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LGBTQ+ Activism in
Central and Eastern Europe
Resistance, Representation
and Identity
Edited by
Radzhana Buyantueva · Maryna Shevtsova
LGBTQ+ Activism in Central and Eastern Europe
Radzhana Buyantueva · Maryna Shevtsova
Editors

LGBTQ+ Activism
in Central
and Eastern Europe
Resistance, Representation
and Identity
Editors
Radzhana Buyantueva Maryna Shevtsova
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Gainesville, FL, USA

ISBN 978-3-030-20400-6 ISBN 978-3-030-20401-3 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20401-3

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG, part of Springer Nature 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
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Cover illustration: Maram_shutterstock.com

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Foreword

All of us working on LGBTQ+ politics understand the importance

of giving voice to scholars and activists who are local to the commu-
nities they study, yet often little effort is made to elevate those voices.
Radzhana Buyantueva and Maryna Shevtsova have done just that in this
volume on the activism and experience of LGBTQ+ people in Central
and Eastern Europe countries and the Baltic states. They problematize
the import of Western ideals and norms into the post-socialist space and
highlight the specificity of LGBTQ+ identity and experience across con-
texts and states. Their efforts refine existing knowledge and shed light
on the sometimes overlooked dynamics of the study of contentious pol-
itics concerning LGBTQ+ movements.
The overarching goal of the volume is to chart the experience of
LGBTQ+ movements in post-socialist European countries. Caught
in a complex geopolitical space, including multiple poles of external
influence and housing states with different histories and ideas around
queer people, the countries of this region make a fascinating study of
the complexity of championing queer visibility and/or LGBT rights. At
the same time, they constitute a part of Europe that is often “othered”
as backward to “enlightened” neighbors to their West (Chetaille 2013;

v
vi      Foreword

Kulpa and Mizielińska 2011). Despite these challenges, innovative activ-

ists from the region have developed protean methods of brokering the
complex and interconnected world we live in, as well as securing a pres-
ence in global queer activism more generally. The authors chart this real-
ity by giving voice to activists and scholars who often also have a local
positionality in the debate on queer issues in the post-socialist space.
Such voices are paramount in any debate on queer politics in the region;
this volume brings several together in a productive and fruitful way.
The volume is divided into three parts that chart and problematize
(1) the applicability of Western discourses on sexuality and gender
identity in post-socialist and post-Soviet countries, (2) the relationship
between the state and LGBTQ+ people in these countries, and (3) the
emergence and struggles of LGBTQ+ movements in the region. Many
of the themes span and cut across the three parts, as in any well-curated
volume. The introduction provides a helpful short overview of much of
the LGBTQ+ political science literature on Central and Eastern Europe
and the Baltic region (for an encompassing overview of such work
Europe-wide, see Paternotte 2018), followed by an invitation to discuss
the three thematic areas. The rest of the book reflects on the many core
debates of the LGBTQ+ politics field, through the lens of countries in
the post-socialist space. This helps to broaden and sometimes refine our
understanding of a plethora of issues, including the positive and neg-
ative implications of visibility (and the recurring necessity and utility
of invisibility), the value and over-extension of the concept of homon-
ationalism (and the risk of applying it as universal and without spec-
ificity), and the varied underrepresentation of marginalized subgroups
within the LGBTQ+ umbrella.
None of this means that the focus on Central and Eastern Europe
makes the book irrelevant for scholars working outside the region.
There are many synergies, not just in rectifying and/or expanding
understandings developed in the West, but also speaking to schol-
ars of other regions. Sa’ed Atshan’s (forthcoming) important critique
of homonationalism in occupied Palestine, for example, links well
to various chapters in the book, particularly to Chapter 2. Expanding
on the question of visibility and its implications (Ayoub 2016), such
as in Chapter 3, connects well to critical debates in many contexts,
 Foreword     vii

for example, Ashley Currier’s (2012) work on (in)visibility in Africa.

Many concerns addressed in the book are ones we have to keep think-
ing about, in the West too, where visibility is more or less available to
LGBTQ+ individuals, depending on their relationship to privilege. This
has much to do with the differential axes of oppression many queer peo-
ple face, for example, among queer people of color and migrant com-
munities (Adam 2017; Murib and Soss 2015; Strolovitch 2007). In
sum, insights from Central and Eastern Europe also offer theoretically
rich ideas for connections across contexts.
Yet, coming from a field that often gives more value in looking at
patterns across many cases—and there surely is value in that—the effort
to root our knowledge and refine our theories in the careful study of
place is also welcome in its own right. We have contributions from
scholars of the post-socialist/post-soviet space, and this book adds to
that knowledge by grounding us in valuable case studies. This will help
explicate the mechanisms behind the correlations that scholars compar-
ing across many cases have and will continue to chart. We can move
forward alongside each other, or within mixed-method studies. There
has also been a tendency, largely attributable to the limited room for
maneuver in quantitative analyses, to homogenize the post-socialist
space in its relationship to LGBT rights, as well as start tracking it only
in after the fall of the Berlin Wall, which many scholars have rightly cri-
tiqued (e.g., Szulc 2018). This volume further builds on that work.
The tension and difficulty in untangling the local from the exter-
nal/global/international in the world in which we live (Europe, of all
places, an unusually interconnected region for many reasons) is inherent
in much of the volume. The complexity of the insider and the outsider
is worthy of careful thought in work on contemporary queer politics.
This includes acknowledging the role that activists from Central and
Eastern Europe have played in shaping transnational activism and dis-
pelling common notions of them as powerless, weak, or victimized.
Their contribution to the work of transnational activism is readily
apparent to those doing fieldwork on cross-border activism in Europe
(Ayoub and Bauman 2018), or to anyone observing movement confer-
ences organized by international NGOs like ILGA-Europe. Activists in
some of the countries of the region are also among the most organized
viii      Foreword

and active in Europe (see O’Dwyer 2018). Queer activism from Central
Eastern Europe is not new; we can look as far back as the 1860s, when
the Hungarian Karoly Maria Kertbeny and the German Karl Heinrich
Ulrichs coined the term ″homosexuell″ in the first place (Takács 2004).
Cross-border interaction has much to do with the complexity of iden-
tities (ones that are national and ones around sexual orientation and/or
gender identity) and that queerness has brought communities into dia-
logue across nations and regions for much of the history of organizing
around LGBTQ+ politics.
While power and privilege shape the influence of Western LGBTQ+
ideas in many contexts, we must also caution against the portrayal of
a homogenous global movement that is always out of touch with the
local. We do not live in domestic vacuums and ideas can travel whether
or not a movement champions them. The challenge is to identify the
spaces in which the two—global and local—can interact. This allows
us to recognize the agency of domestic activists, as this volume rightly
argues, who are left to do the hard work of navigating LGBTQ+
ideas when they are out-of-sync and ill-informed for local contexts.
Furthermore, evidence around the causal notion that international
activism leads to a uniform backlash and response is mixed. While it
certainly does in some cases, the evidence also suggests that domestic
opportunists jump the gun by politicizing homophobia in advance of
local or global demands by LGBTQ+ activists (Weiss and Bosia 2013).
There are many layers to LGBTQ+ movement politics, and they are
often more reciprocal and reflexive than we acknowledge.
No book has all the answers, but this volume is an important call
to the work that needs to be done on understanding LGBTQ+ activ-
ism in the post-socialist and post-Soviet region. Areas that will surely
preoccupy future iterations of scholarship include thinking further
about intersectionality in Central and Eastern Europe (a term coined by
the experience of black feminists in the US context, Crenshaw 1991),
which has much applicability to the region (Ayoub 2019) yet features
only in Chapter 11. The intersection between LGBTQ+ activism and
other marginalized communities (such as migrants to Europe, see
Chapters 2 and 6) are areas that we also need to continue to explore in
the context of the region.
 Foreword     ix

Growing scholarly attention has been given to LGBTQ+ activism in

the post-socialist space. Outside observers, including myself, have looked
at patterns across states. What this volume offers is special: It consciously
takes us onto the ground and gives voices to those in the varied coun-
tries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Baltic states. Observing
patterns in global LGBTQ+ politics is not the ambition of this volume;
instead, it is to celebrate the differences and specificities across localities.
Buyantueva and Shevtsova, alongside their collaborators, have done us
all a great service by bringing together talented and important voices in
the discourse on queer liberation in the post-socialist space. The field
continues to grow richer thanks to efforts such as this.

Los Angeles, USA Phillip M. Ayoub

Phillip M. Ayoub is Associate Professor of Diplomacy and World Affairs at

Occidental College. He is the author of When States Come Out: Europe’s Sexual
Minorities and the Politics of Visibility (Cambridge University Press, 2016),
and his articles have appeared in Comparative Political Studies, the European
Journal of International Relations, Political Research Quarterly, Mobilization, the
European Political Science Review, the Journal of Human Rights, Social Politics
and Social Movement Studies, among others.

References
Adam, E. M. (2017). Intersectional Coalitions: The Paradoxes of Rights-Based
Movement Building in LGBTQ and Immigrant Communities. Law &
Society Review, 51(1), 132–167.
Atshan, S. (forthcoming). Queer Palestine and the Empire of Critique. Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press.
Ayoub, P. M. (2016). When States Come Out. Europe’s Sexual Minorities and
the Politics of Visibility. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-rela-
tions/european-government-politics-and-policy/when-states-come-out-eu-
ropes-sexual-minorities-and-politics-visibility?format=PB (April 25, 2016).
x      Foreword

———. (2019). Intersectional and Transnational Coalitions During Times

of Crisis: The European LGBTI Movement. Social Politics: International
Studies in Gender, State & Society, 26(1), 1–29.
Ayoub, P. M., & Bauman, L. (2018). Migration and Queer Mobilisations:
How Migration Facilitates Cross-Border LGBTQ Activism. Journal of
Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1–21.
Chetaille, A. (2013). L’Union Européenne, Le Nationalisme Polonais et La
Sexualisation de La ‘division Est/Ouest’. Raisons Politiques, 49(1), 119–140.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and
Violence Against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
Currier, A. (2012). Out in Africa: LGBT Organizing in Namibia and South
Africa. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Kulpa, R., & Mizielińska, J. (2011). De-centring Western Sexualities: Central
and Eastern European Perspectives. Surrey, UK: Ashgate.
Murib, Z, & Soss, J. (2015). Intersectionality as an Assembly of Analytic
Practices: Subjects, Relations, and Situated Comparisons. New Political
Science, 37(4), 649–656.
O’Dwyer, C. (2018). Coming Out of Communism: The Emergence of LGBT
Activism in Eastern Europe. New York: New York University Press.
Paternotte, D. (2018, July). Coming Out of the Political Science Closet: The
Study of LGBT Politics in Europe. European Journal of Politics and Gender,
1(1–2), 55–74. https://oxy.library.ingentaconnect.com/content/bup/
ejpg/2018/00000001/f0020001/art00004 (May 2, 2019).
Strolovitch, D. Z. (2007). Affirmative Advocacy: Race, Class, and Gender in
Interest Group Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Szulc, L. (2018). Transnational Homosexuals in Communist Poland: Cross-Border
Flows in Gay and Lesbian Magazines. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Takács, J. (2004). The Double Life of Kertbeny. In G. Hekma (Ed.), Present
and Past of Radical Sexual Politics (pp. 26–40). Amsterdam: Amsterdam
University Press.
Weiss, M. L., & Bosia, M. J. (2013). Global Homophobia: States, Movements,
and the Politics of Oppression. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois
Press.
 Contents

1 Introduction: LGBTQ+ Activism and the Power of Locals 1

Radzhana Buyantueva and Maryna Shevtsova

Part I It’s New for Them? Imagining Post-socialist LGBTQ+

Activism from the ‘Western’ Perspective

2 Beyond Western Theories: On the Use and Abuse of

“Homonationalism” in Eastern Europe 25
Roman Leksikov and Dafna Rachok

3 Visibility, Violence, and Vulnerability: Lesbians Stuck

Between the Post-Soviet Closet and the Western Media
Space 51
Masha Neufeld and Katharina Wiedlack

4 Mы нe oшибкa (We Are Not an Error): Documentary

Film and LGBT Activism Against the Russian
Anti-“Gay Propaganda” Campaign 77
Clinton Glenn
xi
xii      Contents

5 “I’m Gay, but I’m Not Like Those Perverts”: Perceptions

of Self, the LGBT Community, and LGBT Activists
Among Gay and Bisexual Russian Men 101
Cai Weaver

Part II Outlawing Rainbows: LGBTQ+ Rights, Activism

and the Role of State in Central and Eastern Europe

6 Negotiating Uncertainty: Sexual Citizenship and State

Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships in Estonia 127
Kadri Aavik

7 The Localization of Sexual Rights in Ukraine 153

Thorsten Bonacker and Kerstin Zimmer

8 Trends of Homophobic Activism in Romania,

or ‘How to Turn Religious Convictions into a
Referendum and Still Fail’ 185
Ramona Dima

9 Putin as Gay Icon? Memes as a Tactic in Russian

LGBT+ Activism 209
James E. Baker, Kelly A. Clancy and Benjamin Clancy

Part III Giving Voice to Locals: LGBTQ+ Movement

and Queer Politics in Central and Eastern Europe

10 The Latvian LGBT Movement and Narratives

of Normalization 239
Kārlis Vērdiņš and Jānis Ozoliņš

11 Framing Queer Activism in Poland: From Liberal

Values to Solidarity 265
Justyna Struzik
 Contents     xiii

12 Polish Asexualities: Catholic Religiosity and Asexual

Online Activisms in Poland 289
Anna Kurowicka and Ela Przybylo

13 Activism for Rainbow Families in Hungary:

Discourses and Omissions 313
Rita Béres-Deák

14 Gender and Class Tensions in Hungarian LGBTQ

Activism: The Case of Ambiguous Bisexual
Representation 341
Ráhel Katalin Turai

15 Conclusion 369
Radzhana Buyantueva and Maryna Shevtsova

Index 379
 Notes on Contributors

Kadri Aavik is an Associate Professor of Gender Studies at Tallinn

University, Estonia, and a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of
Helsinki, Finland. Her research has mainly focused on understanding
gender and other inequalities in the labor market and in the education
system. In addition, Kadri conducts research in the fields of critical ani-
mal studies and vegan studies.
James E. Baker is a doctoral student in Geography at the University
of Nebraska—Lincoln. His present research examines the role of visual
research methods in understanding the signifying power of the image in
a comparative study of the everyday practices of celebrating the 100th
anniversary of nationhood in post-socialist and diasporan Latvian com-
munities. James earned a M.A. from University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Rita Béres-Deák has a B.A. in Cultural Anthropology and got her
Ph.D. in Gender Studies at the Central European University. After
teaching one term at the Gender Studies Department of CEU, she is
currently an independent researcher. She is actively involved in LGBTQ
and human rights activism.

xv
xvi      Notes on Contributors

Thorsten Bonacker is a Professor for peace and conflict studies at

the Center for Conflict Studies and the Institute for Sociology at the
University of Marburg. He received his Ph.D. at the University of
Oldenburg. He is a board member of the research center on “dynamics
of security” at the Universities of Marburg and Gieße.
Radzhana Buyantueva is a Teaching Assistant at Newcastle University
(UK) from where she has Ph.D. in Political Science. Her publica-
tions include LGBT activism and homophobia in Russia in Journal of
Homosexuality and a review of Russian Homophobia from Stalin to Sochi
by Dan Healey in Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in
Culture and Politics.
Benjamin Clancy is a doctoral student and Teaching Fellow in the
Department of Communication at the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill. He has his Masters in Communication from Texas State
University. His research sits at the meeting point between rhetoric and
media studies.
Kelly A. Clancy is an Assistant Professor and Chair of Political Science
at Nebraska Wesleyan University. Her previous book, The Politics of
Genetically Modified Organisms in the United States and Europe, (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2016) studied social movements against GMOs on both
sides of the Atlantic. She earned her Ph.D. from Rutgers University.
Ramona Dima has background in Language and Literature,
Communication, and Migration studies. Since 2009, she has been
actively involved in anti‐discrimination, feminist, and queer projects,
and since 2014, she has been working with her life partner, Simona
Dumitriu, as an artist duo. In 2018, she received her Ph.D. title from
University of Bucharest.
Clinton Glenn is a Ph.D. candidate in Communication Studies at
McGill University and is currently a visiting Ph.D. student at Tallinn
University in Estonia. Glenn’s work has been published in Third Floor,
Synoptique: An Online Journal of Film and Moving Image Studies,
Unmediated, and esse: Arts+Opinions.
 Notes on Contributors     xvii

Anna Kurowicka is an Assistant Professor at the Department of

English at Maria Curie-Sklodowska University. She received her Ph.D.
in cultural studies at the University of Warsaw. She has published on the
representation of asexuality in popular culture, the intersections of asex-
uality and disability, and Polish asexualities in Polish and international
journals.
Roman Leksikov is currently a master’s student and a teaching assistant
at the University of Alberta. Currently, he is studying policing of hate
crimes, cultural violence and gendered violence, its patterns and ways
of justice accomplishment. He is also interested in power, violence, inti-
macy, and sexuality in total institutions and gender-segregated spaces.
Masha Neufeld holds a diploma degree in psychology and works on
her Ph.D. project on the topic of alcohol consumption and health in
Russia at the Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy at TU
Dresden and the Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, at the
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto.
Jānis Ozoliņš is a Ph.D. student at the University of Latvia. He is also
a Researcher there at the Institute of Literature, Folklore and Art. He
co-translated Roland Barthe’s Le plaisir du texte. He has published arti-
cles on “Theories of Narratology” and on Latvian contemporary fiction.
He also co-edited Queer Stories of Europe.
Ela Przybylo is an Assistant Professor in the Department of English
at Illinois State University. Her work has appeared in GLQ, Sexualities,
Psychology & Sexuality, Feminism & Psychology, and in Asexualities. Her
forthcoming book Asexual Erotics: Intimate Readings of Compulsory
Sexuality draws on Audre Lorde’s conceptualization of the erotic to
rethink the role of sex for feminist and queer thought and practice.
Dafna Rachok is a Ph.D. student in Anthropology at Indiana University
Bloomington, and received her M.A. in Anthropology from the
University of Alberta and M.A. in Critical Gender Studies from Central
European University. Her current research examines how Ukrainian sex
workers legitimize sex work as an acceptable way of earning.
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