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Green Energy and Technology

Ali M. Eltamaly
Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz Editors

Modern Maximum Power

Point Tracking Techniques
for Photovoltaic Energy
Systems
Green Energy and Technology
Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge
scientific research and novel technical solutions. The monograph series Green
Energy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and
technological approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustain-
able—technologies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers
“green” solutions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy
and Technology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as
well as decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation
spans from instructional to highly technical. **Indexed in Scopus**.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059

Ali M. Eltamaly Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz
•

Editors

Modern Maximum Power

Point Tracking Techniques
for Photovoltaic Energy
Systems

123
Editors
Ali M. Eltamaly Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz
Sustainable Energy Technologies Center Electrical Power and Machines Department
King Saud University Ain Shams University
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Abbassia, Egypt

ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)

Green Energy and Technology
ISBN 978-3-030-05577-6 ISBN 978-3-030-05578-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05578-3
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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Preface

Solar photovoltaic energy systems (PVES) have been used to feed loads in remote
areas as well as in central power plants connected to the electric utility. Many
research works have been done to reduce the cost of the generated energy from the
PVES. One of the most important factors of research work is to reduce the cost of
generated energy by increasing the generated energy from the PVES by modifying
its performance operations. This can be achieved by tracking the maximum power
available from the PV systems which can increase the generated energy from PVES
considerably and reduce its cost. The device used to track the maximum power
available from the PVES is called maximum power point tracker (MPPT). MPPT
uses a controlled technique to control the power electronics converters to be sure it
extracts the maximum power available from the PVES. Conventional MPPT
techniques like perturb and observe, hill climbing, incremental conductance, etc.,
have been introduced a long time ago, and they were working for unshaded PVES
very well. But, in case of partial shading conditions, multi-peaks in the P-V curve
of the PV array are generated, and these peaks may trap the conventional techniques
to fall within one of the local peaks. With the advances of artificial intelligence, soft
computing, and metaheuristic techniques, this limitation can be overcome, whereas
metaheuristic techniques can track the global peaks in shaded or unshaded PVES
which became a new trend in the tracking of the maximum power of the PVES.
Many metaheuristic techniques are introduced and discussed in this book like
particle swarm optimization (PSO), gray wolf optimization (GWO), genetic algo-
rithm (GA), ant colony optimization (ACO), whale optimization (WO), simulated
annealing (SA), etc. Also, hybrid techniques between the metaheuristic and con-
ventional techniques or two hybrid metaheuristic techniques are introduced in many
chapters of this book.
This book introduces many chapters to deal with the maximum power tracking
of the PVES using modern MPPT techniques. This book introduces an overview
of the modeling of PVES and its performance characteristics in different operating
conditions. Also, a detailed description of the maximum power point variations in
case of shaded and unshaded conditions is presented. A detailed historical review
of the conventional and modern MPPT technique is also introduced to shed a light

v
vi Preface

on the development in this field. The most advanced techniques used as an MPPT
are introduced and discussed in this book. Many techniques to deal with the effects
of the partial shading on the PVES are also introduced and discussed. Many
practical projects in this field are introduced and discussed in detail. Also, detailed
power electronics circuits used as DC-DC converters have been introduced and
discussed in detail in many chapters of this book.
This book will be very interesting for the readers who are looking for using
PVES to feed loads in isolated areas as well as in the utility scale. It will also help
them to know the PVES characteristics, modeling, operation, challenges, maximum
power tracking, and practical implementation. This book will help the researchers,
designers, and operators, as well as undergraduate/postgraduate students, to be
familiar with the new trends of the field of PVES in general and MPPT in specific.

Mansoura, Egypt Ali M. Eltamaly

Cairo, Egypt Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz
Contents

History of Maximum Power Point Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Mazen Abdel-Salam, Mohamed-Tharwat EL-Mohandes
and Mohamed Goda
PV Characteristics, Performance and Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Ali M. Eltamaly and Hassan M. H. Farh
Power Electronics for Practical Implementation of PV MPPT . . . . . . . . 65
Mohamed Abouelela
Maximum Power Extraction from the Photovoltaic System Under
Partial Shading Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Hassan M. H. Farh and Ali M. Eltamaly
Global Maximum Power Point Tracking-Based Computational
Intelligence Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Doaa Mohamed Atia
On the Improvements of Perturb-and-Observe-Based MPPT
in PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Mazen Abdel-Salam, Mohamed-Tharwat EL-Mohandes
and Mohamed Goda
Performance Analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
for PV Systems Under Real Meteorological Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
K. M. Abo-Al-Ez, S. S. Kaddah, S. Diab and El-H. Abdraboh
ANN and Multiple Linear Regression Based Modelling
for Experimental Investigation of Photovoltaic Module
Maximum Power Production Under Outdoor Condition
of Mountainous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Amit Kumar Yadav and Hasmat Malik

vii
viii Contents

Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller as MPPT Optimization Technique

Applied to Grid-Connected PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Mohamed M. Refaat, Yousry Atia, M. M. Sayed and Hossam Abdel Fattah
Performance Improvement of Perturb and Observe Maximum Power
Point Tracking Technique for Solar PV Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Ihechiluru Fortune Anya, Chitta Saha, Hafiz Ahmed, M. N. Huda
and Sujan Rajbhandari
An Efficient MPPT and Reliable Protection Scheme for PV-Integrated
Microgrid Under Partial Shading and Array Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Murli Manohar, Ebha Koley and Subhojit Ghosh
Artificial Bee Colony-Based GMPPT for Non-homogeneous Operating
Conditions in a Bifacial CPVT System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Cihan Demircan, Ali Keçebaş and Hilmi Cenk Bayrakçı
MPPT of PV System Under Partial Shading Conditions Based
on Hybrid Whale Optimization-Simulated Annealing Algorithm
(WOSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Ahmed A. Zaki Diab
MPPT-Based Particle Swarm and Cuckoo Search Algorithms
for PV Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Farag K. Abo-Elyousr, Alaaeldin M. Abdelshafy
and Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz
A New Hybrid Moth Flame Optimizer-Perturb and Observe
Method for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic
Energy System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Saber Arabi Nowdeh, Mohammad Jafar Hadidian Moghaddam,
Shohreh Nasri, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, Mahmood Ghanbari and Iraj Faraji
A New Hybrid Method Based on Gray Wolf Optimizer-Crow Search
Algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic
Energy System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Faraji Davoodkhani, S. Arabi Nowdeh, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz,
Saeedeh Mansoori, Sh. Nasri and Mohammad Alijani
Dynamic Modeling Analysis of Direct-Coupled Photovoltaic
Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Ahmed A. S. Mohamed
Status Monitoring and Performance Investigation of a 5.1 kW
Rooftop Grid-Tie Photovoltaic Energy System in Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Ahmad H. Besheer, Mohamed A. Eldreny, Hassan Rashad
and Ahmed Bahgat
About the Editors

Dr. Ali M. Eltamaly (S’92–M’96-Ph.D.’2000)

received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in electrical engineering
from Al-Minia University, Egypt, in 1992 and 1996,
respectively. He received his Ph.D. in electrical engi-
neering from Texas A&M University in 2000. He is
currently a professor at Mansoura University, Egypt,
and King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. His
current research interests include renewable energy,
smart grid, power electronics, motor drives, power
quality, artificial intelligence, evolutionary and heuristic
optimization techniques, and distributed generations.
He published more than 20 books and chapters, and he
has authored or coauthored more than 150 refereed
journal and conference papers. He published a number
of patents in the US patent office. He has supervised a
number of M.S. and Ph.D. theses, and worked on a
number of international technical projects. He got
Professor Award for Scientific Excellence, Egyptian
supreme council of Universities, Egypt, June 2017, and
he has been awarded many prizes in different univer-
sities in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. He is participating as
an editor and associate editor in many international
journals and chaired many international conferences’
sessions.

ix
x About the Editors

Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz (SMIEEE’2015) has received

his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in electrical engineering from Ain
Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, in 1985 and 1990,
respectively, and the Ph.D. in electrical engineering
according to the channel system between Ain Shams
University, Egypt, and Brunel University, UK, in 1996.
He is currently a professor of electrical power
engineering at Ain Shams University. He has authored
or coauthored more than 350 refereed journal and
conference papers and 20 chapters. He has supervised
more than 70 M.Sc. and 15 Ph.D. theses in his research
areas which include the applications of artificial
intelligence, and evolutionary and heuristic optimiza-
tion techniques to power systems, power system
operation, planning, and control.
He is the chairman of IEEE Education Society Chapter
in Egypt, a senior editor of Ain Shams Engineering
Journal, editor of Electric Power Components and
Systems journal, Editorial Board member, editor, asso-
ciate editor, and Editorial Advisory Board member for
many international journals.
He is also a senior member in IEEE, a member in IET
and the Egyptian Sub-Committees of IEC and Cigré. He
has been awarded many prizes for distinct researches and
for international publishing from Ain Shams University,
Egypt.
History of Maximum Power Point
Tracking

Mazen Abdel-Salam, Mohamed-Tharwat EL-Mohandes

and Mohamed Goda

Abstract With time, the conventional fossil fuels for generating electric loads are
depleted, so efforts are made to harness PV solar energy to serve the continuously
increasing electric loads. The energy conversion efficiency of PV modules is very
low, while they are expensive in price. This calls for operating the module at the max-
imum power point at all operating conditions. There exist numerous maximum power
point tracking techniques in today’s market to maintain the operation of PV module
at maximum power such as off-line techniques, on-line or hill-climbing (HC) tech-
niques and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. Numerous approaches for improv-
ing, adapting, and optimizing these techniques have been published. However, they
differ in many aspects such as tracking speed, tracking accuracy, steady-state effi-
ciency and dynamic efficiency, number of sensors used, complexity, and cost. These
MPPT techniques fail or deviate from tracking the correct maximum power point
(MPP) under sudden or ramp variations of solar irradiation and ambient temperature
as well as under partial shading with oscillations around MPP. From 1954 to 2018, all
the researchers focused on MPPT, which is the main target of this chapter to follow
up the history of development maximum power point tracking in PV systems as well
as exploring the advantages and disadvantages of the many proposed MPPT methods
in the literature. The history includes the off-line and on-line MPPT techniques along
with their improvements as documented in the literature over the period 1954–2018.
This chapter is framed as a review chapter.

M. Abdel-Salam · M.-T. EL-Mohandes

Electrical Engineering Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
M. Goda (B)
Electrical Engineering Department, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1

A. M. Eltamaly and A. Y. Abdelaziz (eds.), Modern Maximum Power Point
Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Energy Systems, Green Energy
and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05578-3_1
2 M. Abdel-Salam et al.

1 Introduction

In 1954, Fuller et al. had received a patent-pending prize in physics for their first
practical photovoltaic cell.
When the PV module is directly coupled to a resistive load, “e.g., DC lamp”
as shown in Fig. 1, or to a dynamic load, “e.g., DC motor” as shown in Fig. 2,
the module output current (I) and voltage (V ) depend on the module’s operating
point. The module’s operating point is located at the intersection of module and load
I–V curves as shown in Fig. 3. Unfortunately, the module I–V curve is non-linear
with only one maximum power point (MPP) at which the intersection rarely occurs.
Also, the module I–V and P–V curves change under varying irradiation and ambient
temperature conditions making the new location of the MPP as shown in Fig. 4.
When the module/array is partially shaded, the P–V curve has multi-peaks as shown
in Fig. 5.
Starting in “1954,” the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is the aim of
researchers to enhance efficiency and improve the performance of the PV systems.
MPP trackers are divided into two types: mechanical single- and dual-axis trackers
and electrical trackers. The mechanical tracker “sun tracker” is a way to direct the PV
module to follow the sun. However, this type is complex and costly in implementation
and has low efficiency. Therefore, all attempts by scientists have been directed toward
electrical tracking.
Electrical MPPT techniques are classified into three families: (i) off-line tech-
niques such as fractional open-circuit voltage (FOCV) and fractional short-circuit

Fig. 1 PV panel connected

to a resistive load (R)

Fig. 2 PV panel connected

to a dynamic load
History of Maximum Power Point Tracking 3

Fig. 3 Location of operating point as influenced by load resistance (R)

Fig. 4 Location of MPP as influenced by irradiation level

current (FSCC) techniques; (ii) on-line or hill-climbing (HC) techniques such as

perturb-and-observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (InCond) techniques; (iii)
artificial intelligence (AI) techniques including fuzzy logic control (FLC) technique,
artificial neural network (ANN) technique, particle swarm optimization (PSO) tech-
nique, and genetic algorithm (GA), Fig. 6.
These MPPT techniques fail or deviate from tracking the correct maximum power
point (MPP) under sudden or ramp variations of solar irradiation and ambient tem-
perature as well as under partial shading with oscillations around MPP as shown in
Fig. 7. This chapter is aimed at reporting on the history of the off- and on-line MPPT
4 M. Abdel-Salam et al.

Fig. 5 Multi-MPP under partial shading conditions

Fig. 6 MPPT techniques

techniques along with their improvements as documented in the literature over the
period 1954–2018.
From 1954 to 1988, all the researchers focused on MPPT by selecting the module
and/or load to ensure that the intersection point of the module and load current–volt-
age characteristic curves lies near to the MPP. Because this matching is not always
satisfied under varying irradiation level and ambient temperature, some researchers
over this period tried to find proper parameters of a battery to be connected to the PV
system in order to improve the matching between module and load characteristics.
In 1961, Hooke et al. made a design study on a resistive load to ensure that
the intersection point of the I–V curves of the module and a resistive load is the
MPP. In 1976, Biran et al. made a design study on a dynamic load to ensure that
the intersection point of the I–V curves of the module and a dynamic load is the
MPP. In 1977, Braunstein made a design study on a battery load to ensure that the
intersection point of the I–V curves of the module and a battery load is the MPP.
In 1977, Appelbaum focused in his design study on both resistive load and storage
History of Maximum Power Point Tracking 5

Fig. 7 Challenges facing MPPT techniques

battery fed from a PV system. In 1985, Anis et al. focused in their design study on a
volumetric pump driven by a PV system. In 1988, Saied et al. focused in their design
study on DC motor supplied by a PV system. In 1989, Khouzam et al. focused in
their design study on centrifugal pumps driven by a PV system.

2 On-line Techniques

The name of “on-line” refers to operation of the MPP tracker with no need to switch
the PV system off. The on-line or hill-climbing (HC) techniques were introduced
before the off-line techniques. The on-line techniques include perturb-and-observe
(P&O) and incremental conductance (InCond) techniques. The classical P&O tech-
nique had preceded the classical InCond technique in PV applications.

2.1 Classical Perturb-and-Observe (P&O) Technique

In this technique, the tracker of the classical P&O technique is based on perturbing
the module operating voltage in any direction whatever increase or decrease of its
value and observing the polarity of output power which detects the direction of the
coming perturbation. The steady-state efficiency of the classical P&O technique is
equal to 96.98%, and its dynamic efficiency is equal to 91.9% [1].
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