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 Jerzy Topolski

THEORY AND METHODOLOGY

OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE:
AN ANTHOLOGY
 Reconstructing the guiding principles of my life and behaviour
should be a fairly simple task. They are based on the idea of consistent
action and the flexible formulation of the objectives of such action.
Flexible formulation of objectives does not mean that I am indifferent
towards them, but rather that I act in several directions (that are
of course related to a general idea that emerges from a particular
vision of the world). In this way, smaller successes—as well as
setbacks—in relation to one particular goal are compensated by
the fulfilment of other objectives. Consistency is not something that
I understand as a form of dogmatism but rather as the most rational
form of action possible, and one that also considers the potential for
difficulties. For me, the most important trait and essential intellectual
“equipment” that researchers (and not only they) can possess is
imagination. This is something that is in turn connected to dreams,
including dreams related to research findings and achievements.
Plans should always be ambitious; the more ambitious they are, the
greater the scope for their realization. In seeking to realize my own
goals, I would like to repeat that history is the total outcome of the
multitude of intersecting actions. It is worth knowing what the place
of our actions is in this.

Jerzy Topolski*

*
In 1980, the Polish literary periodical Kamena approached renowned Polish representatives
of the world of culture, art and science—including Jerzy Topolski—with a request to
provide a short statement regarding their guiding principles in life and professional activities.
Jerzy Topolski, Kamena, no. 2, 1980: 6.
Figure 1 Jerzy Topolski, Poznań 1997. Photo: Ryszard Rau.
 Jerzy Topolski

THEORY AND METHODOLOGY

OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE:
AN ANTHOLOGY

Edited by
Ewa Domańska and Anna Topolska

Poznań 2022
Faculty of History Press
Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań
 Reviewers:
Frank Ankersmit
Paul A. Roth

First published 2022 by the Faculty of History Press

Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań
ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 7, 61-614 Poznań, Poland

© Copyright by Maria Danuta Łabędzka-Topolska, 2022

© Copyright by Ewa Domańska and Anna Topolska, 2022
© Copyright for the English Edition by the Faculty of History Press,
Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań 2022

Cover design: Agnieszka Juraszczyk, TRES Foundation

Cover image: Jerzy Topolski in Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, 1994
Photo credit: Grzegorz Zawistowski

Topolski, Jerzy, 1928–1998

Theory and methodology of historical knowledge
Jerzy Topolski; edited by Ewa Domańska and Anna Topolska
Includes bibliographical references and indexes

ISBN 978-83-66355-78-1
1 History—Methodology. 2 Historiography. 3 Marxism. 4 Postmodernism.

This publication is in copyright. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced

in any form without the written permission of copyright holders.

Faculty of History Press, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań

Typeset: Epigram Press (Oficyna Wydawnicza Epigram)

Printed in Poland
Totem.Com.pl
 Contents

List of Figures 9
Acknowledgments 10

Józef Dobosz, Foreword 11

Ewa Domańska, Anna Topolska, A Note from the Editors 15
Ewa Domańska, Jerzy Topolski’s Theory and Methodology
of Historical Knowledge 17

Jerzy Topolski
Theory and Methodology of Historical Knowledge

Part I What is History?

History as Past Events and History as Science 49
History as Practical Knowledge 55
Historical Thinking 59
Methodological Consciousness of Historians 63

Part II Methodological Problems of Historical Knowledge

Historical Facts 75
Declarative Sentences 88
Theory of Non-Source-Based Knowledge 97
Evaluations in History 111

Part III Theory of Historical Narrative

Historical Narrative: Towards a Coherent Structure 129
A Non-Postmodernist Analysis of Historical Narratives 144
The Role of Logic and Aesthetics in Constructing Narrative
Wholes in Historiography 189
Components of Narratives: Historical Statements and Laws 205
The Sublime and Historical Narrative 222

7
Part IV The Procedure of Historical Explanation
(with Andrzej Malewski) On Causal Explanation in History 235
(with Andrzej Malewski) The Nomothetic Versus the Idiographic
Approach to History 266
Historical Explanation in Historical Materialism 277
Towards an Integrated Model of Historical Explanation 299
Idealizational Procedures in History 317

Part V Historical Truth

Conditions of Truth of Historical Narratives 341
Historians Look at Historical Truth 357
Constructivist Challenge to Objectivism, Realism and Truth 370

Anna Topolska, Jerzy Topolski: History as a Way of Life 391

Selected Bibliography of Jerzy Topolski’s Works 407

Editorial Note 417
Index of Concepts 421
Index of Names 425
About the Editors 432

8
 List of Figures

1 Jerzy Topolski, Poznań 1997. Photo: Ryszard Rau.

2 Jerzy Topolski and Georg G. Iggers, Obrzycko 1993. Photo: Ewa Domańska.
3 Jerzy Topolski and Hayden White, Poznań 1996. Photo: Piotr Namiota.
4 Frank Ankersmit, Jerzy Topolski, Hans Kellner, Poznań 1995. Photo: Ewa
Domańska.
5 Hayden White, Ewa Domańska, Marek Wilczyński, Jerzy Topolski, Poznań
1997. Photo: Piotr Namiota.
6 Jerzy Topolski with his daughter Anna Topolska, Poznań 1982. Courtesy:
Jerzy Topolski’s Family Archive.
7 Jerzy Topolski with his wife Maria Danuta Łabędzka-Topolska, his children
Anna Topolska and Tomasz Topolski, and a friend of the family Dr. Med.
Marian Medyński on vacation in Agioi Theodoroi, Greece 1992. Courtesy:
Jerzy Topolski’s Family Archive.
8 Jerzy Topolski with his parents—Halina Pietrzyńska and Władysław
Topolski, and his brother Zbigniew Topolski. Courtesy: Jerzy Topolski’s
Family Archive.
9 A page from Jerzy Topolski’s diary with note dated on November 1958.
Courtesy: Jerzy Topolski’s Family Archive.

9
 Acknowledgements

Ewa Domańska and Anna Topolska would like to thank Professors: Frank
Ankersmit, Paul A. Roth, Juraj Šuch, Veronica Tozzi and Q. Edward Wang, for
their invaluable assistance in selecting the texts for this anthology. Another
important contribution came through collaboration with Dr Paul Vickers, whose
knowledge of the subject matter and linguistic expertise shaped the emergence
of the volume in its present form. We would also like to thank Paulina Chrząszcz
for her assistance in standardizing the bibliographical references in the texts
included here. The preparation and publication of the volume was enabled by
funding from the Faculty of History, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań. We
express our sincere gratitude to the Dean of the Faculty of History Professor
Józef Dobosz for his encouragement and kind support. We are particularly
grateful to Mrs. Maria Danuta Łabędzka-Topolska for her inestimable assistance
in preparing this volume. We would like to thank Agnieszka Juraszczyk and the
TRES Foundation for the cover design and Epigram Press (Oficyna Wydawnicza
Epigram), in particular to Dr Grzegorz A. Dominiak, for the typesetting and press
editorial work on the book.

10
 Foreword

Professor Jerzy Topolski (1928–98) was without doubt one of the most
outstanding and most renowned twentieth-century Polish historians and
history theorists. His undeniable standing as an internationally-recognized
scholar was established over the course of decades of work that involved
innovative research, initially in the field of socio-economic history and
later in the theory of history and the history of historiography. He was
extensively involved in research administration and also in outreach through
the multifaceted popularization of research findings. Before the fall of the
Berlin Wall, Jerzy Topolski constituted a particularly significant one-man
institution connecting the world of Western humanities with scholarship
taking place in the field over the “Iron Curtain” in Central and Eastern Europe.
His significant academic achievements, his contribution to the development
of an innovative centre for historical thought at the Adam Mickiewicz Univer-
sity in Poznań, and his role in breaking down ideological barriers and taboos
are the reason why the works of Professor Jerzy Topolski have for decades
been crucial—and not only to historians.
In the build-up to the 23rd International Congress of Historical Sciences,
which will be held in Poznań in 2022, Jerzy Topolski’s former student, Professor
Ewa Domańska, and his daughter, Dr Anna Topolska, have prepared an English-
language edition of some of the most important texts by this outstanding
scholar on the theory and methodology of historical research. The volume
features twenty one articles alongside excerpts of Methodology of History,
focussing on the most representative aspects of Professor Jerzy Topolski’s
academic output, including: the scientific standing of history, methodological
issues relating to historical knowledge, questions of explanation relating to
historical research, the problem of historical truth, and aspects of theories of
historical narration. All of the texts appeared between 1973 and 1999, mostly
in English. Publishing an anthology of Jerzy Topolski’s works at a time when
Poznań, as host of the 23rd International Congress of Historical Sciences,

11
12 Józef Dobosz

will be at the centre of the world of historical science, is a highly relevant

endeavour given not only the academic standing and exceptional scope of
Topolski’s research, but also the fact that he was actively involved in several
preceding events, from the International Congress in Moscow in 1970 to
Montreal in 1995.1
Jerzy Topolski was particularly engaged in the 13th International Congress
of Historical Sciences, held in Moscow from 16–23 August 1970. On 17 August,
he participated in the discussions of the Methodological Section as an
expert nominated by the Committee of Historical Sciences of the Polish
Academy of Sciences, acting as a respondent to a paper by the Cypriot
scholar Theodoros Papadopoulos, “La méthode de sciences sociales dans la
recherche historique.” Then on 20 August he took part in the discussions of
the Section on Modern History—17th Century, commenting on the paper
“The Economic and Political Crisis of the Seventeenth Century,” given by
the Dane N. Steensgaard. During the Moscow Congress, on 21 August there
were also discussions organized by the Committee on Economic History of
the Polish Academy of Sciences, which is affiliated with the International
Association of Economic History, with Topolski contributing a paper.2
The subsequent 14th edition of the International Congress of Historical
Sciences was held in San Francisco from 22–29 August 1975. Again, Jerzy
Topolski was particularly actively involved. He gave a paper on 26 August,
“Historian in His Quest for Documentation,”3 while also twice contributing
to discussions4 and participating in an organizational meeting of the
International Association of Contemporary History of Europe/Association
Internationale d’Histoire Contemporaine de l’Europe (AIHCE/CISH) on
27 August. He also attended the Congress that was held from 10–17 August

1
Documents held in his private archive indicate that Professor Jerzy Topolski had intended
to participate in the Stockholm Congress of 1960 already.
2
The paper was published in both French and Russian: Développement des études historiques
en Pologne 1945–1968, in La Pologne au XVIIIe Congrès International des Sciences Historiques
à Moscou. I-ère partie: La recherches historiques en Pologne 1945–1968, ed. Andrzej
Wyczański (Warsaw 1970), 7-75; Razvitie istoričeskich issledovanija v Polše v 1945–1969 gg,
in Istoričeskaja nauka v Narodnoj Polše v 1945–1969 gg. Spravočnik na XIII Meždunarodnyj
Kongress Istoričeskich nauk v Moskvie, ed. Zbigniew Pustula, Andrzej Wyczański (Warsaw
1970), 7-65.
3
This paper was published as: Historian in His Quest for Documentation, in XIV International
Congress of Historical Sciences (San Francisco, August 22–29, 1975), 1-40.
4
His contributions concerned papers given by scholars from the Soviet Union—on 23
August he remarked on the paper “History and Society,” while on 25 August he commented
on a paper titled “Historiography as Historical Science.”
 Foreword 13

in Bucharest, taking part in debates in the methodological section and

contributing to discussions.
In 1985, Jerzy Topolski was head of the Polish delegation at the 16th
ICHS in Stuttgart (held from 25 August to 1 September). During a session of
the Methodological Section titled “Max Weber und die Methodologie der
Geschichte” held on 25 August, he gave a response to Wolfgang J. Mommsen’s
paper, “Max Webers Begriff der Universalgeschichte.”5 On 28 August, he
participated in a roundtable debate on publishing historical sources (‘Thesen
zur Methodologie von Quelleneditionen des 19.–20. Jahrhunderts’), while
on 30 August he contributed to a discussion on the subject of Marxist
historiography that was held as part of the sessions of sub-commission
2 of Section III of the International Commission for Historiography.6 In
addition to this, on 29 August he took part in sessions organized by the
Internationale Gesellschaft für Geschichtsdidaktik, which is associated with
the Congress. Co-organized with the Georg-Eckert-Institut für Internationale
Schulbuchforschung, these discussions addressed the “Geschichtsdidaktik
in Forschung und Lehre,” with Topolski giving a paper on “Die deutsch-
polnischen Schulbuchempfehlungen: Probleme des Consensus und der
historischen Objektivität.”
During the 17th ICHS, which was held in Madrid from 26 August to 2
September 1990, Jerzy Topolski gave a paper on “The Myth of Revolution in
Historiography,”7 while at the 18th Congress held in Montreal from 27 August
to 3 September 1995, he presented a work titled “The Concept of Decline:
Reality, Myth, Illusion?”8 as part of special section no. 3, “Decline as a Historical
Concept.” He also planned to participate in the Oslo Congress of 2000, even
preparing a paper for the event.9 The Bibliography of Topolski’s works also
5
His contribution was published as: Kommentar zu W. J. Mommsens Beitrag, in Max Weber
der Historiker, ed. Jürgen Kocka (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1986), 79-83.
6
Published in: Actes III. Grands thèmes, methodologie, sections chronologiques, tables
rondes, organisms affiliés et commissions internes, ed. August Nitschke (Stuttgart: Comité
International des Sciences Historiques, 1986), 451.
7
Published in: Révolutions et réforms. Leurs influence sur l ´histoire de la societé. Revolutionen
und Reformen. Ihr Einfluss auf die Geschichte. In Vorbereitung des Grossen Themas 3 des 17.
Internationalen Kongresses der Geschichtswissenschaften Madrid, 26 August bis 2. September
1990, Koordinatoren Joachim Herrmann, Carl N. Degler (Berlin 1990), 39-44.
8
See XVIIIe Congrès International des Sciences Historiques du 27 août au 3 septembre 1995.
Actes/Proceedings (Montréal: Comité International des Sciences Historiques, 1995), 203.
9
The extensive information regarding Professor Jerzy Topolski’s involvement in several
editions of the International Congress of Historical Sciences was prepared by his widow,
Maria Danuta Łabędzka-Topolska, using his private archives. I am sincerely grateful to her
for this.
include extensive reports on the discussions held at the Congresses in San
Francisco, Stuttgart and Madrid.10
Professor Jerzy Topolski’s legacies not only as a historian and history
theorist, but also as an indefatigable promoter of historical knowledge,
are explored critically and cultivated primarily, though not exclusively, at
the Faculty of Historical Studies at AMU in Poznań. The anthology that we
present here to readers offers further evidence of this ongoing endeavor. I am
particularly grateful to Professor Ewa Domańska, Maria Danuta Łabędzka-
Topolska and Dr Anna Topolska for conceiving and realizing this volume.

Józef Dobosz
Dean of the Faculty of History
Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań

10
See Jerzy Topolski, “Parlament Historyków” (Parliament of Historians), Argumenty 40
(1975), 1 and 11; id., “XVI Międzynarodowy Kongres Nauk Historycznych w Stuttgarcie 26
sierpnia—1 września 1985” (16th ICHS in Stuttgart), Kwartalnik Historyczny 93, no. 3 (1986):
925-9; id., “XVII Międzynarodowy Kongres Nauk Historycznych w Madrycie” (17th ICHS
in Madrid), Kwartalnik Historyczny 98, no. 2 (1991): 138-42.

14
 Ewa Domańska, Anna Topolska

A Note from the Editors

This publication is the first English-language anthology of Jerzy Topolski’s

texts. It was compiled ahead of the 23rd International Congress of Historical
Sciences (Poznań 2020, postponed to 2022 because of the coronavirus pan-
demic). The volume contributes to ongoing discussions regarding the status
of historical knowledge, history’s social engagement, the integration of the
humanities and natural sciences, the relationships between events, facts
and historical sources, questions relating to narration and historical truth,
and the revival of interest in the analytical philosophy of history. As such,
the anthology engages with debates on the geography of knowledge and it
demonstrates how knowledge created outside Western Europe and the United
States can inform the condition and development of historical theory.
This anthology outlines Topolski’s main areas of interest relating to theo-
retical and methodological aspects of historical knowledge. The selection of
texts seeks to highlight those ideas, concepts and theories that are consid-
ered most interesting by those working in the field and thus had a crucial
impact on the development of the theory and methodology of history in
Poland and Central and Eastern Europe. These ideas and theories include:
understanding history as a social science; the notion of theoretical history;
discussions of historians’ methodological consciousness; the theory of
historical facts; declarative sentences as “a realistic alibi for historians;” the
theory of non-source-based knowledge; issues of evaluation and assessment in
the work of historians; the theory of historical narrative; historical explanation;
and the paradox of historical truth.
Included here are reprints of texts that have been previously published in
English and also new translations, specially commissioned for this anthology.
Some of the texts are reproduced as extracts, rather than in full, with any cuts

15
marked by the editors with the symbol [ . . . ] . The works published here
emerged during various phases of Jerzy Topolski’s intellectual career, with
the earliest pieces (written together with Andrzej Malewski) produced in
the early 1960s, while the most recent texts are English-language versions
of parts of Topolski’s final book, Jak się pisze i rozumie historię. Tajemnice
narracji historycznej (How to Write and Understand History: The Secrets of
Historical Narrative, 1996).
Since the translations were created across a broad period of time, some of
them might appear somewhat anachronistic and fail to meet certain present-
day norms (for example, the references here to the historian in the masculine
singular). The Editors have decided to leave in place such traces of the times
the translations were produced and maintain the original translations, be-
yond some changes introduced by the language editor in order to ensure
greater clarity. The format of bibliographical references has been unified
and any obvious errors in them have been corrected. Some quotations have
been changed from the translations originally published in order to instead
use existing English translations of the texts referenced.

16
 Ewa Domańska

Jerzy Topolski’s
Theory and Methodology
of Historical Knowledge

Jerzy Topolski (1928–98) was one of the most renowned Polish historians and
theorists of history in the world. As a researcher, he was highly versatile and
prolific. His writings comprise over 1,100 works, including several dozen books,
that are testament to his broad research interests. Beyond contributions
to the field of history, his publications cover archaeology, anthropology, art
history, cultural studies, literary studies, philosophy, sociology, and economics.
Topolski was a renowned expert in the history (particularly the socio-economic
history) of Poland and modern Europe, authoring and editing numerous
general histories of Poland and regional monographs, including works on
the history of Greater Poland, Poznań, and Gniezno. In the field of theory of
history he was especially recognized for his contributions to discussions on
historical explanation, historical narrative, and historical truth. Topolski’s
works are considered representative of postwar Marxist historical thought that
was typical of Eastern Europe at the time. US-American and Western European
scholars labelled Topolski a “Polish Marxist,” distancing his approach from
the more dogmatic Soviet Marxism. He was considered in the same breath as
Western European Marxists, including Edward H. Carr, author of the classic
What is History? (1961). Alongside Jerzy Kmita and Leszek Nowak, Topolski
was co-founder of the Poznań School of Methodology, which promoted an
unorthodox and even revisionist interpretation of Marxism.1
1
Edward M. Świderski, “Humanistic Interpretation and Historical Materialism: The Methodo-
logy of the Poznań School,” in Contemporary Marxism. Essays in Honor of J.M. Bocheński,
ed. James J. O’Rourke, Thomas J. Blakeley, Friedrich J. Rapp (Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster:
D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1984), 97-108; “Polish Philosophical Revisionists in Marxism,”
ed. Barbara Tuchańska, Marcin M. Bogusławski, Hybris. Revista de Filosofía 37, no. 2 (2017);
Krzysztof Brzechczyn, “Between Positivism, Narrativism and Idealisation in Polish Method-
ology of History,” Historein 14, no. 1 (2014): 75-87; Zenonas Norkus, “Modeling in Historical

17
18 Ewa Domańska

In this introduction, I will try to indicate the place of Jerzy Topolski in

contemporary historical theory. I highlight the unrecognized potential of
Topolski’s oeuvre and I claim that the ideas presented in his major work
Methodology of History (1968/1976) could provide a point of departure for
current debates in the philosophy and theory of history, and not only enrich
them but also help to establish future directions in the field. To support
my argument, I focus on two themes addressed in Topolski’s work: (1)
the understanding of the methodology of history as a separate discipline
and its role both in defending the autonomy of history and in creating an
integrated system of knowledge of the past, which I read here through the
lens of the current integration of the humanities and natural sciences;
and (2) the role of a Marxist anthropocentrism based on the notion of
humans as the creators of history in the work, which I consider here in the
context of the ongoing critique of anthropocentrism. The key questions
guiding this investigation are: firstly, whether there could be a theory today,
equivalent to historical materialism in the past, that could have the status
of a metatheory integrating the humanities and social sciences (and if
searching for such a unified theory is indeed relevant today); and secondly,
discussing the status of Marxism in contemporary historical research.2
I have no intention, however, of issuing a call for a “return to Marx” but
instead, following Jacques Derrida, treat the “spectres of Marx” as possessing
potential in a world that is dealing with problems stemming from a crisis of
democracy, from populism, new forms of enslavement, a return to atavistic
racism, and from ecological catastrophes, climate change and the extinction
of species. Topolski’s take on Marxism, similarly to Hayden White’s existential
version of it, is part of my intellectual heritage, which—as Derrida stated: “is
never a given, it is always a task. It remains before us just as unquestionably
as we are heirs of Marxism.”3 Thus, I am seeking to continue thinking using
concepts such as alienation, emancipation, exploitation, and overdeter-
mination that are essential for interpreting the current state of the world and
humanity. Doing so emphasizes the agency of human beings and their role

Research Practice and Methodology: Contributions from Poland,” History and Theory 51,
no. 2 (2012): 292-304.
2
Enzo Traverso, “Marx, History, and Historians: A Relationship in Need of Reinvention,”
trans. Cadenza Academic Translations, Actuel Marx 50 (2011/2): 153-65.
3
Jacques Derrida, Spectres of Marx, trans. Peggy Kamuf (New York and London: Routledge,
1994), 67.
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