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Dante and Polish Writers

Dante and Polish Writers: From Romanticism to the Present explores the
phenomenon of Polish Danteism from a hermeneutic perspective. The
chapters shed light on a series of “encounters” of eminent Polish writers
with Dante and the Divine Comedy, resulting in original interpretations,
creative reworkings, and a wealth of intertextual references testifying to
a dialogue that has always been –​and still is –​alive, not excluding antag-
onism and bitter controversy. The contributors are all scholars of Polish
literature with comparative expertise, teaching in Italian and Polish uni-
versities, which ensures a consistently focused point of view on the recep-
tive context and the ways in which it is affected by the confrontation with
Dante. The hermeneutic horizon ranges from the Inferno-​ like reading
of the inhuman lands with which history abounds, to the metaphysical
yearning underlying Dante’s “poetics of transhumanizing,” to recent
perspectives related to the posthuman and storytelling.

Andrea Ceccherelli is Full Professor of Slavistics –​Polish Language and


Literature at the University of Bologna and Chair of the Center for
Contemporary Poetry at the same university. His main fields of research
are Polish literature of the sixteenth–​ seventeenth and twentieth cen-
turies, Polish-​Italian comparative studies (e.g. the presence of Dante in
Miłosz’s works), translation and self-​translation (e.g. Gombrowicz). He
has authored a monograph on Piotr Skarga’s collection of the lives of
Saints (2003) and contributed chapters on Renaissance and Modernism
to the Einaudi History of Polish Literature (2004, translated into Polish
in 2009), and co-​authored a book on Wisława Szymborska, Szymborska.
Un alfabeto del mondo (An Alphabet of the World) (2016). He is also a
translator of Polish contemporary literature into Italian (Czesław Miłosz,
Zbigniew Herbert, Józef Czapski, Anna Świrszczyńska, Kornel Filipowicz,
Jan Twardowski, Wisława Szymborska, and Adam Zagajewski). In add-
ition, he has translated Szymborska’s biography by Anna Bikont and
Joanna Szczęsna (2015), as well as the memories of Szymborska’s secre-
tary Michał Rusinek (2019).
Routledge Studies in Romanticism

The Presence of God in the Works of William Wordsworth


Eliza Borkowska

The Absent God in the Works of William Wordsworth


Eliza Borkowska

The Moving Body and the English Romantic Imaginary


Kristin Flieger Samuelian

George Eliot’s ‘The Lifted Veil’


A Sequential and Contextual Reading
Franco Marucci

Robert Pollok’s The Course of Time and Literary Theodicy in the


Romantic Age
The Rise and Fall of a Christian Epic
Deryl Davis

Romantic Futures
Legacy, Prophecy, Temporality
Edited by Evy Varsamopoulou

Dante and Polish Writers


From Romanticism to the Present
Edited by Andrea Ceccherelli

For more information on this series, please visit www.routle​dge.com/​Routle​dge-​Stud​ies-​in-​


Roma​ntic​ism/​book-​ser​ies/​SE0​699
Dante and Polish Writers
From Romanticism to the Present

Edited by Andrea Ceccherelli


First published 2024
by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
and by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2024 selection and editorial matter, Andrea Ceccherelli; individual chapters,
the contributors
The right of Andrea Ceccherelli to be identified as the author of the editorial material,
and of the contributors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-​in-​Publication Data
Names: Ceccherelli, Andrea, editor.
Title: Dante and Polish writers : from Romanticism to the present / Andrea Ceccherelli.
Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2024. |
Series: Routledge studies in Romanticism |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2023041501 (print) | LCCN 2023041502 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781032365626 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032367262 (paperback) |
ISBN 9781003333524 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321–Appreciation–Poland. |
Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321–Influence. | Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321.
Divina commedia. | Polish literature–History and criticism. |
LCGFT: Literary criticism. | Essays.
Classification: LCC PQ4385.P6 D36 2024 (print) |
LCC PQ4385.P6 (ebook) | DDC 851/.1–dc23/eng/20231004
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023041501
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023041502
ISBN: 9781032365626 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032367262 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003333524 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/​9781003333524
Typeset in Sabon
by Newgen Publishing UK
Contents

Notes on Contributors vii


Acknowledgments xii

Inhuman, transhuman, posthuman: An introduction to


Polish Danteism over the centuries 1
A N D R E A C E C CH E RE L L I

1 Dante and Mickiewicz: The story of a common journey 8


TO M A S Z J Ę D R ZE JE WSKI

2 Słowacki’s Poem of Piast Dantyszek, or the macabre


despair of a father-​land 25
K RY S TY N A J AWO RSKA

3 Reason and will: Dante and Krasiński, a comparison 39


M A R I N A C I C CA RIN I

4 Dante in Norwid’s Prayer Book 51


F R A N C E S C O CA B RA S

5 Echoes of Inferno V in Kraszewski’s narrative and


lyrical work 64
A N D R E A F. D E CA RL O

6 “Better to fall with Alighieri than to triumph with


Nogaret”: Klaczko’s Dante 80
L U C A B E R N A RDIN I
vi Contents

7 The Dante of Stanisław Vincenz 95


L O R E N Z O C OSTAN TIN O

8 Teodor Parnicki encounters Dante: Only Beatrice and


not only 111
M A R C I N W Y RE MB E L SKI

9 From parody to polemical pamphlet: Gombrowiczian


deformations of Dante 125
A N D R E A C E C CH E RE L L I

10 On Czesław Miłosz’s debt to Dante 138


L U I G I M A R I NE L L I

11 What Dante owes to Stanisław Barańczak 148


M A R C E L L O P IA CE N TIN I

12 Dante in twenty-​first-​century Poland: The case of


Jarosław Mikołajewski 159
L E O N A R D O MA SI

Index by Nadzieja Bąkowska 176


Notes on Contributors

Luca Bernardini, a Slavist, is Associate Professor of Polish Literature at the


University of Milan. He participated in the writing of the Einaudi History
of Polish Literature (2004, translated into Polish in 2009), has written
a monograph on Polish travelers in Florence (Poles in Florence, 2005),
and edited the Italian versions of Wisława Szymborska’s Nonrequired
Reading: Prose Pieces (2006) and How to Live More Comfortably (2016),
as well as Adam Zagajewski’s essays Two Cities (2007). He has also
translated into Italian and edited Story of a Secret State. My report to the
World by Jan Karski (2013), the writer who first revealed to the Western
world the extermination of the Jews of Eastern Europe, and Miron
Białoszewski’s Memoirs of the Warsaw Uprising (2021). In the field of
Dante, he has recently published in Italian a text entitled “Alla ricerca del
sasso di Dante: la Firenze dantesca nelle memorie dei viaggiatori polacchi
dell’Ottocento” (In search of “Dante’s Stone:” Dante’s Florence in the
memoirs of nineteenth-century Polish travelers, 2021).

Francesco Cabras is currently Adjunct Professor of Italianistics at the


Pedagogical University in Cracow. He graduated in Italianistics from the
University of Padua with a dissertation on Jan Kochanowski’s Foricoenia
and received his PhD in Polonistics from the University of Milan. His
research focuses particularly on Polish Renaissance literature, as well as
on Neo-​Latin literature in Poland and its connections with European Neo-​
Latin literature. He is the author of an annotated edition of Kochanowski’s
Latin elegies (2019) and several articles on the Czarnolas poet. He also
cultivates Polish-​Italian comparative studies: as such he has investigated
the phenomenon of Petrarchism in sixteenth-​century Poland and devoted
an article to the knowledge of Dante in fifteenth-​and sixteenth-​century
Poland (2022).
viii Notes on Contributors

Andrea Ceccherelli is Full Professor of Slavistics –​Polish Language and


Literature at the University of Bologna and Chair of the Center for
Contemporary Poetry at the same university. His main fields of research
are Polish literature of the sixteenth–​ seventeenth and twentieth cen-
turies, Polish-​Italian comparative studies (e.g. the presence of Dante in
Miłosz’s works), translation and self-​translation (e.g. Gombrowicz). He
has authored a monograph on Piotr Skarga’s collection of the lives of
Saints (2003) and contributed chapters on Renaissance and Modernism
to the Einaudi History of Polish Literature (2004, translated into Polish
in 2009), and co-​authored a book on Wisława Szymborska, Szymborska.
Un alfabeto del mondo (An Alphabet of the World) (2016). He is also a
translator of Polish contemporary literature into Italian (Czesław Miłosz,
Zbigniew Herbert, Józef Czapski, Anna Świrszczyńska, Kornel Filipowicz,
Jan Twardowski, Wisława Szymborska, and Adam Zagajewski). In add-
ition, he has translated Szymborska’s biography by Anna Bikont and
Joanna Szczęsna (2015), as well as the memories of Szymborska’s secre-
tary Michał Rusinek 2019).

Marina Ciccarini is Full Professor of Polish Language and Literature at Tor


Vergata University of Rome. Her fields of research include text criticism
and Polish sixteenth-​ century memoirs, seventeenth-​ century Russian-​Polish
comparative studies, the Polish literary canon and literature in late Baroque
and Enlightenment Era, Polish Romanticism, and twentieth-​century theater
and poetry. Her publications include the monographs: Ultimi roghi. Fede e
tolleranza alla fine del Seicento: il caso di A.Ch. Belobockij (Last Burnings.
Faith and Tolerance in the Late Seventeenth Century: the Case of A.Ch.
Belobockij, 2008) and Żart, inność, zbawienie. Studia z kultury i literatury
polskiej (Joke, Otherness, Salvation. Studies in Polish Culture and Literature,
2008). She has also translated and edited the following poetry collections: Ewa
Lipska, L’occhio incrinato del tempo (The Cracked Eye of Time, 2013);
E. Lipska, Il lettore di impronte digitali e altre poesie (The Fingerprint Reader
and Other Poems, 2017); Małgorzata Lebda, La cella reale (The Royal Cell,
2018), E. Lipska, Memoria operativa –​L’amore in procedura di emergenza
(Operational Memory –​Love in Emergency Procedure, 2022).

Lorenzo Costantino, PhD in Slavistics, currently teaches Slavic Philology


at the eCampus telematic University and is also head of the film depart-
ment at the Polish Institute in Rome, the cultural office of the Embassy
of the Republic of Poland in Italy. His main areas of research focus on
Polish literature, both ancient and contemporary, and Translation Studies.
His publications include the anthology Teorie della traduzione in Polonia
(Theories of Translation in Poland, 2009) and the monograph Necessità e
poetica. Profilo della traduttologia polacca contemporanea (Necessity and
Notes on Contributors ix

Poetry. A Profile of Contemporary Translation Studies in Poland, 2012).


He is also a translator from Polish.

Andrea F. De Carlo teaches Polish Language and Literature at “L’Orientale”


University of Naples. In the academic years 2006–​2010 he taught Polish
language and literature at University of Salento in Lecce, and in 2020–​
2021 at Aldo Moro University of Bari. He has been a visiting professor at
several Polish universities: University of Silesia in Katowice (2017–​2018),
University of Białystok (2019–​2020), University of Łódź (2020–​2021),
and Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa (2021–​2022). He obtained
his PhD at the University of Salento with a thesis on Dante in nineteenth-​
century Poland, conducting a comparison between the different translations
of the Divine Comedy by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Julian Korsak, Antoni
Stanisławski, and Edwad Porębowicz. He recently authored the mono-
graph Dantes maxime mirandus in minimis. Kraszewski e Dante (2019)
and is currently working on a critical edition of Kraszewski’s translation of
the Divine Comedy. His research interests focus on Polish literature, cul-
tural relationships between Italy and Poland and poetic translation.

Krystyna Jaworska is Full Professor of Polish Language and Literature at


the University of Turin. Her main areas of research include the literature
of nineteenth-​and twentieth-​ century Polish emigration with particular
reference to the Romantic period and the consequences of World War II
on literary activity. Other research interests include contemporary poetry,
travel literature and cultural connections between Italy and Poland. She
is the author of over 150 publications, including the monographs Poeti
e patrioti polacchi nell’Italia risorgimentale (Polish Poets and Patriots in
Italian Risorgimento, 2012) and Dalla deportazione all’esilio. Percorsi
nella letteratura polacca della seconda guerra mondiale (From Deportation
to Exile. Paths in Polish World War II Literature, 2019). She has translated
and edited Adam Zagajewski’s anthology of poems Dalla vita degli oggetti
(From the Life of Objects, 2012), edited Gustaw Herling’s selected writings
Etica e letteratura (Ethics and Literature, 2019), and curated several histor-
ical exhibitions dedicated to Polish presences in Italy. In 2007 she received
the Gold Medal for Merit to Culture “Gloria Artis” and in 2014, the
Commander’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland.

Tomasz Jędrzejewski is Assistant Professor in the Institute of Polish


Literature, University of Warsaw. His research focuses on European
Classicism, Rococo, Sentimentalism, Romanticism, as well as the relations
between press and literature. His main publications include Literatura
w warszawskiej prasie kulturalnej pogranicza oświecenia i romantyzmu
(Literature in the Warsaw Culture Press at the Turn of Enlightenment and
x Notes on Contributors

Romanticism, 2016), Czytanie Dziadów w czterech częściach (Reading


of Forefathers’ Eve in the Four Parts, 2018), and Blednący atrament.
Polskie rokoko literackie lat 1795–​1830 na tle europejskim (Fading Ink.
Polish Literary Rococo of the Years 1795–​1830 against the European
Background, 2022).

Luigi Marinelli is Full Professor of Slavistics –​Polish Language and


Literature at the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy of “Sapienza”
University in Rome. He is the author of more than 250 publications in
several languages, on the theory of literature and translation studies,
Polish and Slavic comparative studies, Polish-​Italian interrelations, Polish
culture and literature from the Middle Ages to the last decades. He is
Doctor honoris causa of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, a foreign
member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and the Polish Academy
of Learning (PAU), and an honorary member of the Literary Association
“Adam Mickiewicz” –​Warsaw and of the Ambrosiana Academy –​Milan.
He has translated literary works by Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński, Maria
Wirtemberska, Ignacy Krasicki, Aleksander Wat, Czesław Miłosz, Tadeusz
Kantor, Stanisław Lem and others from Polish into Italian.

Leonardo Masi studied Polish language and literature at the Universities of


Florence and Milan and Music at the Florence Conservatory. He currently
works at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, where
he headed the Department of Italian Studies for several years. His main
research fields are the relationships between literature and music, Italian-​
Polish relations, and translation practices. He has authored several books
and essays on, for example, Karol Szymanowski, Stanisław Brzozowski,
Federico Fellini, Franco Fortini, Italian and Polish opera, contemporary
poetry and popular music. He has translated into Italian some of the
most important contemporary Polish authors (Tomasz Różycki, Krzysztof
Karasek, Wojciech Bonowicz, Krystyna Dąbrowska, Witold Szabłowski).

Marcello Piacentini received his PhD in Slavistics in 2001 with a dissertation


on medieval studies. He is currently Adjunct Professor of Polish Language
and Literature at the University of Padua (Department of Linguistic and
Literary Studies). He has long been a member of the editorial board of the
journal Ricerche Slavistiche, and more recently of Studi Slavistici. His main
research field concerns medieval Polish literature in relation to European
literature in Latin, with a special focus on apocryphal literature and Polish
translation of Johannes from Hildesheim Historia Trium Regum. Other
fields of interest include cultural and literary relations between Poland and
Italy, and Polish literature of the 1950s and 1960s (e.g. the prose of Marek
Hłasko, and the Polish “New Wave”).
Notes on Contributors xi

Marcin Wyrembelski holds a degree in Italian philology from the Adam


Mickiewicz University in Poznań, and is currently a lecturer in Polish lan-
guage at the University of Florence. His research interests focus on Italian
and Polish literature of the twentieth century and the art of translation, as
well as teaching Polish as a foreign language. He is a translator of Italian
fiction and non-​fiction prose into Polish (Erri De Luca, Italo Calvino,
Tiziano Terzani, Emilio Salgari) and Polish literature into Italian (Bogdan
Wojdowski, Anna Frajlich, Henryk Grynberg, Anna Świrszczyńska). He
has also conceived and coordinated several translation projects aimed at
students of Polish and Italian.
Acknowledgments

Our sincere thanks go to Gerri Kimber for the proofreading of Andrea


Ceccherelli’s introduction and essay –​“From parody to polemical
pamphlet: Gombrowiczian deformations of Dante,” as well as Luigi
Marinelli’s essay –​“On Czesław Miłosz’s debt to Dante;” to Joanna Pottle
for the proofreading of Francesco Cabras’ essay –​“Dante in Norwid’s
Prayer Book”; to Alex Petrocchi and Sarah Masden for the proofreading
of Andrea De Carlo’s essay –​“Echoes of Inferno V in Kraszewski’s
narrative and lyrical work”; to Neal Putt for the proofreading of Marcello
Piacentini’s essay –​“What Dante owes to Stanisław Barańczak”; to Jessica
Sirotin for the proofreading of Leonardo Masi’s essay –​“Dante in twenty-​
first-​century Poland: the case of Jarosław Mikołajewski.” Thanks go to
John Trzeciak for reading and commenting on a late draft of Krystyna
Jaworska’s essay –​“Słowacki’s Poem of Piast Dantyszek, or the macabre
despair of a father-​land.”
Sincere thanks go to Przemysław Batorski for translating Tomasz
Jędrzejewski’s essay –​“Dante and Mickiewicz. The story of a common
journey” and to Caroline Swinton for translating Marina Ciccarini’s
essay –​“Reason and will: Dante and Krasiński, a comparison.”
Furthermore, regarding the latter, special thanks go to Nina Taylor-​Terlecka
for the translations of quotations from Zygmunt Krasiński’s works.
Special thanks go to the Polish Institute in Rome for supporting the pro-
ject in its initial phase.
Tomasz Jędrzejewski’s text, “Dante and Mickiewicz. The story of a
common journey,” was prepared within the research project “Kultura
literacka polskiego rokoka lat 1795–​ 1830 na tle europejskim” [The
Literary Culture of the Polish Rococo in a European Perspective, 1795–​
1830], No 2016/​23/​D/​HS2/​01119, funded by the National Science Centre,
Poland.
In the whole volume quotations from the Divine Comedy are reported
along The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri. The Italian Text with a
Acknowledgments xiii

Translation in English Blank Verse and a Commentary by Courtney


Langdon, 3 volumes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1918, 1920,
1921, available online: https://​oll.libe​rtyf​und.org//​title/​alighi​eri-​the-​div​
ine-​com​edy-​in-​3-​vols-​lang​don-​trans
Unless otherwise noted, all other translations are by the authors of the
essays.
newgenprepdf

Inhuman, transhuman, posthuman


An introduction to Polish Danteism over
the centuries

Andrea Ceccherelli

There is Dantology and there is Danteism. The former is a scholarly discip-


line cultivated by academia; the latter mainly concerns artists and writers
and is conveyed by intertextual allusions and various types of reworking.
The boundaries between Dantology and Danteism are not always clear-​
cut –​translators, for example, occupy a rather liminal position between
both disciplines –​but what is important, beyond any nominal distinction,
is that every act of engaging with Dante occupies a precise moment in
time: Dante’s time for scholars, and their own time for writers. To put it
another way: the scholars’ time is chronos –​objective time; the writers’
time is kairos –​occasion, where actualization prevails over reconstruction,
the Mickiewiczian “feeling” over the “lens and the eye of the sage,” giving
rise to unpredictable creative combinations. In the vector space constituted
by Dante’s interpretations, the writers’ vectors are oriented towards the
present, to “contemporaneity,” which is always a fluid, mobile con-
cept (Mościcki 2022). Dante’s work can therefore be likened to a prism,
refracting the light projected onto it from different angles here and now.
This is true at all times and in all places. As David Damrosch affirms,
drawing on Wai Chee Dimock,

Dante’s poem changes shape as it crosses borders: it is a fundamentally


different work abroad, and even in Italy it was a very different work
for Italo Calvino and Primo Levi in the twentieth century than it was
for Boccaccio in the fourteenth. Yet the Commedia’s effects will always
be shaped by the reader’s powerful sense of it as a poem from a very
different time and place from our own.
(Damrosch 2003, 140)

In Poland, Dante was only truly discovered in the early nineteenth cen-
tury. This is not to say that he was not known before; occasional references
had occurred as early as the fifteenth century (Litwornia 2005), but it
was not until the Romantics that a fruitful intertextual dialogue with him

DOI: 10.4324/9781003333524-1
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