, omnia breviter
petiolata. In herbis serins florentibus, altioribus, folia sensim longius petiolata et

basi minus rotundata, summa (intcriora), sub inflorescentia, lamina oblongo-

ovata basi attenuata subacuta sensim in petiolum longum decurrentia. P.
in fol. inferioribus 1.5 — 2, in superioribus 2.7.
 — 73 —
Ligulae lobi rotundati, hirti, cum margine vaginae exsertae auriculatim
prominentes.
. Inflorescentia centralis, pedunculo paulium supra foliorum vaginas exce-
dente, internodio superiore longitudine valde varia.
Folium pedunculare forma valde varium. Bracteae a basi inde florigerae,

nunc laxae sat remotae (in Stirpe pauperi), nune numerosissimae (80), den-
sissimae, ommes angustae, puberulae apice rotundatae, inferiores ultra

medium adnatae, pleraeque vix ad medium usque, parte libera canaliformi

valde constricta apice patula.
Comae bracteae paucis summis exceptis fere ad dimidium adnatae.
Bracteae omnes intense purpureae, pro parte inferiore magis minusve
viridi-mixtae, infimae apice tantum pallide-rubrae.
Bracteolae parvae. Flores graciles fere inclusi vel apice émergentes.

Faux infundibularis, tubus mediocris apice vix dilatatus, labellum rhombi-

forme apice emarginatum, Staminodia elliptica obtusa, plana, vix plicata;

petala oblongo-ovata, apice obtusa. Calyx brevis distincte obtuse dentatus

vel truncatus, hirtellus. Antherae prope basin dorso affixae filamento brevi,
angustae, brevi-calcaratae, puberulae, calcaribus sulcatis.
Flores lutei, labellum aurantiacum ;
petala tenuia apice' pallide rosea
vel albida. Calyx apice roseus.
The bulb is of mediocre size. It is often obconical (60X35) and
hung all around with the short rhizomes consisting of 4 or 5 circles and
curving upward at a length of 30 mm., forming new bulbs. Older bulbs
are mostly conical or bulbiform but very often they are falcate in the
middle in consequence of their origin from curved rhizomes. The secundary
rhizomes are few and short, often it is only the last bud which developes
making with the terminal bud a kind of dichotomous top. Characteristic
for this species are rather thin (5 mm.) creeping stolones which form
small bulbs at their top. The tallest rhizomes I saw were 60 — 70 X 20;
mostly they are shorter and the bulbs are assembled in groups.
The colour is light sallow-yellow externally. The scales soon decay and
fall off. The colour on the section is very light yellow (221 — 216). The
taste is bitter and aromatic reminding ginger. The roots are cordshaped,
often fleshy and thick near the base. Pendulous tubers are very numerous
in old specimens. They often show two shapes, elliptical-fusiform to70X
20 long, which pass again downwards in roots and small ones as hazel-
nuts and pigeon's eggs. On the section thay are snow-white with a very
light-yellow endodermis. The contents are viscous as lime. They hang on
cord-roots which are 100 — 150 m.m. long. As well Wallich as Rumph
mention the hazelnut-shaped tubers.
The leaves are dimorphous. All the leaves of a first-flowering strong
plant of a rhizome are very broadly rotundate-ovate with a rounded or
 — 74 —
truncate base, and short-stalked, the outer ones 300 X 180 + 75 the
inner ones 50 + 250 + 200. In another plant with 7 leaves the stem-forming
sheaths were 280 mm. long; three measured leaves were respectively
300X280+150, 480X275 + 200, 450 X 270+ 100, thus P. — 1.5; also I

found 400X240+100+200; 300X195 + 50+170; 360X210 + 60+190.

In other plants with exception of the first-formed leaves which are broadly
elliptical, the leaves are rather long-petioled elliptical-lanceolate with a
rounded outer-edge and an obliquely acute base, the oldest leaf 500X260
the youngest 500X115; the largest measured leaf 650X300.
The ligula is chiefly similar to that of C. aurantiaca, but both the

lobes, which form lateral auricles at the base of the petiole, are here

smaller (not longer than 3 mm.)

Inflorescence: Peduncle nearly quite enclosed by the sheath of the

last leaf, arising from — 80 mm. above the sheath, 150 mm. or more
long, entirely finely pubescent; peduncle thin (in sicco 3 mm.) always
provided with one pedunclar leaf, which now is brought approximate to

the lower side of the inflorescence and now nearly forming a part of the

inflorescence, but mostly it is placed under' this from 25 to 100 mm. and
accordingly it has a length from 35—190 mm. It is ovate or lanceolate,
but both the edges are quite adnate to the peduncle, or when it is long,
to the half, but seldom is quite open; always it leaves the opposite side
of the pedunele free so as to form a wide obconical pouch, similar to

that of the floral bracts, the peduncle has no nodose thickening at the base
and a ligula is wanting. The highest normal leaf of the stem is always
provided with an open sheath which ends at the top in a hairy bilobate
ligula.

Towards the top of the inflorescence the pouches become proportion-

ally shorter, the bracts more acute und more oblong. Central bracts of a
large spike: 50 mm. long, 22—25 broad, more than the half free. One of

the central leaves of the coma is 60X24, of which 50 are free, the top

is acutely bow-shaped, without a mucro, only when seen under the lens,

a projecting point. All bracts are especially at the edge and at the top

more or less hairy. The peduncle is quite hairy. Of a poor spike the
following dimensions: Peduncular leaf (when flattened) mm. adnate
50
portion 30 m.m., the free spreading top is ovate, 20 mm. long and
when planed 35 broad. Lowest floral bracts 16 (free portion) + 30 (pouch)
X18; 15 +20 X 20; further 23 + 20 X20; 25 + 20X 20; above the

middle. Coma-leaves 25 + 25X 17; 40+10X16. The flowers sometimes

do not protrude far out of the bracts, the lowest from the short bracts,

however, often nearly to the half. The colour of the coma-bracts is dark-red
between 577, 570, 582 and 583, the tops + 2. (red) lighter and greenish
at the base. The others likewise all violet at the foremost part; lower in
 — 75 -
the inflorescence the colour becomes lighter and the striped light-green colour
spreads; but to the lowest the tops are violet. The bracteoles are short,
not more than 14 mm. long, ovate, concave, hairy, hyaline with a pink

top. The flowers are slender, though the tube is short, to the hair-ring

not more than 17 mm. but the faux is 15 mm. long and narrows down-
ward. In a flower of rather more than 50 mm. the ovary was 3, thecoroll
tube 16, the faux and border to the top of the lip 32 mm. to the top of

the staminodes but 28. The calyx is with the ovary somewhat shorter than
the bracteole, with very short blunt teeth, quite hairy, the stylodia rather
more than 5 mm. long. The lip is rhomboidal, downward narrowed and
claw-shaped. The broad triangular, deeply cleft mid-lobe is much protruded
and is a little recurved. Lip 15X15 to 17 X 17, claw 4: 8 — 10 mm. broad.
Staminodia proportionally long, broadest in the middle (inner edge 10,

outer edge 15 mm. diameter 8 mm.), and hardly wrinkled. The filament
(the free portion) is broadly ovate, 3 mm. long and as broad at the base.

The anther is relatively small with a very short rounded lingule and short
subulate or awl-shaped spurs, not longer than '/4 the length of the

anther, and with a groove on the face, see above p. 28 and PI. 111. The lateral

petals are rotundate-ovate-oblong, white with a yellow or pink top, pel-

lucid. The flower is for the rest very light-orange (161 — 166); the stami-
nodes and lip-middle-band are somewhat darker (156).
The description was made from two living specimens cultivated in the

Bot. garden and in the cultures of Mr. Hf.yne both grown from rootstocks pur-
chased at the "bazars" of Buitenzorg and Batavia. The two forms are not
quite identical. One of them (H. Bog. 66.9) is to be distinguished from the
other by the smaller elliptic leaves and the smaller and very lax almost
glabrous spikes; while the construction of the flowers is almost identical;
only here they are always smaller. The dimensions of the leaves of the

smaller form were: 195 X 80 + 75, 280X 140 + 70, 300X 140 + 85,
200X 135 -f 80, 310X138 -|- 160 (Prop. 2.1).
The description of both plants agrees sufficiently with Roxburgh's
description of C. petiolata and also with the picture given by Roscoe.
Only in the latter the colour of the bracts has a much bluer tinge (589-533)
and the pouches seem to be relatively longer. The difference however
between our plant and C. petiolata Roxb. is certainly of much less conse-
quence than that between the latter and C. petiolata as pictured and des-
cribed by Hooker I.e., where the flowering bracts are adnate only to the

middle, and the colour is rose-pink (551-556). As to C. corrfafo Wall (1830

t 10)= Hooker (1849 t 4435), quoted as a synonym by Baker I.e., and
K. Schumann 1. c, 1 consider this as a distinct species, distinguished by
the pubescence, and also by the form of the staminodes, which in both
pictures seem to be rather profoundly furrowed.
 — 76 —
D i s t r i b ut i n: C.petiolata is cultivated injavaso far known only in Batavia
and Buitenzorg and seeins to be rare. Periiaps it occurs wild growing in

the teak forests of central Java, but the rhizomes received with the same
name "temu puteri" from the teak forests of Randu blatung, belong to a
different species, see under C. soloensis.

Outside The type of Java. plant of this species was found in Pegu,
the form described by Hooker in Moulmayne. It is not mentioned as an
inhabitant neither of Siam and Cochinchina, nor of Malacca.
This might be the species described by Rumph as Curcuma agrestis
sive sylvestris which he distinguished from the "tommon" (=temen) or
"kunjif by some characters seeming to agree with our species: "Folium
subito a petiolo angustatum, quod ilia tommon sensim faciunt. Radix in
binos tresve tantum nodos est divisus, nullos distinctos exhibens digitos,
externe ex cinereo colore flavescit, instar straminis, interne pallida est, cor
gerens flavum, inodorum fere, saporem habeus amaricantem. Ipsius hypo-
phytum altius et elegantius est ac faciilius progerminat quam in Curcuma
domestica. Squamae superiores fuscae sunt interquas flavi eminent flores".
Here are certainly combined some characters which distinguish C.
petiolata from C. domestica and C. purpurascens, but of course the con-
clusion is far from convincing and further investigations shall be wanted
to ascertain the occurrence of this species in Ambon.
Native names: "temu puteri" in Batavia, and, if this is the C. agrestis

meant by Rumph: "Kuning utan" and, Kuning tommon" ("koneng temen"

is at present the Sunda-name of C. domestica); Balinese "Tommon tihing"

Javanese "tommon badur" (at present the name of the wild form of C. Mangga).

Ç. Aurantica v. Zijp (1916, 340).

Through the kindness of Mr. v. Zijp i recieved of this interesting
plant a tuber; which soon geminated and flowered in Jan. 1917. By the

help of Mr. Beekman, Director of the forest-experiment station, I recieved

other specimens with living flowers from West-Central and East-Java.
These give me just cause to some remarks.
Already at the first sight the plant has a quite other aspect than an
Eucurcuma. The spurious stem, formed by the sheaths, is during the first

flowering only 50—120 mm. high and the leaves are short-stalked, in

one plant 30—80, in another one (from Ngarengan) 100-120; and sprea-
ding. The longest petioles which measured in a fructiferous plant from I

Tomo were 230 mm.

The tubers are already described by Mr. V. Z, in contradiction to

Eucurcuma they do not form rhizomes or very short ones, that form new
tubers, which thus remain together in groops of sometimes 2, sometimes of 5— 6.
The leaves which are very recognizable as well by the shape 190 X 100
 — 77 —
to 260X150 (P= 1.7.) as by the shining dark-green (304—305) colour
and leathery structure and constant form, were in one specimen 6, in
anot|ier (from üetas) 8; in the latter the largest leaf was 350X180; the

older one of about the same shape, the plant was nearly '/2 high.

The ligula is already sufficiently described, (see page 12).

The central inflorescence which protrudes far above the sheaths is

cylindrical, the coma is not broader than the central portion. In one of

the specimens from Getas the 10 comabracts are finely wine-red-striped

in another one very light striped pink, the other bracts are varying in

nearly colourless, yellowish and rather dark green with somewhat pink
top; in the specimen of Mr. V. Z. the bracts were yellowish-green (218)
the comabracts 578 D. The bracts are fleshy-leathery, with prominent
reticulate veins, broad, with a very bluntly acuminate top at the broadly

rounded upper edge. The pouches are longer than the free portions of
the bracts, and much broader than the short gutters, formed by these, so
that the bracts are far from each other; by bending outwards they seem
to be still shorter. The number of the bracts in a vigorous plant was
more than 64, placed in 8 parastichies.
The specimens from West-Java bore many fruits; also in the
Fruit.

teak-forest ofKepuh near Pasuruan Mr. Backer collected fruits. These are
obovate, 13X18 pilose, crowned by the calyx.
The flower has been described above, see PI. 111.
The fruits are obovate, 13X8, thinly hairy, crowned by the base of
the décidions villous calyx. The pericarp is membranaceous and pellucid
and shows the firstly ochre-yellow afterwards light-brown seeds enveloped
by the whitish arillus, filling the loculaments. The thin pericarp bursts
irregularly without valves and disappears, while the seeds are found free
on the bottom of the pouches swimming in mucilage.
Distribution. This is by far the most common species of Curci/mo of
Java, it grows in the teak forests of all parts of Java, and flowers and
fruits abundantly November until the end of March. By the kind
from
assistance of Mr. Beekman, Director of the Forest-experimentstation I

received specimens from Tomo, Tjabak, Randublatung, Ngarengan,

Tritik (Kediri). Mr. Backer collected it at Pelabuan-Ratu (Backer 864)

and Tjisandawut (Backer 12164) in Pasoeroean (Kepuh, Backer 20960)

and also in Madura, Bangkalan (Backer 18952) and Aroobaai (Backer 19251).
Mr. VAN Zijp, who was the first to describe it, collected it near Malang.
Fruiting specimens from Tomo occur in the Herbarium (Kds 40880 B.) The
plant is not cultivated on purpose, though the very young inflorescences
are commonly used as vegetables bij the natives.
Native names: "pnrot," certain name throughout Java, " Kalamaseo"
sund in Tomo, West-Java; "Blobo" local name in Ngarengan.
 — 78 -
Outside of Java the species has not yet been found.
In the icones ineditae of Kuhl et v. Hasselt there is a very good
coloured drawing of this plant. Before I saw living specimens I had taken
this for a badly coloured drawing of C. petiolata.

Incompletely knownspecies.
Curcuma longa. Linn. sp. pi. 2 (1753); Rev. Lugd. Bat (1740) p. 12;
Hort, zeyl. 77 (1747); Mat. med. M 49 — Curcuma
; radice longo, Hermann
Hort. Ac. Lugd. Bat. (1687) P. 239. Cum tab.

Tab. nostra 1.

The name is based only on Hermann, who gives the following des-
cription: "Curcuma radice longa (Terra mérita officinarum, radice crocea.)"
The plant consists of a tuberculate terete rhizome, which is a finger thick

and grows horizontally, consisting of many shoots and rings, gives birth

from its buds to some thick fibers, massive, externally pale and rough,
internally orange and gradually tending towards miniate, quasi formed of

condensed orange coloured sap, of a bitter oderiferous sharp taste, of an

aromatic scent. Light-green flat leaves, a span long and one or two palms
wide arise from its buds terminating in a tolerably long point."
"From the young and valid tubers of this rhizome a scape is produced,
which is three-fourth feet long, terete, juicy, as thick as a quill, pale-green,
naked in its lower part, dilated from the middle to the top to a thick
round spike consisting of leaflets which are at first pale-green, than yellow-
reddish or pale-yellow, wide 2 nails, ending in a curved top, imbricate,
containing in their hollow a tenacious and viscous fluid gathered from the
dew of night. Moreover flowers arise successively from each scale, resem-
bling somewhat Canna-flowers but three times smaller, composed of 4 mostly
pale-yellow or purple-red leaflets, a hindmost one which is erect, two
lateral ones outstanding and a middle one which is larger and ciliate." Etc.
In this description the rhizome agrees with the "Curcuma domestica
major'' of Ramph. by the deep-yellow clarly miniate color of the rhizome.
The further description as well as the figure, however, indicates unques-
tionably a species with a lateral inflorscence, this is not a mistake, for
on page 639 the author reverts again to this fact. The description should
have been taken from a plant cultivated in the Hortus of Leyde. The
separate flower on the engraving seems to have been copied from the
figure of Rheede (Hort. mal. XI t. 11), published some years afterwards

(see Dryander Trans. Linn. Soc. II, 1792, 212) and which represents Gas^ro-
chilus panduratam Ridl ; it resembles somewhat a dried flower of Ci/rc«ma.
That Hermann calls the flower "mostly yellow but sometimes purple-red",
proves that the description is not taken from one single specimen (the
purple-colour might suggest a flower of G. panduratum) and because Hermann
 — 79 —
does not presume the existence of more than one species, it is also not

quite sure that the described rhizome and flower belong to each other. By
no means, however, Dryandür lias a right to declare that the figure given

by Hermann is èrroneous, though it may not be the species which Hermann

indicates in the heading as the terra mérita of the offices. For the species
of Linnaeus does not mean the latter but points to the description and
figure of Hermann. !t is strange that Trimen (1898, 242) declares the figure
of Hermann to be a good figure of C. longa cultivated in Ceylon. Perhaps
he has overlooked this detail.
It seems to me that C. aromatica Salisb (C. Zedoaria Roxb;) (Trimen
I.e. 241), the onl\' one laterally flowering plant with a yellow rhizome,
which occurs in Ceylon, must be the plant, which is by Linnaeus at first

called C. longa L.
Later, however, Linnaeus has also added Curcuma ciomestica of Rumph,
(above described by me under a new name) as a synonym, in Stickman, Herb.
Amb. (1754) 843, and in Amoen. Acad. 4 (1759) 129, and still later (spec. pi. ed.
2., 1762, 3) he adds a\so Curcuma rotunda {\ .e. Kaemp/eria pandurata Roxh).
C. longa Linn, is therefore a very mixed species; but what is now
the Curcuma longo of most recent authors, reclaimed to be the plant pro-
ducing the deep yellow or orange rhizomes known as "Turmeric" and
being a widely spread article of commerce?
Roxburgh in dealing with C. longa takes as such the species described
by KoENiG in Retz., Obs. (1738,3,72) and says:
"Koenig's description is so very exact and complete, that there is

nothing me to add." This is unfortunately a mistake for, exact Koenig's

left for

description may be, it fits two species ,viz C. viridiflora Roxb. and C. longa
Roxb.; and when we accept that the first may be excluded as being not
malaccan, then Roxburgh himself caused again a grave confusion, followed by
the later authors (also Schmuann) in mentioning Jacqujn (1776,3, 4) which t.

represents a species with a purple-red coma while KoENiG 's description

as well as that of Rumph. means a species with a white coma.
Perhaps he does so on authority of Dryander (1792,212) who has
examined flowers kept in Spiritus, sent to him by Koenig, which he declared
to be identical with the figure of Jacquin. Such a comparison, of course,
can only state that the examined plants belong to the same genus, but
nothing is said about the species. The figure of Jacquin and Koenig's
description represent undoubtedly two different species. The figure of

Jacquin and the one of Lindley in Bot. reg. t. 886, which seems to resem-
ble the former are unfortunately not available to me.
However, it is clear that two species lay claim on the name of "tur-
meric." But very remarkably there is still a third species, which evidently
was considered by Hooker to be the "turmeric" and which does
 - 80 -
not belong to the species of Koenig. This is " Curcuma longa" oi Bentley
et Trimen (1880,4.269).
Compared witli C. longa, after the conception of Koenig, as well the
figure as the description differ clearly from this, because:

1st. The bracts of the coma and often the floral bracts are partly
violet-coloured.
2d. The bracteoles are very small.
3d. The staminodia are large fiat and 2-lobed at the top and not
furrowed in the middle, and 4th the flowers are deep-yellow. According
to Koenig: the bracts of the coma are white, the bracteoles (involucrum
exterius) as long as the tube, the staminodia with a longitudinal groove on the
back and an incurved top (a characteristic of all Eucurcuma-species,
observed by Koenig), the flowers with a yellow middle-stripe of the lip.

But moreover the figure of the anther proves that the connective
has a terminal concave prolongation in which the stigma is enclosed
(a character, generally wanting in Eucurcuma species) and very short
spurs and the staminodia are straight and arise above the not hooded dorsal
petal. Finally also the orange-coloured rhizome which is a characteristic
of C. longa auct, seems to be quite wanting.
Apparently we have here a still undescribed species nearly related to

C. petiolata.

Besides the original species of Linnaeus there are thus three species
which are published as the mother-plant of the "well known" Turmeric,
viz. C. longa Koenig, C. longa Jacquin, C. longa Bentl. et Trimen.

Curcuma sumatrana Miq: (1862.615); K. Schum. (1904, 109.)

From an authentic specimen of Diepenhorst in Herb. bog. (no 1327)
it is evident that indeed, as mentioned by Miquel the petiole and the leaf-

costa have a very fine and hardly noteworthy pubescence below.

The bracts are distinctly hairy. According to Miquel (who examined
a good preserved specimen) the peduncle is central; this is not to be
made out in the badly prepared specimen of the Herb, bog. The inflores-
cence in this Herbarium resembles that of C. Zedoaria (of which however,
the bracts are glabrous), by the rounded, not mucronate bracts. Perhaps it

is this specimen which induced Ridley (1899) to quote this species as a

synonym of C. Zedoaria. On account of the central inflorescence and the

shape of the bracts, however, I think tliat it is nearly allied to C. petiolata.
By no means it belongs to C. Zedoaria.

C. prophyrotannica Zipp; Spanoghe in Linnaea XV (1841, 479)—

C. prophyrotaenia K. Sch. (1904, 114)
In the ample description of Schumann in Pfanzenreich I do not find
a single character by which this species could be distinguished from any
 - 81 -
other exaiithüiis species as C. Zedoaria, C. xanthorhiza and C. phaeocaulk,
all of which show the purple bar or cloud in the midst of the leaf, which,
according to Schumann, induced Zippelius to call it C. porphyrotaenia
(purplebanded). Schumann (1904, 335) suggests this to be the real ortho-
graphy, spoiled by Spanoghe. He tiiinks this to be a good species and
mentions as a specific character the very narrow leaves, 200 — 350 X 60-85,
(P = 3,l), and 430X80, (P = 5).

But these proportions are the same as those of C. Zedoaria, where they are
smaller in young plants only. In C. xanthoriza P is 4, \n C. aeruginosa 2.3-4.
Quite possibly therefore this Timor species belongs to one of the 4
above named ones, but to which can only be settled by new materials
from Timor, or perhaps by a new examen of the type specimen in Ley den.
4 Curcuma longi-spica Val. n. sp., affinis C. Zedoaria, male cognita.
Exantha habilu C. Zedoariae. Folia desunt. Pedunculus minute puberu-
lus, 150 mm. longus, basi squamis 4 sensim majoribus involucratus. Folia
peduncularia duo. Externum basi insertum, foliaceum, vagina 200 mm. longa
minutissime puberula, petiolo nuUo, lamina lanceolata, 150-200 mm. longa,
interdum paullum infra spicam insertum, subbracteiforme.
Spica elongata tenuis, 220X60, densissime bracteata. Bracteae florales
numerosae rotundatae obtusissimae, bracteae comae ellipticae obtusae, emu-
cronatae.
Hab : S. W. Nova Guinea prope Daedalin in sylva. Branderhorst 234.
This may be only a variety of C. Zedoaria, from which it is distinguished
by the large number (40 or more) of bracts.

Qastrochilus Wall.

Wall. PI, As rar. 1 (1829) 22, t 24 et 25. Ridley, in Journ, A.S.B, Str. br.
(1899, 108); Gagnepain (1808, 54); K. Schumann 1904, 91. — Scaphoclilamys
Baker (1894, 252). — Boesenbergia Kuntze, apud Schlechter in Fedde Rep.
1913, 313. — Kaempferia auct. ex parte.

This genus was based by the author on two species, natives of Burma,
very different in habit but much resembling one another by the structure

of the flowers. Ridley extended its limits considerably by uniting with it

a series of species hitherto ranging under Kaempferia, thereby modifying

noticeably the diagnoses of these two genera.
K. Schumann, however, in his monography (1904,91) did not accept
Ridley's views, because the generic character of Gastrochilus in the sense
of Ridley did seem to him rather vague and obscure; and he could not
find any exclusive characters by which the two genera might be distinguished
unmistakeably. Indeed Ridley did not demonstrate his point of view in