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María Alejandra Alvarez
Pharmacological
Properties of
Native Plants
from Argentina
Pharmacological Properties of Native Plants
from Argentina
María Alejandra Alvarez
Pharmacological Properties
of Native Plants from
Argentina
María Alejandra Alvarez
Department of Biotecnología Vegetal
CONICET/ CEBBAD
Universidad Maimónides
Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
ISBN 978-3-030-20197-5 ISBN 978-3-030-20198-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20198-2
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
There are a large number of native plants used by traditional medicine in Argentina.
The intention of this book is not to describe all the medicinal native species from
Argentina but those with pharmacological studies that validate their pharmacologi-
cal properties. To carry out this selection, the work by Barboza et al. (2009) was of
fundamental importance. The websites of the Darwinion Institute (www.darwin.
edu.ar) and Flora Argentina (www.floraargentina.edu.ar) have been consulted to
update the scientific names and corroborate the distribution data and botanical char-
acteristics found in other sources. The botanical terms used correspond to the glos-
sary compiled by P.P.J. Herman. Each chapter begins with a brief description of the
geographical, ecogeographical, or phytogeographical region in which the selected
species grow. It has not been the intention of this book to describe the medicinal
flora of each of these regions but to locate the selected species within the context of
one of the several regions where they could be found. For this reason, for each spe-
cies, all the provinces in which it is possible to find it are specified.
This work would not have been possible without the invaluable collaboration of Dr.
Chana Pilberg who gave me as a gift a large part of her botanical library; her friend-
ship is one of my greatest privileges. I must also thank my sister, Patricia G. Alvarez,
for generously giving me some of the photographs that illustrate this book. I also
thank all the colleagues who shared with me their publications and my colleagues
from the Pharmacy and Biochemistry School and CEBBAD at Maimónides University,
and Universidad de Buenos Aires for their constant support. Finally, I thank my family
and in particular my daughters for their patience and affectionate collaboration.
Buenos Aires, Argentina María Alejandra Alvarez
May 2019
References
Barboza GE, Cantero JJ, Núñez C, Pacciaroni A, Ariza Espinar L (2009) Medicinal plants: a gen-
eral review and a phytochemical and ethnopharmacological screening of the native Argentine
Flora. Kurtziana 34(12):7365
v
Book Introduction
The aim of this book is to offer information about native plants with pharmacologi-
cal properties from Argentina to students, researchers, and graduates interested in
the fields of Ethnobotany, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacy, and
Medicine. It describes some of the native species used in folk medicine whose phar-
macological activities have been experimentally tested. Chapter 1 summarizes the
characteristics of the geographical, ecological, and phytogeographical regions from
the country. Also, a brief reference about the legal regulatory framework of medici-
nal plants in Argentina is included. Chapter 2 reviews some aspects of ethnobotany
in Argentina. The following Chaps. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 describe native medicinal
plants in their botanical aspects, ethnomedicinal uses, chemical activity, and toxic-
ity and, when appropriate, in the establishment of in vitro cultures and their legal
status. Each of those chapters begins with a brief description of the region in which
the species grow. The following species are described: from Cuyo (Chap. 3), Aloysia
gratissima (Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.) Tronc., Lippia integrifolia (Griseb.) Hieron.,
Minthostachys mollis, Acantholippia seriphioides (A. Gray) Moldenke, and
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.); from the Pampa (Chap. 4), Erythrina crista-galli
L. var. crista-galli, Phytolacca dioica L., Salix humboldtiana Wild, Grindelia pul-
chella Dunal, Larrea cuneifolia Cav., Larrea divaricata Cav., and Larrea nitida
Cav; from Mesopotamia (Chap. 5), Cecropia pachystachya Trécul (Cecropiaceae),
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul, Ilex para-
guariensis A. St.-Hil var. paraguariensis, Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.)
Standl., Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss., and Cambess.) Hieron. ex Niederl.,
Passiflora caerulea L., Blechnum occidentale L., and Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex
Reissek; from the Puna (Chap. 6), Acacia caven (Molina) Molina var. caven,
Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Anemia tomentosa (Savigny) Sw. var. anthriscifolia
(Schrad.) Mickel, Plantago australis Lam. subsp. Australis, and Alternanthera pun-
gens Kunth; from the Yungas (Chap. 7), Lepidium didymum L., Clinopodium gil-
liesii (Benth.) Kunze., Smilax campestris Griseb., and Smallanthus macroscyphus
(Baker ex Martius) A. Grau; and from Chaco and Espinal (Chap. 8), the medicinal
species Adiantum raddianum C. Presl., Aloysia citriodora Palau, Bauhinia forficata
subsp. pruinosa (Vogel) Fortunato & Wunderlin, Caesalpinia gilliesii var. gilliesii
vii
viii Book Introduction
(Wall. ex Hook.) D. Dietr., Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lemaire, and Jodina rhombifo-
lia (Hook. & Arn.) Reissek. Finally, from Patagonia Argentina, the species Adesmia
boronioides Hook f., Berberis microphylla G. Forest, Buddleja globosa Hope, and
Verbena litoralis Kunth var. litoralis are portrayed (Chap. 9).
Contents
1 Introduction: Native Plants of Argentina – A General Overview���������� 1
1.1 Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
1.2 República Argentina���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
1.2.1 Geographical Regions������������������������������������������������������������ 2
1.2.2 Eco-regions ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
1.2.3 Phytogeographical Regions���������������������������������������������������� 6
1.3 Medicinal Plants���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
1.4 Native Medicinal Flora from Argentina���������������������������������������������� 10
1.5 Regulatory Framework on Medicinal Plants in Argentina������������������ 11
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
2 Ethnobotany in Argentina������������������������������������������������������������������������ 15
2.1 Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
2.2 Ethnobotany���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
2.3 Ethnobotany in Argentina ������������������������������������������������������������������ 17
2.3.1 Ethnobotany in Indigenous and criollos Communities���������� 19
2.3.2 Ethnobotany from Different Regions from Argentina������������ 21
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26
3 Cuyo������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 33
3.1 Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33
3.1.1 The Cuyo Region�������������������������������������������������������������������� 33
3.2 Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.)
Tronc. var. gratissima (Verbenaceae)�������������������������������������������������� 36
3.3 Lippia integrifolia (Griseb.) Hieron. (Verbenaceae) �������������������������� 39
3.4 Minthostachys mollis (Griseb.) Epling (Lamiaceae)�������������������������� 41
3.5 Acantholippia seriphioides (A. Gray) Moldenke (Verbenaceae)�������� 45
3.6 Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. (Asteraceae) �������������������������� 47
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53
ix
x Contents
4 The Pampa: An Infinite Plain ������������������������������������������������������������������ 63
4.1 Introduction: The Pampa�������������������������������������������������������������������� 63
4.2 Erythrina crista-galli L. var. crista-galli (Fabaceae)�������������������������� 65
4.3 Phytolacca dioica L. (Phytolaccaceae)���������������������������������������������� 70
4.4 Salix humboldtiana Willd. var. humboldtiana (Salicaceae)���������������� 73
4.5 Grindelia pulchella Dunal var. discoidea (Hook. & Arn.)
A. Bartoli & Tortosa (Asteraceae)������������������������������������������������������ 75
4.6 Larrea spp. (Zygophyllaceae)������������������������������������������������������������ 77
4.6.1 Larrea cuneifolia Cav.������������������������������������������������������������ 78
4.6.2 Larrea divaricata Cav.������������������������������������������������������������ 80
4.6.3 Larrea nitida Cav. ������������������������������������������������������������������ 83
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 84
5 Mesopotamia-Paranaense Forest�������������������������������������������������������������� 91
5.1 Introduction: The Mesopotamia���������������������������������������������������������� 91
5.2 The Paranaense Forest������������������������������������������������������������������������ 92
5.3 The Jesuit Missions���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 93
5.4 Cecropia pachystachya Trecul (Cecropiaceae)���������������������������������� 95
5.5 Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.)
Altschul (Fabaceae)���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99
5.6 Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil var. paraguariensis
(Aquifoliaceae) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 102
5.7 Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae)���������� 108
5.8 Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.)
Hieron. ex Niederl. (Sapindaceae)������������������������������������������������������ 111
5.9 Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) ���������������������������������������������� 114
5.10 Blechnum occidentale L. var. occidentale
(Blechnaceae, Pteridophyta) �������������������������������������������������������������� 118
5.11 Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek (Celesteraceae)������������������������ 119
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 125
6 Puna: A Surrealistic Landscape in the Argentinean Highlands������������ 137
6.1 Introduction: The Puna����������������������������������������������������������������������� 137
6.2 Acacia caven (Molina) Molina var. caven (Fabaceae)������������������������ 140
6.3 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiaceae) ���������������������������� 142
6.4 Anemia tomentosa (Savigny) Sw. var. anthriscifolia
(Schrad.) Mickel (Anemiaceae)���������������������������������������������������������� 148
6.5 Plantago australis Lam. subsp. Australis (Plantaginaceae)���������������� 150
6.6 Alternanthera pungens Kunth (Amaranthaceae)�������������������������������� 154
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 157
7 Yungas �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 167
7.1 Introduction: Yungas, the Green Face of the Andes���������������������������� 167
7.2 Lepidium didymum L. (Brassicaceae) ������������������������������������������������ 169
7.3 Clinopodium gilliesii (Benth.) Kunze (Lamiaceae)���������������������������� 171
7.4 Schinus molle L. Var. Molle (Anacardiaceae)������������������������������������ 174
Contents xi
7.5 Smilax campestris Griseb. (Smilacaceae) ������������������������������������������ 179
7.6 Smallanthus macroscyphus (Baker) A. Grau ex A.A. Sáenz
(Asteraceae)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 181
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 184
8 Chaco and Espinal ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 193
8.1 Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 193
8.1.1 Chaco�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 193
8.1.2 Espinal������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 195
8.2 Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (Pteridaceae)�������������������������������������� 195
8.3 Aloysia citriodora Palau (Verbenaceae)���������������������������������������������� 199
8.4 Bauhinia forficata subsp. pruinosa (Vogel) Fortunato
& Wunderlin (Fabaceae) �������������������������������������������������������������������� 203
8.5 Caesalpinia gilliesii var. gilliesii (Wall. ex Hook.)
D. Dietr. (Fabaceae)���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 208
8.6 Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lemaire (Rutaceae)������������������������������������ 212
8.7 Jodina rhombifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Reissek (Cervantesiaceae) �������� 215
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 218
9 Patagonia���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 227
9.1 Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 227
9.1.1 The Steppe and the Andine Forest������������������������������������������ 227
9.2 Adesmia boronioides Hook. f. (Fabaceae)������������������������������������������ 230
9.3 Berberis microphylla G. Forest (Berberidaceae)�������������������������������� 232
9.4 Buddleja globosa Hope (Scrophulariaceae)���������������������������������������� 236
9.4.1 Toxicity ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 240
9.5 Verbena litoralis Kunth var. litoralis (Verbenaceae) �������������������������� 240
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 242
Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 249
About the Author
María Alejandra Alvarez completed her studies at the Universidad de Buenos
Aires, Argentina. She graduated with degrees in Biochemistry and Pharmacy in
1981 and 1994, respectively, and obtained her MSc in Industrial Microbiology and
Biotechnology in 1986 and her PhD in Plant Biotechnology in 1993. She was lec-
turer in graduate and postgraduate courses of Botany, Pharmacobotany,
Biotechnology, Food Biotechnology, and Galenic Pharmacy at the Universidad de
Buenos Aires, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, and Universidad Maimónides.
She started working on the production of compounds of pharmaceutical interest
in in vitro plant cultures in 1986, being the author of numerous scientific articles.
Her research interests include chemotaxonomy, medicinal plants, production of sec-
ondary metabolites, and molecular farming. She was a researcher at the Universidad
de Buenos Aires and Centro de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (CONICET/
Fundación Pablo Cassará). Currently, she is a member of the National Council of
Research and Technology (CONICET) in Argentina, professor of Pharmacobotany
and Pharmacognosy and director of the Plant Biotechnology Group at the
Universidad Maimónides, and professor of Biology at Colegio Divino Corazón. She
was the editor of the book Genetic Transformation (2011), Intech Open Access
ISBN: 978-953-307-364-4, and the author of the book Plant Biotechnology for
Health: From Secondary Metabolites to Molecular Farming (2014), Springer
International Publishing AG, ISBN 978-3-319-05770-5.
xiii
Abbreviations
2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2iP 2 inositol phosphate N6-(2-isopentenyl) adenine
ALT Alanine aminotransferase
ANMAT National Administration of Drugs, Foods and Medical Technology
AST Aspartate aminotransferase
BAP 6-benzilaminopurine
DPPH (2,2-difenil-1,2-picrilhidrazil)
DW Dry weight
EOs Essential oils
FNA Argentina National Pharmacopeia
FW Fresh weight
IAA Indole-3-acetic acid
IBA Indole-3-butyric acid
Kin Kinetin
m.a.s.l. Meters above sea level
m.b.s.l. Meters below sea level
MBC Minimum bactericidal concentration
MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration
MPs Medicinal plants
MS Murashige and Skoog medium
MSG MS medium with Gamborg’s vitamins
MSRT MS medium with Khanna and Staba vitamins
NAA 1-Naphtalene acetic acid
PIC Picloram
ROS Reactive oxygen species
TDZ Thidiazuron
xv
Argentina Provinces
BAI Buenos Aires
CAT Catamarca
CHA Chaco
CHU Chubut
COR Córdoba
COS Corrientes
DFE Distrito Federal
ERI Entre Ríos
FOR Formosa
JUJ Jujuy
LPA La Pampa
LRI La Rioja
MEN Mendoza
MIS Misiones
NEU Neuquén
RNE Río Negro
SAL Salta
SCR Santa Cruz
SDE Santiago del Estero
SFE Santa Fe
SJU San Juan
SLU San Luis
TDF Tierra del Fuego
TUC Tucumán
xvii
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Phytogeographical regions from Argentina.
(Adapted from Cabrera (1971))�������������������������������������������������������� 7
Fig. 3.1 The Cuyo region. Landscapes from Mendoza
(a), San Juan (b), and San Luis (c) provinces���������������������������������� 35
Fig. 3.2 Some chemicals found in essential oils (EOs) from aerial
parts of Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.)
Tronc. var. gratissima������������������������������������������������������������������������ 38
Fig. 3.3 Some chemicals found in Lippia integrifolia (Griseb.) Hieron�������� 40
Fig. 3.4 Some of the chemical compounds found
in Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb)���������������������������������������������� 43
Fig. 3.5 Some of the chemical compounds found in the essential
oil from Acantholippia seriphioides (A. Gray) Moldenke���������������� 46
Fig. 3.6 Some polyphenols and flavonoids detected
in Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC�������������������������������������������� 48
Fig. 3.7 Main components of the essential oils from Achyrocline
satureioides (Lam.) DC�������������������������������������������������������������������� 49
Fig. 4.1 A landscape from the Pampa plain. PG Alvarez
personal collection���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64
Fig. 4.2 Plant communities from the Pampa eco-region.
PG Alvarez personal collection�������������������������������������������������������� 65
Fig. 4.3 Erythrina crista-galli L. var. crista-galli (Fabaceae).
Branches with leaves and flowers (a), detail of the flowers
(b), fruits (c), flowers and fruits (d). MA Alvarez
personal collection���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66
Fig. 4.4 Some isoquinoline alkaloids from Erythrina crista-galli
L. var. crista-galli������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 67
Fig. 4.5 Some compounds found in the Erythrina crista-galli
L. var. crista-galli essential oils�������������������������������������������������������� 68
Fig. 4.6 Other chemical compounds found in leaves and flowers
of Erythrina crista-galli L. var. crista-galli�������������������������������������� 68
xix
xx List of Figures
Fig. 4.7 Phytolacca dioica L., Phytolaccaceae. Tree (a), leaves
and fruits (b), pendulous flower clusters (c). MA Alvarez
personal collection���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71
Fig. 4.8 Ombuoside from Phytolacca dioica L. leaves���������������������������������� 72
Fig. 4.9 Salix humboldtiana Willd. var. humboldtiana.
Tree (a) and leaves (b). MA Alvarez personal collection ���������������� 74
Fig. 4.10 Chemical structure of the alkaloid salicine
from Salix humboldtiana Willd. var. humboldtiana�������������������������� 75
Fig. 4.11 Chemical compounds from Grindelia pulchella Dunal var.
discoidea (Hook. & Arn.) A. Bartoli & Tortosa essential oils���������� 76
Fig. 4.12 Grindelic acid and labdane from Grindelia pulchella Dunal var.
discoidea (Hook. & Arn.) A. Bartoli & Tortosa�������������������������������� 77
Fig. 4.13 Some of the flavonoids found in Larrea divaricata Cav. leaves������ 79
Fig. 4.14 Chemical compounds from Larrea divaricata Cav. ������������������������ 81
Fig. 4.15 Chemical compounds from Larrea nitida Cav. aerial parts�������������� 84
Fig. 5.1 The Iguazú Falls. Province of Misiones, Argentina.
MA Alvarez personal collection ������������������������������������������������������ 92
Fig. 5.2 San Ignacio Miní Mission, Misiones, Argentina.
MA Alvarez personal collection ������������������������������������������������������ 94
Fig. 5.3 Cecropia pachystachya Trecul (Cecropiaceae). Parque Nacional
Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina. MA Alvarez personal collection�������� 96
Fig. 5.4 Some chemical compounds isolated from Cecropia pachystachya
Trecul������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 97
Fig. 5.5 Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.)
Altschul (Fabaceae). Parque Nacional Iguazú, Misiones,
Argentina. MA Alvarez personal collection������������������������������������� 100
Fig. 5.6 Chemical compounds from Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.)
Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul�������������������������������������������������� 101
Fig. 5.7 Indole alkaloids from Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.)
Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul�������������������������������������������������� 102
Fig. 5.8 Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil var. paraguariensis
(Aquifoliaceae). San Ignacio Miní mission, Misiones,
Argentina (a and b), and in Buenos Aires Botanical Garden (c).
MA Alvarez personal collection ������������������������������������������������������ 104
Fig. 5.9 Some chemical compounds found in Ilex paraguariensis
A. St.-Hil var. paraguariensis. (Filip et al. 1998)������������������������������ 105
Fig. 5.10 Chemical structure of lapachol and other quinones found
in Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl������������������������������ 109
Fig. 5.11 Chemicals found on the dried inner bark of Tabebuia
impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl�������������������������������������������������� 110
Fig. 5.12 Chemical compounds found in Allophylus edulis
(A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Hieron. ex Niederl �������������������� 113
Fig. 5.13 Passiflora caerulea L. flower. MA Alvarez personal collection ������ 115
List of Figures xxi
Fig. 5.14 Some of the chemical compounds determined
in Passiflora caerulea L. ������������������������������������������������������������������ 117
Fig. 5.15 Chemicals found in Blechnum occidentale L. var. occidentale�������� 120
Fig. 5.16 Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek, Celesteraceae.
Buenos Aires, Botanical Garden. MA A Personal collection ���������� 121
Fig. 5.17 Some terpenoids from Maytenus ilicifolia
Mart. ex Reissek leaves�������������������������������������������������������������������� 123
Fig. 5.18 Maytansinoid alkaloids from Maytenus ilicifolia
Mart. ex Reissek�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 124
Fig. 6.1 Puna, section in the province of Jujuy, Argentina.
Personal collection P G Alvarez������������������������������������������������������� 138
Fig. 6.2 Salinas grandes (a) and llama (Lama lama) in the province
of Jujuy (b), Argentina. Personal collection PG Alvarez������������������ 139
Fig. 6.3 Acacia caven (Molina) Molina var. caven (Fabaceae)
tree (a), fruits and leaves (b), A. caven parasited
by Ligaria cuneifolia (c). MA Alvarez personal collection�������������� 141
Fig. 6.4 Chemicals from Acacia caven (Molina) Molina var. caven�������������� 142
Fig. 6.5 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. leaves and inflorescences.
MA Alvarez personal collection ������������������������������������������������������ 143
Fig. 6.6 Chemicals found in Chenopodium ambrosioides
L. essential oil ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 144
Fig. 6.7 Some triquinane sesquiterpenes found in Anemia
tomentosa (Savigny) Sw. var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) Mickel���������� 149
Fig. 6.8 Chemical compounds found in Anemia tomentosa
(Savigny) Sw. var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) Mickel essential oils����� 150
Fig. 6.9 Chemical compounds from Plantago australis
Lam. subsp. Australis (Plantaginaceae)�������������������������������������������� 152
Fig. 6.10 Chemical compounds found in Althernanthera pungens
Kunth (Amaranthaceae)�������������������������������������������������������������������� 156
Fig. 7.1 Yungas, province of Jujuy, Argentina. (Personal collection
PG Alvarez)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 168
Fig. 7.2 Chemical compounds from Lepidium didymum L.�������������������������� 171
Fig. 7.3 Chemical compounds from Clinopodium gilliesii
(Benth.) Kunze���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 173
Fig. 7.4 Chemical compounds from Schinus molle L. var. molle������������������ 176
Fig. 7.5 Chemical compounds from Smilax campestris Griseb �������������������� 180
Fig. 7.6 Chemical compounds from Smallanthus macroscyphus
(Baker) A. Grau ex A.A. Sáenz�������������������������������������������������������� 183
Fig. 8.1 Chaco (a) and Espinal (b) eco-regions from Argentina.
MA Alvarez personal collection ������������������������������������������������������ 194
Fig. 8.2 Adiantum raddianum C. Presl (Pteridaceae). Buenos Aires
Botanical Garden. M A Alvarez personal collection������������������������ 197
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