Grade 10 – IT 402 – NCERT Text Book Chapter End

Solutions for Answer the following questions

Part B: Unit 4 – Maintain Health, Safe and Secure Working
Environment
Health, Safety and Security at Workplace
Short answer questions
1. Briefly explain the concept of health, safety and security at workplace.
A. Health: Health of an employee is the state of the physical, mental and social well being. Every
organisation must provide healthy and safety working environment for their employees at the
workplace. Health of an employee must be in a good condition so that the employees of the
organisation will not suffer from any diseases.
Safety: The work environment of the organisation must be safe. It must be free from hazards and
risk. A hazard is the something that can cause harm to the people. A risk is a probability of causing
harm to the people. A proper safety guideline must be prepared by the company and it should be
strictly followed.
Security: Security is a kind of freedom from any potential harm. Security ensures the safety of the
people working in the organisation. Every organisation must have separate security department. This
department should be responsible for various security such as personal safety, computer system
safety, electrical safety, transport safety and other equipment safety. The proper security procedures
will reduce liabilities, insurance and compensation for organisation. This will increase the business
revenue and will reduce the operational charges of the company.
2. State the most important reasons for health, Safety and security programs in workplace.
A. Reasons for health, Safety and security programs in workplace:
 It clearly indicates the company’s commitment for their employee’s health and safety.
 It shows the performance of the business and the safety performance are compatible with each
other.
 It clearly state that the company is not only doing the business for profits but it is taking care of all
its stake holders.
 The accountability of every one working for the company is outlined for the workplace health,
safety and security.
 Company can comply national policy on Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) of Government of
India.
 Injuries and illness of the employees is prevented through such policy.
3. List out the various workplace safety hazards.
A. Various workplace safety hazards:
Physical hazards: These hazards are related to the physical environment and can include things like
slippery floors, uneven surfaces, exposed wiring, machinery, and loud noises.
Chemical hazards: Chemical hazards involve exposure to harmful substances such as toxic chemicals,
gases, solvents, flammable materials, and corrosive substances.
Biological hazards: Biological hazards are associated with bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites.
Ergonomic hazards: Ergonomic hazards arise from improper workstation setup, repetitive tasks, poor
posture, inadequate lighting, and uncomfortable working conditions.
Psychosocial hazards: These hazards include excessive workload, stress, violence, bullying, and lack
of support or recognition in the workplace.
4. List out the potential sources of hazards in an organization.
A. Bright light sources behind the display screen can create contrast problems, making it difficult to
clearly see your work. Apply the following possible solutions to avoid this.
 Use blinds or drapes on windows to eliminate bright light. Blinds and furniture placement should
be adjusted to allow light into the room, but not directly into your field of view.
 Use indirect or shielded lighting where possible and avoid intense or uneven lighting in your field
of vision. Ensure that lamps have glare shields or shades to direct light away from your line of sight.
 Reorient the workstation so bright lights from open windows are at right angles with the computer
screen.
 High contrast between light and dark areas of the computer screen, horizontal work surface, and
surrounding areas can cause eye fatigue and headaches. So, use well-distributed diffuse light.
5. List some of the IT workplace hazards.
A. IT professionals can face a number of hazards in the workplace, including:
 Ergonomic injuries: Sitting at a computer for long periods can lead to strains and other posture
injuries.
 Eye strain and headaches: These can be caused by working with computers.
 Stress and anxiety: IT professionals may experience stress and anxiety in their jobs.
 Repetitive strain injury: This can be a hazard for IT professionals.
 Exposure to electromagnetic fields: IT professionals may be exposed to electromagnetic fields in
their work.
 Cyberbullying and harassment: IT professionals may experience cyberbullying and harassment in
their jobs.
 Work-life balance challenges: IT professionals may face challenges with work-life balance.
6. What are the examples of potential hazards?
A. Examples of potential hazards are:
Physical injuries such as cuts, burns, falls, or broken bones.
Health problems such as respiratory diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, stress-related illnesses, or
exposure to dangerous chemicals.
Psychological effects including anxiety, depression, burnout, or work-related stress.
Environmental damage due to improper handling of hazardous materials. In addition to the direct
impact on employees' health, workplace hazards can also affect the overall functioning of an
organization. Unsafe conditions can lead to workplace accidents, lower productivity, higher
absenteeism, and increased healthcare costs Organizations must take a proactive approach to
identifying potential sources of hazards and implement safety measures to protect employees and
ensure the workplace is safe. This includes regular risk assessments, effective communication,
employee training, and the use of protective equipment and safety protocols.
7. Describe information technology workplace hazards.
A. Some hazards that can occur in an information technology workplace include:
Ergonomic hazards: Poorly designed workstations, repetitive motions, manual handling, and long
hours without breaks can lead to discomfort, strain, or injury.
Psychosocial hazards: New technologies like artificial intelligence and wearable sensors can increase
micromanagement, performance pressure, competitiveness, social isolation, and decreased privacy
and trust.
Eye strain and headaches: These can be caused by working with computers.
Musculoskeletal disorders: These can be caused by working with computers.
Stress and anxiety: These can be caused by working in an information technology workplace.
Sleep disruption: This can be caused by working in an information technology workplace.
Repetitive strain injury: This can be caused by working with computers.
Exposure to electromagnetic fields: This can be a hazard in an information technology workplace.
Job insecurity: This can be a hazard in an information technology workplace.
Cyberbullying and harassment: This can be a hazard in an information technology workplace.
Work-life balance challenges: These can be a hazard in an information technology workplace.
8. What are the workplace safety rules?
A. Workplace safety rules include:
Using equipment correctly: Use tools and machines properly, and ensure emergency exits are clear
and accessible.
 Wearing safety equipment: Wear the correct personal protective equipment (PPE), such as clothing,
helmets, and goggles, to protect against hazards like chemicals, electricity, and heat.
Reporting hazards: Report any unsafe conditions or practices, such as faulty equipment, to your
supervisor.
Maintaining a clean workplace: Keep your work area clean and free of junk piles to reduce the risk
of slips and falls.
Taking breaks: Take regular breaks to allow your body and mind to recover so you can work more
safely.
Maintaining proper posture: Maintain proper posture when sitting or lifting heavy loads to protect
your back and neck.
Staying updated: Stay updated on new safety procedures.
Reducing stress: Take steps to reduce stress in the workplace.
9. List out different safety guidelines?
A. Here are some safety guidelines you can follow:
Wear personal protective equipment (PPE): PPE is assigned to protect workers from injury or illness.
Make sure the PPE is in good working order and fits you.
Report unsafe conditions: If you see an unsafe condition or practice, report it so that it can be
addressed.
Take breaks: Regular breaks allow your body to rest and you to return to your task more focused.
Maintain correct posture: Use correct posture to protect your back, especially if you sit at a desk.
Be aware of your surroundings: Be aware of your surroundings and avoid speeding or taking turns at
high speeds.
Use the right tools for the job: Use the right tools for the job and put them away after each use.
Follow safety rules: Follow safety rules and protocols.
Conduct regular safety audits: Conduct regular safety audits and keep track of incidents.
Prepare for emergencies: Be prepared for emergencies, including evacuation and first aid.
Empower safety committees: Empower safety committees and provide continuous safety training.
10. Describe type of emergency with example.
A. The emergencies can be of the following types.
Natural disasters: These are events caused by natural phenomena, such as earthquakes, floods, and
wildfires, droughts, extreme heat waves, hurricanes and tornadoes. Natural disasters can cause
widespread damage and loss of life.
Human error: This includes accidents caused by human negligence, recklessness, or lack of
knowledge. Examples include car accidents, fires, explosions, and industrial accidents.
Equipment failure: This includes accidents caused by the malfunction of machinery, vehicles, or other
equipment. Examples include power outages, equipment breakdowns, and leaks.
Medical emergencies: These are sudden and serious medical conditions that require immediate
attention. Examples include heart attacks, strokes, seizures, and severe allergic reactions. Other
various emergencies can be Leakage of some hazardous gas/ chemical, Pandemics, Terrorist
attacks.
 Workplace Quality Measures
Short answer type questions
1. What causes the water pollution?
A. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers,
reservoirs, and groundwater, by contaminants. The main causes of water pollution are human
activities, such as: Global warming, Deforestation, Industry, agriculture and livestock farming, Rubbish
and faucal water dumping, Maritime traffic, Fuel spillages.
2. What is occupational overuse syndrome?
A. Occupational overuse syndrome (OOS), also known as repetitive strain injury (RSI), is a general term
for a group of conditions that cause pain or discomfort in muscles, tendons, nerves, joints, or soft
tissues. OOS is often caused by repetitive movements, awkward postures, or sustained or constrained
postures. It can also be aggravated by stress in the workplace.
3. What are musculoskeletal problems?
A. This problem includes different areas of your body, such as neck, back, chests, arms shoulders and
feet. It occurs because of your wrong posture, uncomfortable chair for sitting that is not
ergonomically correct while working on the computer.
4. What cautions to be taken while working on the computer?
A. Here are some precautions to take while working on a computer:
Protect your eyes: Don't sit too close to the screen, and lower the brightness if you're working in a
dark room.
Protect your files: Use a UPS to protect your files from damage caused by power cuts.
Protect your computer: Download software from trusted websites, and be careful of “bundling” of
unwanted programs with legitimate software.
Protect your privacy: When using a public computer, don't save your login information, and don't
leave the computer unattended with sensitive information on the screen.
Protect your computer's internal components: Make sure the computer is turned off and unplugged
before working on its internal components. Handle the components with care to avoid damage.
Protect yourself from viruses: Keep antivirus software installed on your computer to scan for viruses
and malware.
5. Why there is no right way to use a laptop?
A. There is no right way to use a laptop because laptops are excluded from current ergonomic design
requirements. However, there are some tips you can follow to use your laptop more ergonomically:
Use a solid, flat surface: Avoid using your laptop on your lap, which can cause overheating and
damage internal parts.
 Raise the screen: Position your laptop screen at eye level so you don't have to bend or rotate your
neck.
Use an external keyboard and mouse: This can help you maintain good posture and reduce strain on
your hands and wrists.
Take breaks: Set a reminder to take a short break every 30 minutes or so.
Use a cooling pad: A cooling pad can help manage your laptop's temperature.
Clean the vents: Regularly clean the vents to prevent heat buildup.
Upgrade your screen: Make sure your screen is big enough for your needs.
Avoid balancing your laptop with one hand: Carrying your laptop with one hand can cause strain on
your body.
6. What causes eye strain and how to avoid it?
A. Eye strain is caused by prolonged use of your eyes, such as when you're reading, driving, or using a
computer.
Bright lights: Bright lights, glare, or sunlight can strain your eyes.
Dry eyes: Dry eyes can lead to eye strain.
Stress: Stress can cause pressure on the eyes and blurred vision.
Dehydration: Dehydration can lead to dry eyes, which can cause eye strain. To avoid eye strain, you
can try these tips:
Take breaks: Take breaks from activities that require a lot of eye focus, such as reading or using a
computer.
Adjust your lighting: Adjust the lighting so that it's not too bright or glaring. You can also try using an
adjustable desk lamp.
Use the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look at something that's about 20 feet away for 20 seconds.
Blink: Blinking redistributes tears that smooth the surface of your cornea and sharpen your vision.
7. What type of display screen is suitable to work on computer?
A. The best type of display screen for a computer depends on the type of work you'll be doing, the
resolution you need, and the size of the monitor:
Resolution: The standard resolution for office work is Full HD, or 1920 x 1080 pixels. For more
advanced tasks, like working with graphics or video, you may need a higher resolution, such as 4K
(3840 x 2160 pixels).
Monitor size: For everyday tasks, a 22–24 inch monitor is compact and suitable for most desks. A 24–
27 inch monitor is a comfortable size for extended use, while a 27–32 inch monitor is ideal for
multitasking.
 Display technology: Liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors are the most common type of monitor and
are affordable, energy-efficient, and provide good image quality. LED monitors, especially those with
full-array backlighting, may offer better picture quality than LCD monitors. IPS panels are
recommended for home office work because they offer a good balance of color reproduction and
viewing angle stability.
8. What type of keyboard is suitable to work on computer?
A. There are several types of keyboards that are suitable for working on a computer, including
ergonomic keyboards, membrane keyboards, and QWERTY keyboards:
Ergonomic keyboards: These keyboards are comfortable to type on and can keep your hands in a
more natural position.
Membrane keyboards: These keyboards have a simple design with fewer moving parts, making them
suitable for people who travel with their computers.
QWERTY keyboards: These keyboards are a good choice for basic operations and functions, and come
with a range of shortcuts.
 Prevent Accidents and Emergencies
Short answer questions
1. What is a workplace emergency?
A. A workplace emergency is an unforeseen situation that can threaten the safety of employees,
customers, or the public, or cause damage to the workplace or environment. Workplace emergencies
can disrupt or shut down operations, or cause physical or environmental damage
Examples: Chemical spills, gas leaks, electrical hazards, machinery malfunctions, fire, and biological
and nuclear incidents.
2. How do you protect yourself, your employees, and your business?
A. There is no hard rule that can provide 100% protection. However, we have to be careful from the
process of hiring itself by carefully verifying the documents, past experience and signing Non -
disclosure Agreements with limits to access to information and equipment, with every employee. The
activities of employees should be monitored regularly and sometimes randomly during tea breaks,
lunch. Advise employees for using very strong password with unique combinations. Backup is also a
very useful technique to handle the customer database, as it will not be possible to delete the entire
database. Consequences should be clearly mentioned in Employment letters, Non-disclosure
agreements as to lesser the instances of malafide intentions.
3. What is an emergency action plan?
A. An Emergency Action Plan (EAP) is a written document that outlines the steps to take in the event of
an emergency. It's an essential component of an organization's safety procedures. An EAP can help
reduce employee injuries, property damage, and ensure the safety of visitors
Here are some things that an EAP might include:
Evacuation plans: Consider different locations and situations, and include exit routes and designated
safe areas
Emergency reporting: Include procedures for reporting emergencies, and building-specific
information
Fire extinguisher instructions: Include types of fire extinguishers and instructions for use
Shelter in place procedures: Include procedures for sheltering in place
Emergency communications: Include emergency communications procedures
Contact details: Include contact details for people to contact in case of an emergency
Post-incident plans: Include plans for what to do after an incident
Rescue and medical duties: Include rescue and medical duties for employees, and names or job titles
of people to contact for more information
4. What should your emergency action plan include?
A. To develop an evacuation policy and procedures, you can consider the following:
Identify exits: Designate primary and secondary exits, and indicate wheelchair accessible exits. Avoid
using elevators to reach emergency exits, and don't have emergency exits in restrooms or narrow
passages.
Designate an assembly area: Designate a place for people to meet after an evacuation.
Plan for special needs: Consider the needs of people with disabilities, medical problems, or who are
elderly.
Prepare for pets: Include routes, transportation needs, and a host site for pets.
Have a system for emergency notifications: Ensure the workplace has a system for receiving
emergency notifications from local and national authorities.
Test the plan: Conduct practice evacuation drills to help employees become familiar with the plan.
After each drill, evaluate the plan's effectiveness and make improvements.
Update the plan regularly: Review the plan and update it when there are changes to the facility,
equipment, or processes.
Provide go bags: Provide employees with go bags that contain a light snack, water, flashlight, and
whistle.
Have a plan for employees who stay behind: Designate who will remain to shut down critical
operations or perform other duties.
Have contact information: Have emergency contact information for employees, including their home
phone number, next of kin, and medical information.
5. How do you develop an evacuation policy and procedures?
A. To develop an evacuation policy and procedures, you can consider the following:
Identify exits: Designate primary and secondary exits, and indicate wheelchair accessible exits. Avoid
using elevators to reach emergency exits, and don't have emergency exits in restrooms or narrow
passages.
Designate an assembly area: Designate a place for people to meet after an evacuation.
Plan for special needs: Consider the needs of people with disabilities, medical problems, or who are
elderly.
Prepare for pets: Include routes, transportation needs, and a host site for pets.
Have a system for emergency notifications: Ensure the workplace has a system for receiving
emergency notifications from local and national authorities.
Test the plan: Conduct practice evacuation drills to help employees become familiar with the plan.
After each drill, evaluate the plan's effectiveness and make improvements.
 Update the plan regularly: Review the plan and update it when there are changes to the facility,
equipment, or processes.
Provide go bags: Provide employees with go bags that contain a light snack, water, flashlight, and
whistle.
Have a plan for employees who stay behind: Designate who will remain to shut down critical
operations or perform other duties.
Have contact information: Have emergency contact information for employees, including their home
phone number, next of kin, and medical information.
6. How do you develop an evacuation routes and exits?
A. Activate the alarm: Upon detecting an emergency, activate the fire alarm or other warning system
to alert everyone in the building.
Remain calm and proceed quickly: Stay calm and avoid panic. Move quickly but without running or
pushing others.
Following exit routes: Follow designated evacuation routes and exit signs. Avoid using elevators, as
they may become inoperable during an emergency.
Assist others if possible: If able, assist those who may need help, such as elderly individuals, children,
or people with disabilities.
Proceed to the designated assembly area: Once outside the building, proceed to the designated
assembly area and await further instructions from emergency personnel.
Do not re-enter the building without authorization: Do not re-enter the building unless instructed
to do so by emergency personnel.
7. What are the various types of fire extinguisher and their extinguishing materials?
A. Fire extinguishers come in different types, each designed to handle specific classes of fires. The
classification depends on the type of material that is burning. The key types are: Water Fire
Extinguisher (Class A), Foam Fire Extinguisher (Class A and B), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguisher
(Class B and C), Dry Chemical Fire Extinguisher (Class A, B, and C), Dry Chemical Fire Extinguisher (Class
A, B, and C) and their extinguishing materials are wood, paper, cloth, and plastic, for fires involving
flammable liquids (e.g., oils, gasoline) and ordinary combustibles, For electrical fires and flammable
liquids, For flammable liquids, electrical fires, and ordinary combustibles, For cooking oil or grease
fires, particularly in kitchens.
8. What are the steps for operating a fire extinguisher in case of a fire emergency?
A. To properly use a fire extinguisher, follow the PASS method:
Pull the pin: Remove the safety pin from the handle to unlock the mechanism.
Aim the nozzle: Point the nozzle or hose toward the base of the fire, not the flames.
 Squeeze the handle: Apply pressure to release the extinguishing agent.
Sweep from side to side: Sweep the nozzle back and forth across the base of the fire until it is
completely out.
9. Compare the different types of fire extinguisher.
A. Fire extinguishers come in different types, each designed to handle specific classes of fires. The
classification depends on the type of material that is burning. The key types are:
Water Fire Extinguisher (Class A): For ordinary combustibles like wood, paper, cloth, and plastic.
Foam Fire Extinguisher (Class A and B): For fires involving flammable liquids (e.g., oils, gasoline) and
ordinary combustibles.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguisher (Class B and C): For electrical fires and flammable liquids.
Dry Chemical Fire Extinguisher (Class A, B, and C): For flammable liquids, electrical fires, and ordinary
combustibles.
Wet Chemical Fire Extinguisher: For cooking oil or grease fires, particularly in kitchens.
10. List the different class of fire.
A. Materials are classified by risk, and are sorted according to these fire classifications.
Class A Material: Material such as wood, cloth, and paper, which won’t ignite on their own but will
continue to burn once exposed to a heat sources.
Class B Material: All liquid, grease, and gas materials that burn when exposed to ignition sources.
Class C Material: Electrical materials and equipment. These materials cause fires very quickly and
present a serious risk of arc flash.
Class D Material: Any Materials that are volatile and able to quickly ignite, such as magnesium,
potassium, and sodium.
11. List out electrical rescue techniques.
A. Fire extinguishers come in different types, each designed to handle specific classes of fires. The
classification depends on the type of material that is burning. The key types are:
Water Fire Extinguisher (Class A): For ordinary combustibles like wood, paper, cloth, and plastic.
Foam Fire Extinguisher (Class A and B): For fires involving flammable liquids (e.g., oils, gasoline) and
ordinary combustibles.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguisher (Class B and C): For electrical fires and flammable liquids.
Dry Chemical Fire Extinguisher (Class A, B, and C): For flammable liquids, electrical fires, and ordinary
combustibles.
Wet Chemical Fire Extinguisher: For cooking oil or grease fires, particularly in kitchens.
12. What is the first aid for electrical emergencies?
A. Electrical emergencies can result in serious injuries or even death if not handled properly. It is
important to know the correct _frst aid procedures in case of electrical accidents. Turn off the power
source. Before approaching the victim, ensure that the source of electricity is turned off. If the victim
is still in contact with an electrical source, do not touch them directly, as you could also become a
victim. Dial emergency services immediately to get professional medical assistance.
Check if the person is responsive. If the person is unresponsive, gently shake them and call their name
to check for signs of consciousness. If the person is unconscious, check if they are breathing. If they
are not breathing or if their pulse is absent, begin CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) immediately.
Do not touch the victim directly if they are still in contact with a live electrical source.
Prevention of Electrical Accidents
Proper training: Ensure employees or individuals handling electrical equipment are properly trained
and aware of safety procedures.
Inspection of equipment: Regularly inspect electrical equipment for damage, wear, or exposed wires.