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Green Energy and Technology

Giulio Mondini
Alessandra Oppio
Stefano Stanghellini
Marta Bottero
Francesca Abastante Editors

Values and
Functions for
Future Cities
Green Energy and Technology
Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge
scientific research and novel technical solutions. The monograph series Green
Energy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and
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“green” solutions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy
and Technology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as
well as decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation
spans from instructional to highly technical. **Indexed in Scopus**.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059

Giulio Mondini Alessandra Oppio
• •

Stefano Stanghellini Marta Bottero

• •

Francesca Abastante
Editors

Values and Functions

for Future Cities

123
Editors
Giulio Mondini Alessandra Oppio
DIST DASTU
Politecnico di Torino Politecnico of Milano
Turin, Italy Milan, Italy

Stefano Stanghellini Marta Bottero

Università IUAV DIST
Venice, Italy Politecnico di Torino
Turin, Italy
Francesca Abastante
DIST
Politecnico di Torino
Turin, Italy

ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)

Green Energy and Technology
ISBN 978-3-030-23784-4 ISBN 978-3-030-23786-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23786-8
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Preface

Towards Sustainable Cities and Communities

Several emerging issues are becoming more and more important in the context
of the analysis of urban and territorial processes.
Firstly, mention has to be made to the urbanization phenomena that are currently
taking place in the whole planet, leading to a situation in which the number of
people living in cities has overcome the rural population.
Secondly, according to the United Nations estimations in the next future, large
migrations will affect territories all around the world, especially from the
sub-Saharan and Northern Africa regions which are also characterized by the
presence of environmental refugees.
Thirdly, the population is going to increase and the number of world inhabitants
is expected to be 9 billion by the year 2050.
In the front of the aforementioned data, it becomes urgent to understand if the
environment and the ecosystems will be able to tolerate these increasing anthropic
pressures. In this sense, we have to recognize that we are living in a new era that the
geologists have called Anthropocene. According to the Nobel Prize Scientist Paul
Crutzen, the Anthropocene defines the Earth’s most recent geologic time period as
being human-influenced, based on the global evidence that atmospheric, geologic,
hydrologic, biospheric and other Earth system processes are now altered by the
presence of humans.
The discourse on Anthropocene highlights the existence of specific environ-
mental urgencies related to the availability of natural resources, such as soil, water,
air, that are fundamental for the production of energy and food and for the con-
servation of the biodiversity.
In order to respond to these urgencies, specific policies are taken place, such as
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) defined in the Agenda 2030 issued by
the United Nations in 2015. SDGs aim at achieving a better and more sustainable
future for all; to this purpose, they address the global challenges focusing on
poverty, inequality, climate, environmental degradation, prosperity, and peace and

v
vi Preface

justice. Of particular importance in the context of urban and territorial transfor-

mations is the Sustainable Development Goal 11 related to sustainable cities and
communities whose target is to “make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient, and sustainable”. Here emerges the need for policies and strategies able to
strengthen the resilience through concrete actions for the reduction of energy
consumption, mitigation of pollution, social inclusion and creation of urban
identity.
The proposed volume aims to contribute to the discussion, encouraging a
reflection on the role of future cites in terms of sustainable development, with
particular attention to the improvement of collective and individual well-being.
This volume comprises a selection of the best papers presented in two seminars
of the Italian Real Estate Appraisal and Investment Decisions Society (SIEV) held
in 2017 and 2018 in the context of the Urbanpromo Green events (Venezia, 21
September 2017; Venezia, 20 September 2018).
The contributions are here organized into three parts reflecting the main topics
of the volume.
Part I, called “Sustainability Strategies and Human Well Being”, consists of
seven contributions investigating innovative strategies and policies able to improve
human comfort and well-being. Different integrated approaches are suggested
providing reflections and proposals to tackle the vulnerability of both built envi-
ronment and green areas. The relevance of the energy management also emerges in
developing sustainable cities and communities.
Part II is composed by ten contributions under the subtitle “Environmental
Improvement Benefits and Values Creation” and dealing with the current problem
on how to properly measure the value generation and the benefits brought by
efficient, sustainable and resilient spaces. The aforementioned contributions analyse
the value creation question with a particular focus on private and collective benefits,
energy efficiency and ecosystem services. Moreover, they propose interesting social
and inclusive approaches basing on case studies.
Part III faces the topic of “Economics and Decision Making in Urban
Regeneration” through nine contributions. They report case studies or method-
ological approaches to assess values and trade-offs within decision-making pro-
cesses stressing the importance of the regeneration mechanisms supported by
financial, social and multicriteria techniques.
The book is addressed to experts and scholars who work in the context of urban
and territorial transformations and aims to encourage a multidisciplinary dialogue
for shaping cities in the next future.

Turin, Italy Giulio Mondini

Contents

Part I Sustainability Strategies and Human Well Being

How to Revitalise a Historic District: A Stakeholders-Oriented
Assessment Framework of Adaptive Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Francesca Abastante, Isabella M. Lami and Beatrice Mecca
Energy Management in Hospitals: Evolution of a Methodology . . . . . . . 21
Giovanna Acampa, Daniele Liberanome, Georgios Kalogeras,
Christos Koulamas and Athanasios Kalogeras
Ecosystem Services: From Bio-physical to Economic Values . . . . . . . . . 37
Marta Bottero, Marina Bravi, Carolina Giaimo and Carlo Alberto Barbieri
Spatial Implications of EPC Rankings Over Residential Prices . . . . . . . 51
Carlos Marmolejo-Duarte, Ai Chen and Marina Bravi
An Analysis of the Energy Efficiency Impacts on the Residential
Property Prices in the City of Bari (Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Pierluigi Morano, Paolo Rosato, Francesco Tajani and Felicia Di Liddo
Scenarios of Climatic Resilience, Economic Feasibility
and Environmental Sustainability for the Refurbishment
of the Early 20th Century Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Grazia Napoli, Antonella Mamì, Simona Barbaro and Serena Lupo
An Integrated Decision Support System for the Sustainable
Evaluation of Pavement Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Giancarlo Paganin, Marta Dell’Ovo, Alessandra Oppio
and Francesca Torrieri

Part II Environmental Improvement Benefits and Values Creation

The Valuation of Public and Private Benefits of Green Roof Retrofit
in Different Climate Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Raul Berto, Carlo Antonio Stival and Paolo Rosato

vii
viii Contents

Energy Efficiency Choices and Residential Sector: Observable

Behaviors and Valuation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Marta Bottero, Marina Bravi, Federico Dell’Anna
and Carlos Marmolejo-Duarte
Comparative and Evaluative Economic Analysis of Ground Mounted
Photovoltaic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Manuela De Ruggiero, Benedetto Manganelli, Samuele Marchianò,
Francesca Salvo and Daniela Tavano
Eco-system Services and Integrated Urban Planning. A Multi-criteria
Assessment Framework for Ecosystem Urban Forestry Projects . . . . . . 201
Maria Rosaria Guarini, Pierluigi Morano and Francesco Sica
Innovation of Off-Site Constructions: Benefits for Developers
and the Community in an Italian Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Alessia Mangialardo and Ezio Micelli
The Urban Park as a “Social Island”. The ANP in the Participatory
Project of Parco Uditore in Palermo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Grazia Napoli and Manfredi Leone
Peri-urban Open Spaces and Sustainable Urban Development
Between Value and Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Massimo Rovai, Iacopo Zetti, Fabio Lucchesi, Maddalena Rossi
and Maria Andreoli
From Ecosystem Service Evaluation to Landscape Design:
The Project of a Rural Peri-urban Park in Chieri (Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Emma Salizzoni, Marco Allocco, Davide Murgese and Giorgio Quaglio
Social and Inclusive “Value” Generation in Metropolitan Area
with the “Urban Gardens” Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Luisa Sturiale, Alessandro Scuderi, Giuseppe Timpanaro, Vera Teresa Foti
and Giuseppe Stella
Environmental Economics and Evaluation of the Benefits Deriving
from the Regeneration of Natural Ecosystems: The Case of the
Diecimare Nature Oasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Domenico Tirendi

Part III Economics and Decision Making in Urban Regeneration

A Stakeholders-Oriented Approach to Analyze the Case
of the UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Reserve CollinaPo . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Francesca Abastante and Isabella M. Lami
Contents ix

The Process of Sharing Information in a Sustainable Development

Perspective: A Web Visual Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Francesca Abastante, Stefano Pensa and Elena Masala
B.I.M. Models and Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Giovanna Acampa, Fabiana Forte and Pierfrancesco De Paola
Integrated Assessments and Energy Retrofit: The Contribution
of the Energy Center Lab of the Politecnico di Torino . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Cristina Becchio, Marta Bottero, Marina Bravi, Stefano Corgnati,
Federico Dell’Anna, Giulio Mondini and Giulia Vergerio
Urban Problems and Patterns of Change: The Analysis
of a Downgraded Industrial Area in Turin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Marta Bottero, Caterina Caprioli and Mauro Berta
Cost-Risk Analysis for Supporting Urban Regeneration
Technological Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Elena Fregonara, Diego Giuseppe Ferrando and Corrado Carbonaro
Technological, Axiological and Praxeological Coordination
in the Energy-Environmental Equalization of the Strategic
Old Town Renovation Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Salvatore Giuffrida, Vittoria Ventura, Francesco Nocera,
Maria Rosa Trovato and Filippo Gagliano
Off-Site Construction. The Economic Analyses for the Energy
Requalification of the Existing Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Antonio Nesticò, Gianluigi De Mare and Irene Aurigemma
Multi-criteria Decision Analysis of a Building Element Integrating
Energy Use, Environmental, Economic and Aesthetic Parameters
in Its Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Giulia Sonetti and Patrizia Lombardi
 Part I
Sustainability Strategies and Human
Well Being
How to Revitalise a Historic District:
A Stakeholders-Oriented Assessment
Framework of Adaptive Reuse

Francesca Abastante, Isabella M. Lami and Beatrice Mecca

Abstract This research proposes an application of a MultiCriteria Decision Analy-

sis (MCDA) in the adaptive reuse framework, which is able to structure the complex
decision process required for the effective reuse of an historic district. Nowadays,
many cities are facing an economic, financial, social and urban decline. This is par-
ticularly true when thinking about historic districts, which are usually characterized
by high unique cultural values but, at the same time, show difficult characteristics in
terms of comfort and security. Accordingly, the planning rules to be applied to the
historic districts need to be re-written overcoming the traditional logics. The pro-
posed adaptive reuse framework deals with the application of the Macbeth method.
To properly test, develop and illustrate the framework we conducted an experimental
validation through a case study: the urban regeneration of an historical district in
Biella (Italy) starting from the adaptive reuse of an historic building.

Keywords Adaptive reuse · MCDA · Macbeth · Cohousing · Historic district

1 Introduction

“The days of easy growth in the world’s cities are over”: this was the title of McKinsey
Global Institute Report in October 2016, showing that there is an expectation of a
population decline (from 2015 to 2025) equal to 17% of large cities in developed
regions and to 8% of all large cities. The main reasons of the phenomenon are two:
(i) the aging and falling fertility rate; (ii) the waning rural to urban migration.

F. Abastante (B) · I. M. Lami · B. Mecca

Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning (DIST),
Politecnico di Torino, Viale Mattioli 39, 10125 Turin, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
I. M. Lami
e-mail: [email protected]
B. Mecca
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 3

G. Mondini et al. (eds.), Values and Functions for Future Cities, Green Energy
and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23786-8_1
4 F. Abastante et al.

In a more fragmented urban landscape, we are seeing not only stagnating towns,
but also shrinking and abandoned cities. This phenomenon in Europe concerns some
Countries more than others (i.e. Spain, Italy and Germany), as shown in Fig. 1.
Those abandoned urban areas are often historic sites with an intrinsic and significant
identity. According to ISTAT (2017) in Italy there are as many as 6000 abandoned
villages.
Faced with this phenomenon, the reactions of Public Administrations (PA) range
from simple resignation, to creative solutions as whole municipalities put up for sale
for a symbolic price. Between these two extremes, the majority of municipalities are
looking for sustainable solutions. The paper contributes to the latter, illustrating the
application of a stakeholders-oriented assessment framework to tackle the problem
of the reuse and valorisation of historic districts.
Address the problem in a perspective of adaptive reuse represents an increasing
trend as strategy for existing buildings and is a form of sustainable urban regeneration
(Young and Chan 2012).
In Italy, the protection and the conservation of the architectural heritage has been
always considered a cultural imperative and, therefore, supported by institutional
constraints. The consequent adaptation of this heritage makes the architecture a
window to the past and the maximal present potential for social practices, improving
the living standards within a community (Dyson et al. 2016).
While in the past the concept of adaptive reuse has been usually related to the
industrial sites (Günçea and Mısırlısoya 2015), recently many interesting examples
can be found in heritage districts, seeing them as opportunities rather than risks. The

Fig. 1 Population 2015. Source The Guardian

How to Revitalise a Historic District: A Stakeholders-Oriented … 5

adaptive reuse of heritage districts often proves better than demolition and recon-
struction due to different reasons: it maintains the identity of the location (Geraedts
et al. 2017) and strengthens the community feel by linking a city’s past to its future
(Robiglio 2016); it decreases the construction times affecting the overall construction
costs (Douglas 2006) and it draws investments, as innovative activities are attracted
by recovered historic buildings; Finally, it contributes to global climate protection
and emission reduction (Elefante 2007).
However, an effective reuse of a district is a complex task. The multidimensional
nature and the high complexity that characterises the definition of strategies for
enhancing historic districts requires support for the structuring of problems (Abas-
tante and Lami 2013; Abastante et al. 2018; Tavella and Lami 2018; Lami 2019),
the development of alternative scenarios, the measurement of their impact and the
identification of the most satisfactory solution.
Using an Italian case study, the paper shows the combination of different analyses
on the territory and a MultiCriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) (Figueira et al. 2005;
Abastante and Lami 2012) to pick out crucial decisions related to the final destination
of some spaces involving the community.
The paper is organised as follows. Section 2 provides a description of the theo-
retical aspects; Sect. 3 describes the case study while Sect. 4 illustrates the MCDA
application discussing the valuation processes and the results obtained. Finally, con-
clusions and future developments are provided in Sect. 5.

2 Theoretical Framework

2.1 The Adaptive Reuse Concept

The first theoretical discussions on adaptive reuse began in the 19th century and
allowed to define this practice in the late 20th century as a creative discipline with its
own rights and theories in favour of the preservation of cultural heritage and to cope
with the huge social, technological and environmental changes (Douglas 2006).
In general terms, it can be defined as the practice of introducing a new content in
an existing container (i.e. building, infrastructure, area), paying particular attention
to the needs of the society and following the principle of the maximum conservation
and the minimum transformation (Robiglio 2016). Furthermore, the adaptive reuse
stresses the need of avoiding the waste of energy and materials caused by new
constructions and projects, preserving portion of urban landscape and offering new
social and economic profits (Dewiyana et al. 2016). It is worth mentioning at least
three reasons in favour of the adaptive reuse approach: (i) the adaptation of a building
or an area is cheaper than proposing a brand-new project (Douglas 2006); (ii) it allows
to preserve social, cultural and emotional values that the buildings or areas acquire
through the years; (iii) the revitalization of a building or area in an urban abandoned
district could encourage an upgrade of the whole urban section.
6 F. Abastante et al.

Operatively, for a valuable adaptive reuse able to meet the market demand and
the lifestyle changes of the society, it is necessary to approach different analyses
(Robiglio 2016). The first analysis suggested by the literature is related to the location
of the building or area since it plays an important role: accessibility, connections,
services of the area should be investigated in order to be aware of the opportunities
and risks of the projects. The second analysis refers to the scale of intervention,
which is usually defined according to the context and the goals of the project.
A third analysis is usually devoted to identify the potential of the building or area
that need to be carefully maximized.
The final analysis provided by the adaptive reuse approach aims at investigate
the local and global interests associated to the project in exam. Consequently, a
stakeholders-oriented approach is required in order to understand the needs and
expectations of the people affected by the transformation (Abastante et al. 2012; Lami
and Abastante 2017; Abastante et al. 2019). With this regard, it is advisable to involve
partners in the transformation project in order to make the abandoned and forgotten
places known again by the communities (Németh and Langhorst 2013).

2.2 The Macbeth Method

The MCDA proposed in this research is called MACBETH (Bana e Costa and
Vansnick 1997). The MACBETH is an interactive approach based on the Additive
Value Model (Figueira et al. 2005) and the pairwise comparisons, which are easy
to make, discuss, justify and agree on (Dyer and Forman 1992). According to Bana
e Costa and Vansnick (1997) and Bana e Costa et al. (2010), the technical proce-
dure supports the construction of numerical scales grounded on semantic judgements
requested to the Decision Maker (DM), also used to determine the criteria weights.
In this sense, the MACBETH method supports an interactive learning process about
the problem and the elaboration of recommendations reducing the “cognitive dis-
comfort” (Fasolo and Bana e Costa 2014) that could arise in the DM when he/she
is asked to express his/her preferences in a numerical scale. Operatively, the MAC-
BETH approach can be divided into three main phases: model structuring, model
evaluating and analysis of the results.
The “model structuring” phase identifies all the options to be evaluated (under-
stood as the alternative to solve the problem), their performances and the values of
concerns of the problem in exam. The specific and clearly defined values of con-
cerns are called “criteria nodes”, while values with vague information, are called
“non-criteria nodes”. During the “model structuring” phase, all the aforementioned
elements are visually represented in form of a tree, called “value-tree”.
Lastly, the “model evaluating” phase involves a series of pairwise comparisons,
where the DM is asked to specify the difference of attractiveness between the options
with respect to the criteria nodes according to the following semantic categories of
difference: extreme, very strong, strong, moderate, weak, very weak.
How to Revitalise a Historic District: A Stakeholders-Oriented … 7

The options can be scored in two ways: directly comparing the options two at
a time (direct comparison) or indirectly through the use of a value function built
by comparing pre-defined performance levels rather than the options themselves
(indirect comparison—for more details see Bana e Costa et al. 2010).
Once the model has been structured and filled in, the “analysis of the results”
phase provided by the MACBETH method aims at reporting clear results in the form
of ranking. During this phase, to provide a deep understanding of the problem, can be
performed the sensitivity analysis in order to explore the extent to which conclusions
can be drawn given varying amount of uncertain information (Bana e Costa et al.
2002).
The choice for applying the MACBETH method is due to a number of reasons.
First it is a simple and understandable methodology even by those who are not
experts in the decision process. This aspect is supported by numerous applications
of the MACBETH method in different fields as: territorial planning projects and real
estate market (Frenette et al. 2009; Abastante et al. 2017); education (Cuadrado and
Gutiérrez Fernàndez 2013); waste management (Douhib 2014); energy consumption
(Marques and Neves-Silva 2015).
Second, its technical parameters have a clear and easily explicable substantive
interpretation allowing the processing of difficult problem of relative importance of
the criteria in a precise way. Finally, it is a stakeholders-oriented and constructive
method helping the DM ponder, communicate and discuss their values coming to
robust and shared decisions.
In this sense, the MACBETH approach seems to be useful in assessing an urban
regeneration problem on adaptive reuse concept, where the most variables under
consideration are intrinsically qualitative.

3 Description of the Case Study

The “Piazzo” is a historic district of the city of Biella (Piedmont—Italy), which was
founded in the XI century and in which the atmosphere is “frozen” to ancient times.
The “Piazzo” district is well known in Italy for the highly valuable historic heritage,
which comprises buildings of different centuries. Particularly, from the XVII century
Nobles families modified the medieval lots into big palaces, today’s public museum
or cultural locations.
Despite the valuable characters of the historic area, the “Piazzo” district has faced
a progressive depopulation starting from the XX century due to several reasons, not
only connected to the general decline of Biella. Despite its panoramic location on
the hill top of the city it has limited accessibility, that played an important role in the
activation of the district isolation process.
The complicated road conformation is constituted by one main road longitudinally
crossing the district and different small steep roads perpendicular to the main one
and made of cobblestones (Fig. 2).
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