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Studies in Systems, Decision and Control 198

Grzegorz M. Królczyk
Małgorzata Wzorek
Anna Król
Orest Kochan
Jun Su
Janusz Kacprzyk Editors

Sustainable Production:
Novel Trends in Energy,
Environment and
Material Systems
Studies in Systems, Decision and Control

Volume 198

Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
The series “Studies in Systems, Decision and Control” (SSDC) covers both new
developments and advances, as well as the state of the art, in the various areas of
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on the state of the art and future developments relevant to systems, decision
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13304

Grzegorz M. Królczyk Małgorzata Wzorek
• •

Anna Król Orest Kochan Jun Su

• • •

Janusz Kacprzyk
Editors

Sustainable Production:
Novel Trends in Energy,
Environment and Material
Systems

123
Editors
Grzegorz M. Królczyk Małgorzata Wzorek
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Opole University of Technology Opole University of Technology
Opole, Poland Opole, Poland

Anna Król Orest Kochan

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Lviv Polytechnic National University
Opole University of Technology Lviv, Ukraine
Opole, Poland
Janusz Kacprzyk
Jun Su Systems Research Institute
School of Computer Science Polish Academy of Sciences
Hubei University of Technology Warsaw, Poland
Wuhan, China

ISSN 2198-4182 ISSN 2198-4190 (electronic)

Studies in Systems, Decision and Control
ISBN 978-3-030-11273-8 ISBN 978-3-030-11274-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11274-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966831

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents

Clean Production as an Element of Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . 1

Anna Bera and Beata Sadowska
Concepts of the Sustainable Development of the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Karina Bedrunka
Using Discrete Event Simulation for Planning Improvement
in Small Batch Size Manufacturing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Magdalena Jurczyk-Bunkowska
Sustainable Production of Chitosan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Bożena Tyliszczak, Anna Drabczyk, Sonia Kudłacik-Kramarczyk
and Agnieszka Sobczak-Kupiec
Manufacturing of Titanium and Its Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Wioletta Florkiewicz, Dagmara Malina, Bożena Tyliszczak
and Agnieszka Sobczak-Kupiec
Multispectral Ecological Control of Parameters of Water
Environments Using a Quadrocopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Serhii Kvaterniuk, Vasyl Petruk, Orest Kochan and Valeriy Frolov
Hydrochemical Indicators of Water System Analysis as Factors
of the Environmental Quality State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Olena Mitryasova and Volodymyr Pohrebennyk
Hydrocarbon Gases Quality: Impact on Sustainable
Development Goals and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Vasyl Motalo, Bogdan Stadnyk, Andriy Motalo and Ihor Likhnovsky
Ensuring the Measurement Efficiency in Dispersed
Measuring Systems for Energy Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Vasyl Yatsuk, Mykola Mykyjchuk and Tetyana Bubela

v
vi Contents

Cutting Forces and Power in Machining Shaping of AlCu4MgSi

Aluminium Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Eugene Feldshtein and Stanislaw Legutko
Environmental Pollution with Heavy Metals: Case Study
of the Household Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Vitalii Ishchenko and Igor Vasylkivskyi
Prospects for Sustainable Development of the Monofunctional
Town of Dobrotvir (Ukraine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Halyna Petryshyn, Volodymyr Pohrebennyk, Nadiya Sosnova,
Alla Shybanova, Andriy Ihnatiyk, Elvira Dzhumelia
and Roman Liubytskyi
Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Tars
on the Territory of the Rozdil State Mining and Chemical
Enterprise “Sirka” (Ukraine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Volodymyr Pohrebennyk and Elvira Dzhumelia
Clean Production as an Element
of Sustainable Development

Anna Bera and Beata Sadowska

Abstract The subject of this study is sustainable (clean) production. Clean produc-
tion is a method of providing food, goods and services in well-thought-out systems
in order to avoid using dangerous substances and generating toxic waste. Raw mate-
rials and energy are renewable, reusable and sustainable. The study indicates the
instruments of the government policy in terms of implementing the patterns of sus-
tainable production in Poland, presents a general analysis of the determinants of
implementing the patterns of sustainable production in Poland and lists the selected
indicators of the achievement of the system of sustainable production measurement.
The research process required applying the following research methods: a critical
analysis of literature, a source document analysis, observation, qualitative methods
(case study) and methods of graphical representation of findings.

Keywords Sustainable development · Clean production · Measurement

1 Introduction

Currently, the sustainable development strategy provides space for seizing the oppor-
tunities in economic processes connected with, among other things, technological
progress, robotization, digital revolution or clean production. It gives hope that all
social groups will enjoy the fruits of growth. Simultaneously, the mechanism of effec-
tive cooperation inside industries and between various economic sectors is created.
One of such elements is sustainable (clean) production [1–6].

A. Bera (B)
Department of Corporate Finance, Faculty of Management and Economics of Services, University
of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
B. Sadowska
Department of Accounting and Controlling, Faculty of Management and Economics of Services,
University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1

G. M. Królczyk et al. (eds.), Sustainable Production: Novel Trends in Energy,
Environment and Material Systems, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control 198,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11274-5_1
2 A. Bera and B. Sadowska

The subject of this study is sustainable production. When designing and imple-
menting systems of sustainable production, one also takes into account the health
of employees and society, as well as a local economic, geographical and cultural
situation. The objective of sustainable production is to satisfy demand for products
manufactured in harmony with the environment and in line with social expectations.

2 Materials and Method

The research process required applying the following research methods: a critical
analysis of literature, a source document analysis, observation, qualitative methods
(case study) and methods of graphical representation of findings. A critical analysis
of literature aimed to assess the knowledge of sustainable production, the government
policy instruments in terms of implementing the patterns of sustainable production
in Poland and the analysis of the determinants of implementing the patterns of sus-
tainable production in Poland. While collecting factual information, the method of
a source document analysis was applied and, as a result, the most commonly used
indicators of the achievement of sustainable production were selected. Studying
non-financial corporate reports, the level of applying the indicators of sustainable
production was identified. The empirical part includes a case study. Based on it,
conclusions and recommendations were formulated.

3 The Government Policy Instruments in Terms

of Implementing the Patterns of Sustainable Production
in Poland

Primary production, materials processing and final waste disposal greatly affect the
environment and society and are a part of the sustainable development concept.
Sustainable production includes strategies of environmental protection which should
be permanent, integrated and preventive activities in relation to processes, products
and services aiming at increasing effectiveness and efficiency of production and
services as well as reducing the risk to people and the natural environment [7].
Sustainable production and consumption are defined as a comprehensive approach
towards minimizing the negative impact of the existing production and consumption
systems on the environment. The goal of such approach is to increase efficiency and
effectiveness of production, service and investment processes in such a way so that
satisfying the needs of society poses no risk to the possibilities of satisfying the needs
of the future generations. Sustainable production can be presented as a correlation
(Fig. 1).
The government document entitled “Strategy of Changing Production and Con-
sumption Patterns to Favour the Implementation of Sustainable Development Prin-
Clean Production as an Element of Sustainable Development 3

Sustainable (clean) Obtaining resources

Planning/Designing
producƟon and raw materials

Producing and Using by a final

Reusing
distribuƟng customer

Fig. 1 Sustainable production

Table 1 The instruments used by the government to implement sustainable production

No. Name Detailed list
1. Market instruments, including legal and – environmental fees
economic instruments – product and deposit fees
– administrative penalty payments
– subsidies for activities for the
implementation and design of the
ecological innovations
2. Raising awareness through promoting a product and service
life-cycle cost analysis as well as
popularising public procurements which
will involve using environmental criteria
and new environmental technologies
3. Green Public Procurement is a policy within which public entities
include ecological criteria and/or
requirements in the procurement process
Source Own study on the basis of: Ministry of Economy, “Roadmap for Implementation of Envi-
ronmental Technology Action Plan in Poland”, Warsaw 2006, pp. 11–14

ciples” specifies main objectives and tools which the government undertook to use
when implementing the policy of “Sustainable Development”, such as [8]:
1. Increasing the scope of responsibility for the environmental effects of production
and service activities as well as consumption.
2. Developing conditions for increasing the number of ecological investments.
3. Adapting the processes of manufacturing, distributing and using energy to the
principles of sustainable development.
4. Activating the market for environmental protection.
5. Popularising environmental management.
Table 1 presents the instruments used by the government to implement sustainable
production.
4 A. Bera and B. Sadowska

Other tools of the government policy in terms of implementing the patterns of

sustainable production in Poland include fees and administrative penalty payments,
product and deposit fees, environmental fees, tradable emission permits, environ-
mental labelling, competitions as well as training and counselling projects.

4 The Analysis of Determinants of Implementing

the Patterns of Sustainable Production in Poland

Sustainable production (and consumption) involves effective energy consumption,

waste reduction, improvement of economic competitiveness and reasonable use of
natural resources. Loyalty to the idea of ecological performance is multidimensional
and involves respect for given values and standards, attitudes, behaviours and actual
achievements which can be attributed to particular ideas and principles of sustainable
development. As part of the analysis of the determinants of implementing the patterns
of sustainable production in Poland, three key areas of activity should be listed:
1. Awareness of Polish companies in terms of environmental requirements which
are being introduced.
2. Incentives to undertake activities and ecological processes.
3. Legal, economic, social and organizational barriers.
Environmental fees are a strong incentive to implement the patterns of sustainable
production and consumption, however, they do not sufficiently motivate producers
and consumers to reduce the impact of their activities on the environment. In order
to mobilise entrepreneurs to undertake voluntary initiatives regarding sustainable
production, a number of competitions, workshops, campaigns, promoting environ-
mental labelling, are organised. They enable producers to make an informed choice
of goods and services meeting high-quality and environmentally-friendly standards.
Basic barriers to the implementation of the environmental and social management
systems with regard to clean production include: high costs of shifts, the lack of the
government’s support for innovative companies, the lack of economic incentives.
Competition models which companies base their operations on, can be a significant
limitation of the implementation of the patterns of sustainable production [9].
Factors which may determine positive activities and raise awareness of the
entrepreneurs, are ecological attitudes of consumers who by making particular
choices of ecological products or services can directly influence the decisions of
specific producers.
Currently, it seems crucial to take into account environmental protection and social
aspects, including employee aspects, in the credit and investment policy of a busi-
ness entity, the analysis of income from products or services developed considering
environmental criteria as a percentage of total income and, for example, the number
of failures resulting in environmental issues and possible contaminations.
Clean Production as an Element of Sustainable Development 5

5 The System of Sustainable Production

Measurement—Selected Indicators of Achievement

The natural environment is the basis for the functioning of economy and society,
whereas the basis for the development of economy is society. There are interac-
tions between these elements in terms of consumption and production. The natural
environment has three key functions in economy:
• production (supply),
• absorption of pollution and waste storage,
• others:
– regulation (climate regulation, erosion prevention, biological control of crops),
– culture (the possibilities of recreation and tourism, aesthetic incentives),
– living space for humans, plants and animals.
The production aspect and its relations with the environment and society con-
tribute to using natural resources, work and capital. The results of production apart
from goods and services are the remains, that is pollution and waste. Achieving the
environmental and social effects is particularly important for entities having sus-
tainable production, and the effects, they achieve, mainly result from the adopted
strategy aimed at creating economic, social and ecological values for stakeholders.
The examples of general indicators of the environmental performance of clean
production [10] are presented in Table 2.
The important indicators of clean production include initiatives aimed at lowering
the impact of products and services on the environment, as well as the scope of this
impact. Information concerns, among other things:
• material consumption; use of non-renewable, energy-intensive, toxic materials,
• water consumption; the volume used for production or consumption,
• emissions: greenhouse gas emissions, emissions which are toxic and deplete the
ozone layer,
• leaks; the volume of water used for production, the volume lost due to failures,
• noise and waste; toxic materials and components which cannot be recovered.
Indicators in terms of product liability are also significant. As part of this category,
Skoczylas and Niemiec [11] distinguish the following indicators:
1. Aspect: customer health and safety. This indicator enables identifying the scope
of activities related to health and safety issues at all product or service life cycle
stages.
2. Aspect: product and service labelling. Indicators specify to what extent informa-
tion and labelling consider the impact of a given product or service on the issues
of sustainable development.
3. Aspect: marketing communication. The indicator aims to influence purchase
opinions and decisions.
6 A. Bera and B. Sadowska

Table 2 General indicators of the environmental performance of clean production

Issue Indicators
Resources 1. Industry water consumption
2. Material consumption
3. Share of recovered waste in generated waste
4. Share of disposed waste in generated waste
5. Recycling of packaging waste
Energy 1. Primary energy productivity
2. Share of renewable energy in final gross energy
consumption
Greenhouse gases 1. Greenhouse gas emissions
2. Greenhouse gas emissions by emission sources
Environmental condition versus human 1. Exposure of urban population to ozone pollution
health (SOMO35)
2. Emission of particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5
per resident
3. Percentage of values exceeding the permissible
industrial noise level
Environmental services 1. Percentage of population supplied with water
meeting requirements
2. Percentage of population using sewage system
3. Expenditures on tangible fixed assets for
environmental protection
4. Expenditures on research and development
activities (R&D)
5. Eco-innovation index
6. Percentage of Green Public Procurements
Source Own study on the basis of: D. Wyszkowska et al.: Wskaźniki zielonej gospodarki w Polsce
[Green Economy Indicators in Poland]. Statistical Office in Białystok. Białystok 2016

4. Aspect: consumer privacy protection. This indicator enables assessing the effec-
tiveness of systems and procedures pertaining to consumer privacy protection.
5. Aspect: compliance with regulations. This indicator reflects a total monetary
value of penalties imposed on a producer.
The selected indicators of clean production on the example of the production of
food products are presented in Table 3.
As it was stated at the beginning of the study, clean production is a method of
providing food, goods and services in well-thought-out systems in order to avoid
using dangerous substances and generating toxic waste. Raw materials and energy
are renewable, reusable and sustainable. Effectiveness and efficiency of these activi-
ties are measured using various groups of indicators. On the example of a joint-stock
company, EKOCYKL, a case study and information included in the sustainable devel-
opment report [12], the authors presented the indicators used in business practice of
the company. The primary activity of the organization is taking the responsibility for
ensuring recovery and recycling of packaging waste from companies. The company
enables fulfilling the obligation that companies have as an alternative to paying the
Clean Production as an Element of Sustainable Development 7

Table 3 The indicators of clean production on the example of the production of food products
Indicator name Formula
Water consumption per production unit Water consumption in m3 /production output
in, e.g., litres, kilograms, tons
Recycling and reusing water Recycled and reused water in m3 /Total water
intake in m3
Discharge of wastewater per production unit Wastewater in m3 /Production output in, e.g.,
litres, kilograms, tons
Share of uncleaned wastewater in wastewater to Uncleaned wastewater in m3 /Wastewater to
be cleaned be cleaned in m3
Percentage of pollutants retained or disposed in Particulate and gas pollutants retained or
pollutant reduction systems disposed/Particulate and gas pollutants
generated in total
Use of cleaning agents per product unit Use of cleaning agents by type in
kilograms/Production output in, e.g. tons
Direct unit fuel and energy consumption The amount of chemical fuel energy (or the
amount of heat or electricity) delivered to
the technological process—recovered in the
process and used outside it/The amount of
product output produced in the
technological process
Production waste The weight of generated waste/The weight
of waste used in the process of recovery and
the weight of waste used in other way than
storing
Share of recycled packaging materials The weight of recycled packaging
materials × 100/Total packaging weight
Running costs of environmental protection Net running costs of environmental
protection/Total costs
Source Own work

product fee. The company participates in creating the national system of packaging
waste recovery and recycling (pl. KSOiR), what is reflected by the environmental
performance indicator presented below:
KSOiR  (number of clients of the organization 2010/number of clients of the organization 2009
− 1) × 100
2007 2008 2009 2010a
Number of clients of the organization 2619 3281 3506 3743
KSOiR indicator X 25.3% 6.9% 6.8%

a After 2010, the company has not published the data in its further reports

Year to year, there is an increase in the number of the company’s clients who
entrust the fulfilment of the obligation to recover and recycle packaging waste to a
specialist organization. The recovery and recycling of packaging waste are connected
8 A. Bera and B. Sadowska

with the environmental and social aspect of clean production. Reduction the weight of
packaging waste disposed in landfills, is measured by the environmental performance
indicator (REC). The company’s results are presented below:

REC  (weight of recovered and recycled waste for organizations in 2010/weight of recovered and
recycled waste for organizations 2009 −1) × 100
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Recovery and recycling of packaging 100 130.95 180.32 128.24 161.63
waste
REC indicator x 30.95% 37.7% −28.88% 26.04%

The company also undertakes tasks related to raising ecological awareness of

the society in terms of separate collection of packaging waste and the issues of
sustainable production.

6 Conclusions

The studies conducted as part of the article gave grounds for formulating general
conclusions concerning the research on sustainable production in Poland:
1. Within the government policy in terms of implementing the patterns of sustain-
able production in Poland, a catalogue of various tools creating clean production
was prepared.
2. In Poland, three key areas of activity as part of the analysis of the determinants
of implementing the patterns of sustainable production should be listed:
• awareness of Polish companies in terms of environmental requirements which
are being introduced,
• incentives to undertake activities and ecological processes,
• legal, economic, social and organizational barriers.
3. The most commonly used indicators of achievement of sustainable production
are those, concerning resource consumption, including materials for production,
water, energy, gasses; the condition of the environment in correlation with human
health; emissions and noise; the level of packaging recycling and management.
4. On the basis of the case study it was proven that using the indicators of clean
production is an actual phenomenon which is important from the point of view
of a company, and that a given entity constructs its own indicators in order to
show activities in terms of undertaking clean production.
Clean Production as an Element of Sustainable Development 9

References

1. Communication from the Commission on the Sustainable Consumption and Production and
Sustainable Industrial Policy Action Plan (2008), COM 2008, 397 (2008)
2. An Integrated Industrial Policy for the Globalization Era Putting Competitiveness and Sustain-
ability at Centre Stage (2010), COM 186 (2010)
3. Kates, R.W., et al.: Sustainability science. Science 292, 641–642 (2001)
4. UNEP 2010, ABC of SCP, Clarifying Concepts on Sustainable Consumption and Production,
www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Portals/24147/scp/go/pdf/ABC_EGLISH.pdf
5. Khalili, N.R., Duecker, S., Ashton, W., et al.: From cleaner production to sustainable develop-
ment the role of academia. J. Clean. Prod. 96, 30–43 (2015)
6. Bonilla, S.H., Almeida, C.M., Giannetti, B.F., et al.: The roles of cleaner production in the
sustainable development of modern societies: an introduction to this special issue. J. Clean.
Prod. 18, 1–5 (2010)
7. Sustainable consumption and production in South East Europe, Eastern Europe, Caucasus and
Central Asia, European Environmental Agency Report 3/2007, Copenhagen (2007)
8. The Council of Ministers: Strategy of Changing Production and Consumption Patterns to
Favour the Implementation of Sustainable Development Principles, Warsaw, 21–27 (2003)
9. Tallman, J., Henry, P.: Knowledge, clusters, and competitive advantage. Acad. Manage. 29(2),
258–271 (2004)
10. Wyszkowska, D., et al.: Wskaźniki zielonej gospodarki w Polsce [Green Economy Indicators
in Poland]. Statistical Office in Bialytsok, Białystok (2016)
11. Skoczylas, W., Niemiec, A.: Leksykon mierników dokonań [Lexicon of the Indicators of
Achievement]. CeDeWu. Warsaw, pp. 157–162 (2016)
12. http://raportyspoleczne.pl
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