POTENTIAL AT ANY GENERAL POINT

THE MAGNETIC FIELD LINES P

P
CUTTING OF BAR MAGNET

MAGNETISM
r
r
1.The magnetic field lines LENGTHWISE HORIZONTAL - + s N
/ TRANSVERE

AND MATTER
of a magnet form continous 1 Pcos M cos
V= Vm= 0

N closed loops l 4 0 r2 4 r2
2.The tangent to the field l
TORQUE
lines at a given point
represents the direction of l l 1) Fnet=0 1) (Fm) =0 APPARENT ANGLE OF DIP
/2 /2 Pole strength net

the net magnetic field B at Pole strength reduce

S 2) =pxE=pEsin 2) =MxB = MBsin Inclination of magnetic needle
that point same to half in plane other than magnetic
3.The larger no.of field length reduce length same WORK DONE IN ROTATING A DIPOLE meridian
lines stronger B to half tan
4.Do not intersect ml ml 1. W=PE (cos 1-cos 2) 1. WB=MB (cos 1-cos 2) tan ‘ = cos ‘ Apparent angle of dip
Mnew = Mnew = true angle of dip
2 2 Maximum work done is from
Angle between MM
1 =0 to 2 =180
0 0

and the plane other

A) Magnetic monopoles does not exist POTENTIAL ENERGY than MM

FACTS
B) A solenoid and bar magnet produce
similar magnetic fields U=-P.E UB=-M.B
MAGNETIC DIPOLE 1 =00 Stable position; =1800 Unstable position
MOMENT (M) RELATION BETWEEN TWO FALSE
l THE ELECTROSTATIC ANALOG ANGLE OF DIPS (δ1&δ2) IN MUTUALLY
(Help from electrostatics to magnetism) PERPENDICULAR PLANES AND TRUE
M=ml MAGNETISM AND GAUSS‛ LAW
S N ANGLE OF DIP (δ)

M
m pole strength
l Straight line distance
b/w poles
SHORT ELECTRIC

‘q‛
DIPOLE
SHORT MAGNETIC
DIPOLE
“The net magnetic flux through any closed
surface is zero”
∫ B.ds =0 cot2 1 + cot2 2 = cot2
Direction from southpole p ‘m‛
- + l
“The simplest magnetic element is a magnetic dipole
to N pole d NOTE:
S N or a current loop.”Magnetic monopoles do not exist.
Unit of M Am2
Unit of m Am m FACTS
p =q d
M=m l THE EARTH‛S MAGNETISM 1. Declination is greater at
COULOMB‛S LAW poles and smaller near equator
l
F F Fm Fm 2. Angle of dip is maximum at
+ + N N poles and minimum at equator
q1 r q2
m1 r m2
BAR MAGNET TO DIFFERENT q1 q2
1 m1m2
SHAPES F= Fm=
0
l 4 r2 r2
l
0
4

l‛ AXIAL & EQUITORIAL LINE OF DIPOLE MAGNETIC ELEMENTS OF EARTH

S N S N
r COMPASS NEEDLE AND DIP NEEDLE
-- - r Eaxial Baxial
--
--- -- - + --------- s Magnetic Horizontal 1. A compass needle at the North pole
Mnew= Msin 2
( ) N ---------
A declination −δ Inclination or Dip- component- BH
d A l can point along any direction.
l sin ( )
( ) l‛= 2
2. A dip needle at the north pole points
Decilination

2 ( )
Eaxial = 1 2P down and at South pole points straight up.
2
Baxial = 1 2M Geographical
BH‛=BH cos δ
4 r3
---

north

4 0 r3
0
δ TIME PERIOD
---

δ
----------------

Eeq A of a magnetic dipole in uniform magnetic field

---

ic
------- ---------

et
RESULTANT DIPOLE MOMENT Beq A N gn
ma orth BH
---

n
r BV
I - Moment of Inertia of the body
---

M2 - +
r
B T=2 I
---

N M - Magnetic dipole moment

d s MB
---

N S
B - Magnetic field
---

S
M1 l True angle of dip
-

Eeq= 1 P Angle between

S N
4 r3 geographic meridian Bv Geographical Frequency = 1 MB To find B,
0 M tan = meridian Magnetic 2
4 I
Beq= 0
& magnetic meridian BH meridian 2 I
2 2
M1+ M2+ 2M1 M2 cos 4 r3 B=
Mnet = Eaxial = -2Eeq (MM) MT2
Baxial = -2Beq
 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
2. Paramagnetic substances HYSTERESIS CURVE / B-H CURVE
1) Magnetic Permeability
a. Weakly attracted by a magnet Magnetisation depends on history of magnetisation
Absolute Permeability -7
Tesla metre Tm
of air or free space = 4 x 10 b. Eg : Al, Mn, Pt, Na, CuCl2, O2,Crown glass
0
Ampere A
c. Individual atom possesses permanent dipole moment A
Relative Permeability r
= medium
d. Curie‛s law
of medium Magnetisation of a paramagnetic material is inversely
0

proportional to the absolute temperature

2) Intensity of magnetizing field (H)
BO
Bext M= C
H= vector quantity T
0
Curie‛s law
A
SI unit CGS unit Oersted
0

M =C
T
3) Magnetisation (M)
e. Important Important terms
M Induced dipole moment Bind Retentivity - OC - Residual magnetism
M= net also, M= 0< <
V volume Coercivity -OD-Demagnetising process
( Small positive number)
0
1< r <1+ 1. High coercivity - Hard substance - Steel
<
vector quantity 0 2. Low coercivity - Soft substance - Soft iron
A -1
SI unit m [M] [L A [ f. Graph Important result
B-H curve signifies the energy loss/heat loss in the
4) Magnetic Susceptibility ( m) m process and is proportional to the area of the loop.
scalar quantity
M Bind
m = H Also = B no unit Smaller for soft iron
no dimension Area of
ext T
hysteresis loop
5) Relation between relative permeability Higher for steel
and susceptibility
= (1+ m ) Also (1+ m ) Permanent magnets
= =
r m 0 r 0
3. Ferromagnetic substances
should have
6) Relation between B, M and H a. Strongly attracted by a magnet 1. High retentivity
B= H M= H b. Eg : Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Fe3O4 2. High coercivity
3. High permeability
m

c. Individual atoms possess permanent magnetic moment

and magnetic moments of neighbouring atoms tend to Steel is used for making permanent magnets
align due to a force called exchange coupling
Steel soft iron
MAGNETIC MATERIALS d. Due to exchange coupling,atoms form domains inside
1. Diamagnetic which magnetic moments are aligned in the same Smaller retentivity Higher retentivity than steel
direction High coercivity Smaller coercivity than steel
a. Weakly repelled by a magnet
b. Eg: Cu, Ag, Au, NaCl, H2O etc. e. Important
c. Superconductors - Perfect conductivity >>>1
>>1
perfect diamagnetism
PHYSICS
r

>> 0
=-1, r =0 ELECTROMAGNETS
d. Perfect diamagnetism in superconductors is called as
MEISSNER EFFECT
Materials should have
high permeability
WALLAH
f. At high temperature, a ferromagnetic substance Soft iron is used
e. Important -1< <0 low retentivity
becomes paramagnetic
0< <1 Used in electric bells, Loudspeakers, telephone
r Curie‛s temperature
< diaphragms, heavy cranes to lift machinery
0
C
= (T>TC)
f. Individual atoms do not possess permanent T-TC

Magnetism
magnetic dipole moment
g. No effect of temperature on magnetisation