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MIGRATION,
DIASPORAS AND CITIZENSHIP

Afghanistan and the

Coloniality of Diplomacy
The British Legation in
Kabul, 1922–1948
Maximilian Drephal
Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial
Studies Series

Series Editors
Richard Drayton
Department of History
King’s College London
London, UK

Saul Dubow
Magdalene College
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, UK
The Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies series is a collection
of studies on empires in world history and on the societies and cultures
which emerged from colonialism. It includes both transnational, compar-
ative and connective studies, and studies which address where particu-
lar regions or nations participate in global phenomena. While in the past
the series focused on the British Empire and Commonwealth, in its cur-
rent incarnation there is no imperial system, period of human history or
part of the world which lies outside of its compass. While we particularly
welcome the first monographs of young researchers, we also seek major
studies by more senior scholars, and welcome collections of essays with
a strong thematic focus. The series includes work on politics, econom-
ics, culture, literature, science, art, medicine, and war. Our aim is to col-
lect the most exciting new scholarship on world history with an imperial
theme.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/13937
 Maximilian Drephal

Afghanistan
and the Coloniality
of Diplomacy
The British Legation in Kabul, 1922–1948
Maximilian Drephal
Department of History
University of Sheffield
Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK

Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series

ISBN 978-3-030-23959-6 ISBN 978-3-030-23960-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23960-2

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and
information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published
maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover credit: Hulton Archive/Stringer

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Acknowledgements

The making of this book has been a personal journey. Growing up in

the German Democratic Republic, my decision to study history emerged
from the realisation that moments, even when they came in the shape
of such fundamental changes that re-unified Germany in 1989/1990,
brought exciting freedoms as much as they encapsulated remnants of
what had been overcome.
At the Freie Universität Berlin, Alexander Demandt introduced me to
the Late Roman Empire and its long, unfinished endings. His patience,
generosity and knowledge as a teacher inspired me. As I studied the his-
tory of imperial decline in antiquity, I also learned about Alexander the
Great and Afghanistan. I was very fortunate to win an Erasmus scholar-
ship, which allowed me to study modern empire with Anindita Ghosh
and Till Geiger at the University of Manchester. One year became two.
Back in Berlin, I wrote my MA dissertation on the end of colonial rule in
India and the idea Pakistan.
Dominik Geppert, Uwe Puschner and Claudia Ulbrich volunteered
suggestions during the early stages of my project on the British Legation
in Kabul. Their research seminars in Berlin and Bonn provided me with
a platform to articulate my ideas, and I am grateful to those who listened
and commented on my work. At the Dahlem Research School, Reinhard
Bernbeck drew a map of Kabul and also told me about a copy of William
Kerr Fraser-Tytler’s Afghanistan as I departed for the UK to pursue my
Ph.D.

v
vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Loughborough University gave me a scholarship. Siobhan Lambert-

Hurley and Thoralf Klein were dedicated supervisors, whose interest in
my work allowed it to grow in the stimulating and supportive intellec-
tual environment they created. They helped me organise the project and
read its many drafts. They encouraged my research in so many different
ways, and it is difficult to imagine the thesis eventually taking shape with-
out them! Siobhan, especially, was a beacon of unfailing positivity and a
fountain of advice.
As the project grew, I received comments and questions on my work
at the conferences of the British Association for South Asian Studies,
the British International History Group, the British Scholar Society,
the Colonial/Postcolonial Researchers’ Workshop at the Institute of
Historical Research in London, the fifth Culture and International
History conference at the John F. Kennedy Institute for North American
Studies at the Freie Universität Berlin, the New Diplomatic History
Network as well as the Sussex Afghanistan Forum.
The book has been shaped by a number of people. Benjamin D.
Hopkins was a tirelessly encouraging mentor and examiner. Martin J.
Bayly suggested additions and adjustments to the book manuscript.
Raimund Bauer read the book when it was still a doctoral thesis. I am
indebted to the reviewers at Modern Asian Studies and to J. Simon Rofe
for their critical feedback on earlier versions of Chapter 6.
The German Historical Institute in London and the Royal Historical
Society supported my work and travels. The archivists and librarians at
the British Library in London, the British Red Cross, the Middle East
Centre Archive in Oxford, The National Archives in Kew, the National
Army Museum as well as the National Archives of India moved uncount-
able files to make the book possible. Special thanks are due to the digiti-
sation departments at the British Library, The National Archives as well
as MECA for making available the illustrations reproduced here.
I have received plenty of help in other ways. It has been a privilege
and a pleasure to work with my colleagues at Loughborough University
and the University of Sheffield. On many occasions, it has also been a
revelation and an inspiration. The book has profited from the exceptional
scholarship produced by others elsewhere, too. They are too many to
mention here, but I am grateful they shared a stretch of way with me.
The intellectual curiosity and ability of my students at the University
of Sheffield and Loughborough University made teaching a rewarding
experience over the years. It was a particular pleasure to build an option
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii

module on “Afghanistan from the Great Game to the War on Terror”

at Sheffield whose participants challenged my engagement with the sub-
ject and, in return, taught me plenty. It makes me immensely happy to
acknowledge their contribution.
The book’s historical subject is a surprisingly lively institution in the
memory of some who are connected to it through their own profes-
sional lives or families. Many of them, including Nicholas Barrington,
Charles Drace-Francis, Hazel Hastings, Katherine Himsworth, Owen
Humphrys, Christopher and Hilary Knox-Johnston, Susan Loughhead,
Martin Maconachie and Simon Parkes, shared with me parts of their pri-
vate collections, stories, insights, personal papers or photographs. Mark
Bertram sent the plan of the Legation compound, which is reproduced
in the book. This dispersed archive awaits cataloguing. Ultimately, most
of the book was written from publicly accessible materials. In the cen-
tenary year of Afghan independence, the moment for this book is now.
But, like all history, it remains a fragment.
Molly Beck and Maeve Sinnott were exceptionally supportive, patient
and enthusiastic editors at Palgrave Macmillan from day one. Sebastian
Ballard created the maps.
My parents enabled my studies, encouraged and nurtured my inde-
pendence. My family and friends supported me, freely and liberally. They
all enrich my life and give meaning to it. None of this would have been
possible without the love, care and wisdom of my wife, Pratibha. This
book is dedicated to her.

London
April 2019
 About This Book

The book offers an institutional history of the British Legation in Kabul,

which was established in response to the independence of Afghanistan
in 1919. It contextualises this diplomatic mission in the wider remit
of Anglo-Afghan relations and diplomacy from the nineteenth to the
twenty-first century, examining the networks of family and profession
that established the institution’s colonial foundations and its connec-
tions across South Asia and the Indian Ocean. The study presents the
British Legation as a late imperial institution, which materialised coloni-
alism’s governmental practices in the age of independence. Ultimately,
it demonstrates the continuation of asymmetries forged in the Anglo-
Afghan encounter and shows how these were transformed into
instances of diplomatic inequality in the realm of international relations.
Approaching diplomacy through the themes of performance, the body
and architecture, and in the context of knowledge transfers, this work
offers new perspectives on international relations through a cultural his-
tory of diplomacy.

ix
 Contents

1 Introduction: Empire, Colony and Diplomacy 1

2 The Remaking of Anglo-Afghan Relations 47

3 Subaltern Biographies 81

4 Biography and Imperial Governance 117

5 Accreditation and Performance 173

6 Diplomatic Bodies 233

7 Architecture 277

8 From Colonial Legation to Postimperial Embassy 317

9 Conclusions: The Coloniality of Diplomacy 343

Glossary 351

Index 355

xi
 About the Author

Maximilian Drephal lectures in the School of Politics and International

Studies at Loughborough University, UK, and is Research Associate in
the Department of History at the University of Sheffield, UK, where
he has taught as Lecturer in International History. He has previ-
ously published in Modern Asian Studies (Cambridge University Press)
and the edited collection Sport and Diplomacy: Games Within Games
(Manchester University Press).

xiii
 A Note on Spelling

I have closely followed the sources in their spellings of names and terms.
As a result, one and the same name and rank may appear in different
forms throughout the thesis—for instance Mohammed and Muhammad,
Sayyid and Saiyid, Sheikh and Shaikh. Non-English terms have been
italicised throughout unless where they intend to express assimilation.
Translations have been provided based on John T. Platts A Dictionary of
Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English (London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1884)
in a glossary at the end.

xv
 Abbreviations

BL British Library, London

BMJ British Medical Journal
EA External Affairs Department, Government of India
F&P Foreign and Political Department, Government of India
FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office
FO Foreign Office
H.M. His/Her Majesty
IA Indian Army
ICS Indian Civil Service
IO India Office
IOBO India Office and Burma Office
IOR India Office Records
M.B.E. Member of the Order of the British Empire
MECA Middle East Centre Archive, St Antony’s College, Oxford
NAI The National Archives of India
NAM National Army Museum
NWFP North-West Frontier Province
ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
TNA The National Archives, Kew

xvii
 List of Figures

Fig. 3.1 A group photo, 1935/1936 84

Fig. 5.1 An accreditation scene, 1930 197
Fig. 7.1 The British Legation compound, 1933 287
Fig. 7.2 British Legation Kabul, site plan, 1948 294
Fig. 8.1 The site plan as palimpsest: Embassy as Legation
as Afghanistan 332

xix
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