Political Theory and International Order by Jatin sir

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POLITICAL THEORY
for
Punjab PCS 2025
INDEX
1 BASICS
2 CITIZENSHIP
3 EQUALITY
4 JUSTICE
5 LIBERTY
6 THEORY OF POWER
7 CONCEPT OF RIGHTS
8 THEORY OF STATE
9 INTERNATIONAL ORDER
10 IR THEORIES AND CONCEPTS
11 IT THEORIES
12 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

REVISION MCQS

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Basics

What is being Political?

• This term is derived from Greek word ‘Polis’ which denoted the
ancient Greek city-state. Each city-state had evolved a compact
social life and culture where all institutions and activities were
knit together. In those times, securing a 'good life' for the
community was regarded as part of 'politics'. Politics was
both personal and public, which is not the case today.
• Today we distinguish public and private spheres of human
life, and confine the usage of the term 'politics' to the institutions
and activities falling in the public sphere. Thus, the decisions of
cabinet and parliament, election campaigns and other activities
of political parties, people's movements seeking change in law
and public policy, etc. belong to politics but the object of our
faith and worship, the content of our education, art, and culture,
etc. do not properly belong to the sphere of politics until some
regulation thereof is required to maintain public order and
safety!

What is Political Theory?

• “political theory is an activity which involves posing

questions, developing responses to those questions and
creating imaginative perspectives on the public life of
human beings.” - Weinstein.

• Political theory is one of the core areas of Political Science. From ancient Greece to the present, the history of
political theory has dealt with fundamental and perennial ideas of Political Science. Political theory reflects
upon the political phenomenon, processes, and institutions
and on actual political behavior by subjecting it to
philosophical or ethical criteria.

• It deals with questions like:

1. nature and purpose of the state;

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2. why one should prefer a kind of state over the other;

3. what the political organization aims at; by what criteria its ends, its
methods, and its achievements should be judged;
4. what is the relationship between state and the individual

• ‘political theory includes political science and political philosophy....It is

concerned with means; political philosophy is concerned with the end or
final value, when man asks what is the national good or what is good
society.” - George Catlin
What is the NATURE of Political Theory?

• Political theory deals with the ideas and principles that shape Constitutions, governments and social life
systematically. It clarifies the meaning of concepts such as freedom, equality, justice, democracy, secularism,
and so on. It probes the significance of principles such as rule of law, separation of powers, judicial review, etc.
This is done by examining the arguments advanced by different thinkers in defence of these concepts.

• Though Rousseau or Marx or Gandhi did not become politicians, their ideas influenced generations of
politicians everywhere. There are also contemporary thinkers who draw upon them to defend freedom or
democracy in our own time. Besides examining arguments, political theorists also reflect upon our current
political experiences and point out trends and possibilities for the future.
What is the difference between Political Theory and Indian Polity ?

• Political Theory is the study of ideas, principles, and philosophies related to politics, governance, power, justice,
rights, and the state.
• Indian Polity is the study of the political and constitutional framework of India, including its governance and
institutional structure
• Political Theory focuses on normative and conceptual questions, such as What is justice?, What is the role of
the state?
• Indian Polity focuses specifically on the Indian context, ie, the The Constitution of India and functioning of the
legislature, executive, and judiciary.
• Political Theory is Theoretical and philosophical in nature.
• Indian Polity is Practical and applied
What are the important terms relating to Political Theory?s
Empirical v. Normative

• Empirical - Related to observations, experiences, or evidence that can be measured, tested, or verified. Empirical
claims are based on facts and describe how things are in reality.
• Ex: When somebody asks you why I’m feeling so cold today, you will reply that it is due to 5°C temperature in
this region. Here, you are talking about ‘What is’, ie, factual observations.

• Ideology - “Anything that ends with ‘ism’ represents an ideology”.

Ex, Communism, Liberalism, Socialism

• A set of ideas and arguments used to defend an. existing or a proposed distribution of power in society. These
ideas are accepted to be true by their upholders without inquiring into their validity. The ruling class may
propagate its ideology to strengthen its own position while its opponents may use their ideology to mobilize the
people to replace the existing order by a new one to achieve some great objectives.

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• Behaviouralism - Behaviouralism is an approach in political science that emphasizes the study of human
behavior in politics using empirical, scientific methods
• It emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the traditional, normative approach of political theory, which
focused on values and ideals. Behaviouralism seeks to make the study of politics more scientific by focusing on
observable and measurable actions of individuals and groups.

• Behaviouralism influenced the evolution of political theory by shifting its focus from normative (what ought
to be) to empirical (what is). It led to the development of political science as a distinct discipline based on
systematic observation and analysis of political phenomena. While traditional political theory explored ideals
like justice or democracy, behaviouralism emphasized understanding the real-world functioning of political
systems and behaviors.

• Post Behaviouralism - Post-Behaviouralism is a reaction against behaviouralism that emerged in the late
1960s, advocating for a balance between empirical research and normative concerns in political science. It
critiques the over-emphasis on scientific objectivity in behaviouralism and emphasizes the importance of
addressing real-world problems and moral questions.

• Post-behaviouralism revitalized political theory by blending empirical methods with normative concerns,
making political science more socially relevant and ethically engaged.

• Thinkers like David Easton and Christian Bay emphasized the importance of addressing real-world
problems like inequality and injustice. This approach bridged the gap between the scientific rigor of
behaviouralism and the moral concerns of traditional political theory, creating a more holistic understanding
of politics

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Citizenship
Citizenship is the "right to have rights.” - Hannah Arendt

Definition
Citizenship is "a status bestowed on those who are full members of a
community. All who possess the status are equal with respect to the rights and
duties with which the status is endowed.“ - T.H. Marshall

Views of Scholars
Aristotle
• Defined a citizen as someone who participates in the administration of justice and the
governance of the polis (State).
• Citizenship, for Aristotle, was deeply tied to active political engagement because it is the only
way to achieve good and happy life.
Who Qualifies as a Citizen?
• Aristotle’s idea of citizenship was exclusionary by modern standards. Only free, adult males
born of citizen parents were considered full citizens.

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“To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god.” - Aristotle
Thomas Hobbes
• Emphasized the contractual relationship between citizens and the sovereign for the
protection of rights.
• Citizenship, for Hobbes, emerges as a remedy to the chaotic state of nature, requiring
individuals to form a social contract.
• Citizenship arises when individuals collectively agree to surrender their natural rights
to a sovereign authority in exchange for protection and order.
T.H. Marshall
Essay "Citizenship and Social Class" (1950)
• Distinguished between three dimensions of citizenship: civil (rights like liberty), political
(participation in governance), and social (access to welfare and economic equality).
• Marshall argued that citizenship developed in three progressive stages, with each stage
representing the addition of a specific set of rights:
• Civil Rights (18th Century) + Political Rights (19th Century) + Social (20th Century)

James Harrington (1611-77)

“empire of the laws, not of men”

Robert Nozick
• Citizens are Rational consumers of public goods.
• Goal of citizenship is Provision of necessary Public Goods
• Method is Paying the state for its services

C.B. Macpherson
• He criticized Elitist theory – citizen’s participation isn’t necessary condition of democracy.
• In his: Democratic Theory- essays in retrieval; 1983, it is distorted to think of democracy view democracy as a
market equilibrium system, reducing it from a humanist aspiration.
• Good Citizenship demands strong civic sense on part of citizens

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Equality
“Equality is not in regarding different things similarly, equality is in regarding different things differently.” —
Ludwig Feuerbach

“Treating equals equally and unequals unequally” – Aristotle.

• Equality is a foundational concept in political science, referring to the principle that all individuals should be
treated equally, without unjust discrimination, and should have equal access to opportunities, resources, and rights.
It is central to the ideas of democracy, justice, and human dignity.

• There exist natural Inequalities in societies, ie, master and slave, rich and poor etc.

• But the Modern idea of inequality equals reduction in inequalities.

Do you think Equality should be prioritized in the society?
Freedom in society is valid till its “equal freedom” for all
Types of Equality

Political

Economic

Social

Political Equality

• Ensures that every individual has an equal say in political decision-making, typically manifested through
universal adult suffrage and equal participation in governance.
• Example: Equal voting rights in democracies like India (Article 326).
Economic Equality

• Involves equitable distribution of wealth, resources, and opportunities to ensure that economic disparities do
not hinder individual development.
• Example: Land redistribution policies and welfare schemes like MGNREGA in India.
Social Equality

• Ensures the absence of discrimination based on caste, gender, religion, race, or ethnicity.
• Example: Prohibition of untouchability under Article 17 of the Indian Constitution.

Equality as an Idea of Social Change

Jean – Jaques Rousseau, in Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1755) gave two types of inequality in social life:-

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A) Natural inequality – differences of age, bodily strength and qualities of mind etc.
B) Conventional inequality – inequalities of wealth, prestige and power.
Former is not dependent on human choice. Latter is totally man-made

French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), inspired by Rousseau’s ideas –
“Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be based only upon public utility”
Thus, demand for equality is always raised as demand for social change, change in that part of the social structure
which is found to be ‘alterable’ as well as unjust.

Equality of Opportunity
“All of us don’t have equal talent, but all of us should have an equal opportunity to develop our hearts” –
John F. Kennedy (1963)
Equality of Opportunity = creating conditions in which everyone has the same starting point.

Rational Grounds of Discrimination

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David Hume (1711-76) held that equality would endanger virtues of art, care and industry’. Lead to impoverishment
of community instead of preventing want in a few

Equality allows discrimination on ‘reasonable’, ‘rational’, ‘logical’ or ‘relevant’ grounds.

Two areas for making discrimination on rational grounds:-
A) Special provision in the case of need
B) Special rewards for excellence.

• Affirmative Action refers to a public policy which accords special concession in matters of admission to sought-
after courses of education and training, appointments, promotions, housing, health-care, etc. to those who were
deprived of adequate opportunities in an open competition, particularly due to some discriminatory practices of
the past.
• Affirmative Action is meant to compensate the relevant sections for injustice meted out to them in past.

• Louis Blanc’s - “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need”
• The only thing sacrosanct is the human being and matters should be judged from the social point of view of
human betterment. – Jawaharlal Nehru
• The defect of equality is that we only desire it with our superiors. - Henry Becque (1837-99)

JUSTICE
“What is Justice for you?”

"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.“ — Martin Luther King Jr.

Problem of Justice in the contemporary world is concerned with determining logical criteria for the allocation of
goods, services, opportunities, benefits, power and honours as well as obligations in society, particularly in scarcity
situation
Justice relates with:
1. Distinction between ‘Right’ and ‘Wrong’.
What is important?
Justice corresponds to right; injustice corresponds to wrong.
J.S. Mill
2. It is Confused with good and bad (evil). Good akin to useful, profitable etc. Bad implies harmful, damaging,
disadvantageous etc. - Jeremy Bentham
Traditional View of Justice

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Plato’s Theory of Justice:
Traditional Concept – focused on ‘Just Man’. Example to traditional approach is Plato’s
theory of Justice, prescribe duties of different citizens, required them to develop virtues
befitting those duties
Plato envisions an ideal society structured into three distinct classes:
• Rulers (Philosopher-Kings): The wisest, who govern based on reason.
• Auxiliaries (Warriors): The courageous, who defend the state and enforce the rulers’
decisions.
• Producers (Workers): The majority, who provide for the material needs of society
(farmers, artisans, merchants).

Justice in the Individual

• Plato maps the structure of the state onto the individual soul, which also has three parts:
• Rational part: Seeks truth and wisdom. (Gold)
• Spirited part: Seeks honor and is the source of emotions like anger. (Silver)
• Appetitive part: Seeks bodily pleasures and material gain (Bronze)

Aristotle’s Theory of Justice

Identified 3 types of Justice,
a) Distributive Justice – Deals with allocation of honours and wealth. “Treating equals
equally and unequals unequally”. Customary law, decided who were equals and not.
b) Retributive Justice – Deals with imposition of punishment and payment of damages.
c) Commutative Justice – determine the amount of one sort of goods or services to be
rendered in return for another sort in voluntary transaction of buying and selling.

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Modern View of Justice

Legal Justice
Ernest Barker, in Principles of Social and Political Theory (1951), dwelled on
concept of Legal Justice as ‘Law according to Justice’.
Law will be most effective if it conforms to the principle of justice and also has
authority of state.

Political Justice
William Godwin, Essay on Property (1793), used ‘Political Justice’ to denote
moral principle whose object was the ‘general good’, invoked to evolve a
genuine system of property.

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Political Justice
Otto Kirchheimer, Political Justice: The Use of Legal Procedure for Political
Ends (1961), Political Justice – ‘Search for an ideal in which all members will
communicate and interact with body-politic to assume its highest perfection’

Socio-Economic Justice – Procedural Justice

Norman Barry (An Introduction to Modern Political Theory; 1989), “Procedural Justice is exemplified in
competitions such as races. Fair race is not one in which the person who wins morally deserves to win but one in
which t here is no cheating, nobody jumps the gun or has an unfair advantage through use of drugs”
Spencer – state shouldn’t extend help to handicapped, let weakest go to wall.
Hayek – State should promote competition in society, ensure that market is not reduced to instrument of Distributive
Justice.
Nozick – State has no right to redistribute the property of its citizens who were originally its clients.
Substantive Justice
Demands that the opportunities of self-development should be progressively extended
to the underprivileged and disadvantage sections of society.

C.B. Macpherson (1911-87), free market society destroys the creative freedom of
human beings.

Retributive Justice

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David Miller, 3 conditions to ensure justice in matter of Punishment :
a) Punishment should only be inflicted on those found guilty of wrong-doing, using
proper procedure;
b) Punishment be uniformly imposed i.e. differences in penalty should always
correspond to differences in wrong-doing;
c) Scale of penalties should be proportionate to the various misdemeanours being
punished – neither too sever nor too lax.

Distributive Justice
David Miller, in Social Justice (1976) – principles which should be chosen to govern distribution of wealth, prestige
and other benefits among members of society. 3 criteria, invoked to determine principles of distributive justice
a) Protection of acknowledged rights
b) Distribution according to desert
c) Distribution according to need
Mill, Identified corresponding social order upheld by each of these criteria.

John Rawls - Justice is the “first virtue of social institutions.” Rawls emphasizes
fairness and equality, introducing the concept of “justice as fairness.” Concerns the
fair allocation of resources and opportunities. He proposed the "difference
principle," which allows social and economic inequalities only if they benefit the
least advantaged.

Robert Nozick - In Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), Nozick critiques Rawls,
arguing for a minimal state and individual rights. He advocates entitlement theory,
which focuses on justice in acquisition and transfer of property

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Karl Marx - For Marx, justice is tied to economic equality and the abolition of
class systems. He critiques capitalist systems for perpetuating exploitation and
inequality.

Liberty

“Liberty is the opposition of over-government.” -

Sir John Robert Seeley
"Liberty is the freedom of the individual to express without external hindrances to his personality.“-
G.D.H. Cole
What is the Nature of Liberty?
A) Freedom as the Quality of Human Beings -
Every animal leaves traces of what it was; Man alone leaves traces of what he creates. – Jacob Bronowski (1973)
Freedom as the quality of human beings is manifested in man’s capacity for obtaining scientific knowledge of
inexorable laws of nature and applying them for the benefit of mankind.
B) Freedom as the Condition of Human Beings -
Slaves become so debased by their chains as to lose even the desire of breaking from them – Rousseau
In this, enter the realm of Liberty which is defined as “Absence of
Constraints”.
Demand liberty for human being = Treat them as rational creature

Servitude is of two kinds: Slavery to domination from outside, and to one’s

own artificial needs. - Mahatma Gandhi

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Negative liberty is in which state is not allowed to interfere.

Positive liberty is in which state remove impediments in way of individual.

NEGATIVE

POSITIVE

The concepts of Negative Liberty and Positive Liberty were prominently explored by
Isaiah Berlin in his influential essay, "Two Concepts of Liberty".

Negative Liberty
"What am I free from?"

Friedrich Hayek
Negative liberty is the freedom from external constraints or interference by others, especially the state or other
authorities.
It focuses on the absence of barriers to an individual's actions.
Negative liberty protects individuals from being coerced or restricted, allowing them to act according to their own
will within a defined sphere. However, it does not ensure that the individual has the means or capacity to act.
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Positive Liberty
"What am I free to do?"

• Positive liberty is the freedom to act on one’s own will and realize one’s
potential. It emphasizes self- mastery and the presence of conditions that
enable individuals to fulfill their capacities.
T.H. Green

• Positive liberty often involves collective responsibility or state intervention to create enabling conditions,
such as education, healthcare, or economic opportunity.

Amartya Sen’s View

CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT-ORIENTED FREEDOM
Amartya Sen in Quality of Life; 1993,
promote “Capabilities Approach”

Approach views expansion of freedom as primary end as well principle means of development
Development in this sense = Removal of various types of unfreedoms that leave people with little choice and little
opportunity of exercising their potential combined with their faculty of reason

"Liberty is not the absence of restraint but the presence of opportunity." – John Fitzgerald Kennedy
‘Liberty is not Freedom of speech, rather freedom after speech’– Jatin Gill

Theory of Power
There is a general inclination of all mankind, a perpetual and restless desire of power after power that ceased only in
death – Thomas Hobbes
The proper scope of Pol. Science is not the study of the state or of any other specific institutional complex, but the
investigation of all associations insofar as they can be shown to exemplify the problem of power” -
Frederick Watkins

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Harold Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan (Power and Society; 1950) defined Pol. Science as ‘The study of the shaping
and sharing of power’
Meaning of Power
Robert M. MacIver (The Web of Government; 1965) power as “The capacity in any
relationship to command the service or compliance of others”

Authority = Power + Legitimacy

Max Weber, identified 3 prominent types of authority.

• 1st – Charismatic Authority, grows out of personal charm of the leader.

• 2nd – Traditional Authority, right to rule as established by tradition, such as in the case of hereditary or
dynastic rule.

• 3rd – Legal-Rational Authority, founded on the sanctity of a political or administrative office held by an
individual, that is where he is appointed through the prescribe procedure, such as merit-based selection,
promotion, election, rotation or nomination.
Different Forms of Power
Ideological Power
Alan Ball (Modern Politics and Government; 1988), “Individuals are prepared to fight for causes, often realistically
hopeless causes, or to undergo ill-treatment and torture in the belief that some political values are superior to others”

Marx and Engels (The German Ideology; 1846) noted, “ The ideas of the Ruling class are in every epoch the ruling
class”.
All men would be tyrants if they could. - Abigail Adams
Class Perspective
Marx and Engels (Communist Manifesto; 1848) gave call, “Workers of all countries, Unite!”. “The
communists…openly declare that their ends can be attained only by forcible overthrow of all existing social
conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communistic Revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their
chains. They have a world to win”.
Class struggle endorse by Lenin, Rosa Luxemberg, Mao Zeodong and other Marxists.
Antonio Gramsci gave concept of ‘Hegemony’.
Elite Theory
Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), in The Mind and Society (1915-1919)
Circulation of Elites - Power circulates with the elites.
Pareto also recognised courage and cunning of elites. ‘The Lions’ (Courage) more suited to maintenance of status
quo. ‘Foxes’ (cunning) adaptive and innovative.
Gaetano Mosca (1858-1941), in The Ruling Class (1896), people divided in 2 groups – Rulers and Ruled.
Dominance of ruling class essential to provide for proper organization of unorganized majority.
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Robert Michaels (1876-1936), in Political Parties: A sociological study of the Oligarchical tendencies of Modern
Democracy (1911), gave ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’,
Said that every organization is eventually reduced to ‘Oligarchy’.
Max Weber (1864-1920), rejected the prevalent definition of democracy as ‘government by the people’. Redefine
democracy as ‘a competition for political leadership’.
In Essay on Socialism (1918), if socialism established through socialist revolution, destined to become dictatorship of
officials than proletariat
Gender Perspective
Friedrich Engels, in The Origin of Family, Private Property and the State (1884), when institution of marriage not
invented, lineage of person could be reckoned only through female line. Women as mothers treated with high degree
of consideration and respect. Transition to monogamy, implied erosion of that respect.
In his Own words, ‘The overthrow of mother right was the world-historic defeat of the female sex’. Man seized reins
in house also, women degraded, enthralled, slave of man’s lust.
Plurality of Power
Robert Dahl’s A Preface to Democratic Theory (1956) and Who Governs (1961).
Dahl’s model, ‘Polyarchy’, society controlled by set of competing interests groups, with government functioning as
little more than an honest broker in middle.
Jaques Derrida
Deconstruction stands for an approach to understanding the meaning of words not as representing some concrete
reality or truth, but by contrasting them with their opposite concepts which they seek to suppress. Jaques Derrida
(1903-2004), French Philosopher, is regarded the chief exponent of this approach
Michael Focault (1926-84) in Power/Knowledge (1980)
The new concept of power operates through disciplinary norms rather than through command-and-obedience
relationship.
Power is exercised through several institutions that organize and manage people in a complex division of labour.
These institutions include not only schools, offices, police departments and prisons, but also hospitals, clinics and
many welfare organizations.
‘Knowledge in Power’
“Power produces knowledge... power and knowledge directly imply one another.” — Foucault”
Surveillance and Discipline creates “docile bodies” — people who self-regulate because they’ve internalized the gaze
of power.

Concept of RIGHTS
“Do you possess rights?”
“Can you enforce your rights?”

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"Rights are not gifts from governments but freedoms
inherent to human dignity." —
John F. Kennedy

Rights are entitlements or justified claims that individuals or groups possess, ensuring their protection, freedoms,
and opportunities in society. Rooted in the notions of justice, equality, and liberty, rights are essential for the
functioning of a democratic polity and the preservation of human dignity.
Nature and Characteristics of Rights
1. Moral Claims: Rights are not arbitrary; they derive their legitimacy from moral and ethical principles.
2. Universality: Rights apply universally to all individuals, regardless of caste, creed, gender, or nationality
3. Legal Sanction: Rights are often codified in laws, such as fundamental rights in constitutions
4. Reciprocity: Rights also entail duties; for example, the right to free speech comes with the duty not to spread
misinformation
Prominent Theories of Rights
Natural Rights Theory
Proponents: John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
View: Natural rights are inalienable and intrinsic to human nature. Locke emphasized life, liberty, and property as
fundamental natural rights
Criticism: Marxists like Karl Marx argue that natural rights are abstract and fail to address structural inequalities
Legal Positivism
Proponents: Jeremy Bentham, John Austin
View: Rights are created and upheld by the legal framework of a state. Bentham famously dismissed natural rights as
"nonsense on stilts.“
Criticism: Critics argue that this theory overlooks the moral dimension and human rights in authoritarian states where
legal rights may not reflect justice.
Marxist Critique of Rights
Proponents: Karl Marx
View: Marx viewed rights as tools of bourgeois ideology that protect private property and maintain class domination.
He advocated for collective rights to address social and economic inequalities
Criticism: Critics point out that this perspective may undermine individual freedoms in favor of collectivism, as seen
in totalitarian regimes
Social Recognition Theory
Proponents: Hegel, Axel Honneth
View: Rights arise from social recognition and are embedded in the socio-political context of a community
Criticism: Critics argue that overemphasis on societal context risks undermining universal claims of right
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Universalism vs. Multiculturalism
Universalism and multiculturalism are two distinct approaches to understanding and organizing societies, particularly
in the context of rights, identity, and governance. While universalism advocates for uniform principles applicable to
all humans regardless of differences, multiculturalism emphasizes the recognition and accommodation of cultural
diversity.
Universalism
Universalism posits that certain values, rights, and principles are universally applicable to all individuals, regardless of
culture, religion, or ethnicity.
Core Principles:
1. Equality: Everyone is subject to the same rights and responsibilities.
2. Human Dignity: Emphasizes the intrinsic worth of every individual.
3. Uniform Standards: Advocates for universal human rights frameworks, such as the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR).

Thinkers like Immanuel Kant and John Locke emphasized universal moral laws and inalienable natural rights.
Contemporary advocates include John Rawls, whose "veil of ignorance" stresses fairness and equality without
reference to cultural differences.
Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism emphasizes the recognition, preservation, and accommodation of cultural diversity within a political
or social framework.
Core Principles:
1. Cultural Pluralism: Celebrates diversity as a strength of society.
2. Group Rights: Supports policies that protect the rights of minority cultures, such as indigenous rights or
language preservation.
3. Context-Specific Justice: Argues that universal principles may fail to account for the lived realities of
marginalized groups.

Influenced by communitarian thought, which values the social and cultural embeddedness of individuals.
Prominent scholars like Charles Taylor and Will Kymlicka argue for the "politics of recognition," where cultural
identities are essential for dignity and justice.
Bhikhu Parekh suggests that no single culture can claim universality, as cultures are historically contingent and
context-specific.

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Prominent Views on Multiculturalism

Will Kymlicka
Kymlicka argues that multiculturalism strengthens liberal democracy by accommodating minority rights within the
framework of individual rights. He distinguishes between polyethnic rights (immigrant communities) and self-
government rights (indigenous groups).
Example: In Canada, the recognition of Indigenous self-governance and the bilingual nature of its Constitution reflect
his ideas.
Bhikhu Parekh
Parekh views multiculturalism as a dialogue between cultures that leads to the enrichment of all. He warns against
rigid universalism, arguing for a pluralist universalism that respects cultural differences while finding common
grounds.
In the UK, policies encouraging interfaith dialogues and cultural celebrations (like Diwali in London) reflect Parekh's
emphasis on mutual respect and dialogue.

Theory of State
Whom do you can’t say NO to?
Whom do you obey ?
What is State in Political Theory ?
"the state is the march of God on earth"

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

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The contemporary concept of state owes its origin to Machiavelli (1469-1527) who
expressed this is 16th century as “The power which has authority over men” (The
Prince; 1513). This idea tells nature of state, not the end of state.

Max Weber (1864-1920) gave sociological definition of state as in terms of specific

means peculiar to it, as to every political associations, namely use of physical force.
From this standpoint, “A state is a human community that claims the monopoly of
the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory”.

Who has the highest Authority in India ?

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R.M. MacIver in his The Modern State (1926) distinguishes b/w state and other
associations as Govt. which speaks with voice of law.

Can you refuse to obey Govt. ?

Harold J. Laski in his, An Introduction to Politics (1931) points out while all other
associations are voluntary in character, and individual has choice for its membership
but once he is a resident of some given states, legally he has no choice but to obey the
command of State.

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ELEMENTS OF STATE

POPULATION

State is human institution therefore population is an important Part of state.

The population need not belong to a single race, religion, language or culture. Size of population can’t be fixed.

TERRITORY

State must possess territory where its authority is accepted w/o dispute or challenge. Friedrich Engels in his The
Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884) notes that a division of population accompanies
formation of the state according to territory.
Territory includes land, water, air space etc.

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GOVERNMENT

J.W. Garner in Political Science and Government; 1928, “Government is the agency or machinery through which
common policies are determined and by which common affairs are regulated and common interests promoted”.
State is an abstract concept while govt. is its concrete form. Authority of state is exercised by government.

SOVEREIGNTY

Sovereignty denotes the supreme or ultimate power of the state to make laws or take political decisions; in short it
denotes the final authority of the state over its population and its territory.
Max Weber points out: The right to use physical force is ascribed to other institutions or to individuals only to the
extent to which the state permits it.
DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES ON THE STATE
a) Organic Theory of State
b) Mechanistic Theory of State,
c) Liberal-Individualist Theory,
d) Welfare State,
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a) Organic Theory of State

• Theory comprises state with an organism or a living body, and the individuals with its organs.
• It regards state as natural institution
• Can’t imagine existence of man without state
• Ancient Greeks - state comes into existence for the sake of life and continuous for the sake of good life
• Prominent Scholars – Aristotle, Edmund Burke, G.W.F Hegel, Bluntschli

b) Mechanistic Theory of State

• This perspective on state was particularly strengthened from 2 sides

a) Exponents of ‘Social Contract’.
b) Exponents of Modern Economics, Laissez Faire – Individualists

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Social Contract:
• Treats state as a product of mutual agreement of men, created with definitive purpose, to serve social needs.
• State not a natural institution, artificial one.

Major Exponents:
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679),
John Locke (1632-1704) and
Jean-Jaques Rousseau (1712-78)
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804),
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903),
John Rawls (1921-2002) and
Robert Nozick (1938-2002)

Major Exponents:
Hobbes – justify absolute power of state in Leviathan
(1651)
Locke – advocated constitutional Monarchy in ‘Two
Treatises of Civil Government’ (1690).

ROUSSEAU
In Discourse on Inequality (1755), gives fascinating view of State of Nature. Calls man
a ‘Noble Savage’. In state of nature, men are self-sufficient, equal and contended. Rise
of civilization, inequality arise. Development of arts and science, private property comes
into existence with consequent division of labour. Necessitates establishment of civil
Society. State is an evil.

In Social Contract (1762), takes modified view of civil society. Justify its existence not as manifestations of
inequalities but an instrument for protection of liberty. Opening sentence of Social Contract, ‘Man is born free, but
he is everywhere in chains’. Rousseau asserts, what man loses by the social contract is natural liberty and unlimited
right to all which attracts him and which he can obtain; what he gains is civil liberty and the property of what he
possesses.

c) Liberal –Individualist Perspective

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• Developed during 18th century. Theory of Laissez-Faire individualism developed by classical liberalism.
• Placed individual at centre.
• Advocated right to trade, freedom of contract etc. Private property as condition of progress.
• Individual endowed with faculty of ‘Reason’. Function of Govt. to protect individual’s freedom or liberty,
enforce contracts, guarantee peaceful employment of property and law and order.
• Laissez-Faire means ‘Leave Alone’. Non-intervention by state in economic activities of individual. State as
‘Necessary Evil’
Exponents of Theory:
• Adam Smith (1723-90),
• Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832),
• James Mill (1773-1836) and Herbert Spencer (1820-1903).
• J.S. Mill (1806-73) also made contribution to it.

Adam Smith - Father of the science of Economics. Work, Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations
(1776)
So long men doesn’t interfere with others liberty, govt. should leave them free to find their own salvation.
Criminals, Mad men etc. should be eliminated.
State shouldn’t interfere in activities of law abiding citizens.
Concept of Economic Man
Everyone has natural instinct to trade, given free rein. Profit motive is natural instinct
Smith argued that selfish individual, working within framework of competition, would unwittingly promote welfare of
society despite his exclusive concern with furthering own interest.

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Jeremy Bentham
Greatest exponent of Utilitarianism.
Concept of Utility He believed that Public policies should not be rated as good or
bad in relation to some visionary and arbitrary concepts of human rights and
obligations, should be judged by their fruits. Decision for whole society, principle
should be ‘Greatest Happiness of the Greatest Number’.

d) Welfare State Perspective

The theory of welfare state is the basis of positive liberalism. It is a sort of state, which provides extensive social
services to all the citizens, protects the weaker sections, provides economic and social security and tries to reduce the
gap between the rich and the poor.

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Exponents of Positive Liberalism:

J.S. Mill (1806-73), 1st thinker who go for defence of Laissez-Faire but on knowing its weaknesses tried to modify it.
Thomas Hill Green (1836-82) and L.T. Hobhouse (1864-1929).
Early 20th Century, Harold J. Laski (1893-1929) and Robert M. MacIver (1882-1970).

John Stuart Mill

“It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied”
Mill agreed with Bentham in identifying happiness with pleasure. Disagreed that it could be only quantitative in
measure
Mill made distinction b/w types of action: - ‘Self-Regarding action’ and ‘Other Regarding action’. State can interfere
in other regarding actions. Self-Regarding action if it thought to be injurious to individual himself, state’s intervention
would be justified

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INTERNATIONAL ORDER
What is International/World Order?

• The World Economic Forum (2017, reference below) defines international/world order as the body of rules,
norms, and institutions that govern relations between the key players on the international stage.
Regional vs. Global

• Regional orders are restricted to a subset of the international system in a coherent and definable way (geography,
religion, culture, etc.).

• This includes orders confined to a particular hemisphere, or in some cases multiple regions, but that fall short of
universal membership across the entire international system.

• Global orders, by contrast, encompass all, or nearly all, actors in the system.
What are ‘Poles’ in International Order?

• In the context of international relations, "poles" refer to centers of power within the global system. They represent
the dominant actors or great powers that influence international politics. These poles are categorized based on the
number of dominant powers: unipolar (one pole), bipolar (two poles), or multipolar (three or more poles).
Types of World Order

• Polarity in international relations is any of the various ways in which power is distributed within the international
system.

• It describes the nature of the international system at any given period of time.

• One generally distinguishes three types of systems: unipolarity, bipolarity, and multipolarity for three or more
centers of power

• Unipolarity

• It is a condition in which one state under the condition of international anarchy enjoys a preponderance of power
and faces no competitor states.

• According to William Wohlforth, “a unipolar system is one in which a counterbalance is impossible. When a
counterbalance becomes possible, the system is not unipolar.”

• A unipolar state is not the same as an empire or a hegemon that can control the behavior of all other states

• Liberal institutionalist John Ikenberry argues in a series of influential writings that the United States purposely
set up an international order after the end of World War II that sustained U.S. primacy.

• In 2019, John Mearsheimer argued that the international system was shifting from unipolarity to multipolarity

• Bipolarity is a distribution of power in which two states have a preponderance of power.

• In bipolarity, spheres of influence and alliance systems have frequently developed around each pole. For example,
in the Cold War of 1947–1991, most Western and capitalist states would fall under the influence of the US, while
most Communist states would fall under the influence of the USSR. According to Wohlforth and Brooks, "the
world was undeniably bipolar" during the Cold War.

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• Kenneth Waltz's influential Theory of International Politics argued that bipolarity tended towards the greatest
stability because the two great powers would engage in rapid mutual adjustment, which would prevent
inadvertent escalation and reduce the chance of power asymmetries forming.

• John Mearsheimer also argued, that bipolarity is the most stable form of polarity, as buck passing is less
frequent.

• Dale C. Copeland has challenged Waltz on this, arguing that bipolarity creates a risk for war when a power
asymmetry or divergence happens.

• Multipolarity is a distribution of power in which more than two states have similar amounts of power. The
Concert of Europe, a period from after the Napoleonic Wars to the Crimean War, was an example of peaceful
multipolarity (the great powers of Europe assembled regularly to discuss international and domestic issues), as
was the Interwar period.

• Examples of wartime multipolarity include World War I, World War II, the Thirty Years War, the Warring States
period, the Three Kingdoms period and the tripartite division between Song dynasty/Liao dynasty/Jin
dynasty/Yuan dynasty.

IR Theories & Concepts

• Balance of Power is an equilibrium or a certain amount of stability in power relations that under favourable
conditions is produced by an alliance of states or by other devices.” — George Schwarzenberger

• “Balance of Power is such a system in which some nations regulate their power relations without any interference
by any big power. As such it is a decentralized system in which power and policies remain in the hands of
constituting units.” —Inis Claude
Nature of Balance of Power:
1. Some Sort of Equilibrium in Power Relations
2. Temporary and Unstable
3. Favours Status quo
4. The Test of BOP is War
5. Big Powers as Actors of BOP

Balance of power is a mechanism of diplomacy to maintain stability - Henry Kissinger

• The rise of the United Nations and several other international and regional actors in international relations has
given a new looked to the international relations of our times.

• In contemporary times, Balance of Power has ceased to be a fully relevant and credible principle of
international relations. However, it still retains a presence in international relations, more particularly, in the
sphere of regional relations among states.
Security Dilemma

• The Prisoner’s Dilemma is a classic concept from Game Theory that illustrates how two rational actors may not
cooperate—even if it is in their best interest—due to mutual distrust and lack of communication

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What do you prefer – Loss Minimization or Profit Maximization ?

• "Measures taken by one state to increase its security make other states feel less secure, leading them to respond
with similar measures, thereby increasing tensions and the likelihood of conflict—even when none of the states
actually desire war.“
1. John H. Herz (1950) – Coined the term
2. Robert Jervis (1978) – Deepened the theory
Examples;
1. India-Pakistan Rivalry
2. Cold War (U.S. vs. USSR)

Liberal Theory
“Liberal states are peaceful in their relations with other liberal states.” - Michael Doyle
Assumptions
1. Human Nature is Good or Perfectible: Contrary to realism, liberals believe humans are capable of
cooperation and progress.
2. States are not the only actors: Non-state actors (IGOs, NGOs, MNCs) also matter
3. Multiple channels of interaction: Economic, social, and political linkages can promote peace
4. Absolute Gains: Focus on mutual benefits rather than zero-sum competition
5. Democratic Peace Theory: Democracies are less likely to go to war with each other.

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Feminist Theory
“The personal is international, and the international is personal.” Cynthia Enloe

• The Feminist Theory of International Relations (IR) challenges traditional IR paradigms (especially realism
and liberalism) by highlighting how global politics is deeply gendered. It examines how power, war, diplomacy,
and security are influenced by masculine norms and how women's experiences are often excluded from
mainstream IR theories.

Basic Assumptions
1. Gender as a Lens: IR has historically ignored how gender roles shape global politics
2. Critique of Masculinist Bias: Traditional theories valorize traits like dominance, rationality, and aggression
(coded as masculine) and marginalize cooperation, care, and emotion (coded as feminine).
3. Focus on Everyday Lives: Feminist IR connects high politics (war, security, diplomacy) with low politics
(family, reproduction, care work).
4. Security Redefined: Beyond state security, it includes human security — safety from violence, poverty, and
inequality

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Critical-marxist Theory
“The personal is international, and the international is personal.” Cynthia Enloe

• Marxist IR theory sees global politics primarily in terms of economic class conflict, exploitation, and capitalist
power structures. It challenges both Realism and Liberalism for ignoring the role of economic inequality and
structural oppression.
Basic Assumptions:
1. Capitalist World-System - Global economy is structured to benefit wealthy (core) countries at the expense of
poor (peripheral) ones
2. Imperialism & Neo-colonialism - Modern international relations maintain economic control over the Global
South through trade, debt, and institutions
3. Base-Superstructure - The economic base (mode of production) determines the political and legal
superstructure (state, institutions).

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What is History?
Fukuyama’s “End of History” Thesis (1989)
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“What we may be witnessing is... the end point of mankind’s ideological evolution.”
Core Idea:
1. History is moving toward a final ideological stage — liberal democracy + capitalism.
2. After the Cold War, no viable alternative ideology remains (fascism, communism collapsed)
3. Liberal democracy = the "final form of human government"

Samuel P. Huntington’s “Clash of Civilizations” Thesis

The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural.
Core Idea:
1. Future conflicts will not be ideological or economic, but cultural/civilizational.
2. The world is divided into major civilizations (e.g., Western, Islamic, Sinic/Chinese, Hindu, Orthodox, etc.)
3. Civilizations will clash due to differences in religion, history, language, and culture

“Political Order and Political Decay” (2014)

1. He critiques the U.S. model for having democratic legitimacy but often inefficient governance (e.g.,
bureaucratic paralysis, partisan gridlock)
2. Fukuyama emphasizes:
- Importance of strong institutions
- Rule of law
- Capacity of the state to implement policies — not just free elections

Who won Cold War?

1. Traditional (Triumphalist/Orthodox) View
2. Revisionist View
3. Post-Revisionist / Balanced View

1. Traditional (Triumphalist/Orthodox) View

Claim: The United States and liberal democracy won the Cold War
Francis Fukuyama – Saw the Cold War's end as proof of liberal democracy’s ideological victory (“The End of
History”).
John Lewis Gaddis – The “Long Peace” was maintained by U.S. strategy and NATO cohesion

2. Revisionist View
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Claim: The Cold War was not a simple victory; the USSR lost due to internal collapse, not U.S. triumph.
Stephen Cohen – Argued Soviet collapse came from economic stagnation and Gorbachev’s missteps, not American
pressure
Melvyn Leffler – Emphasized Soviet overextension and domestic contradictions

3. Post-Revisionist / Balanced View

Claim: Both superpowers contributed to the Cold War’s end; cooperation played a key role.
Robert Service – Acknowledged Gorbachev’s openness and Reagan’s diplomacy
Jack Matlock (U.S. ambassador to USSR) – Argued mutual decisions led to peaceful resolution.

IR Theories
• Can World War 3 happen?

• How the nations operate in this world ?

• Prominent theories of IR
Realist Theory

• Realism has been the dominant theory of world politics since the beginning of academic International
Relations
• Realism has a much longer history in the work of classical political theorists such as Thucydides,
Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Rousseau.
• The unifying theme around which all realist thinking converges is that states find themselves in the shadow of
anarchy such that their security cannot be taken for granted.

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• At the start of the new millennium, realism continues to attract academicians and inform policy-makers,
although in the period since the end of the cold war we have seen heightened criticism of realist
assumptions.
Basic Assumption of Realist Theory
• The nation-state (usually abbreviated to ‘state’) is the principle actor in international relations. Other bodies
exist, such as individuals and organisations, but their power is limited.
• National interests, especially in times of war, lead the state to speak and act with one voice
• Decision-makers are rational actors in the sense that rational decision-making leads to the pursuit of the
national interest
• States live in a context of anarchy
Classical Realism

Thucydides’ assertion in “The Melian Dialogue” is that “the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what
they must.”
• It was born in response to the idealist perspective that dominated international relations scholarship in the
aftermath of the First World War.
• Prominent scholars are John H. Herz, Hans Morgenthau, George Kennan, and Raymond Aron and E. H.
Carr
• In his main work on international relations, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, first published in July 1939, Edward
Hallett Carr (1892–1982) attacks the idealist position, which he describes as “utopianism.”
• He declares that “morality can only be relative, not universal”
• Hans J. Morgenthau (1904–1980)
• Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, first published in 1948, “international politics,
like all politics, is a struggle for power”

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Structural/Neo Realism
• In Theory of International Politics (1979), Kenneth Waltz modernised IR theory by moving realism away
from its unprovable (albeit persuasive) assumptions about human nature
• His theoretical contribution was termed ‘neorealism’ or ‘structural realism’ because he emphasised the
notion of ‘structure’ in his explanation
• Rather than a state’s decisions and actions being based on human nature, they are arrived at via a simple
formula.
• First, all states are constrained by existing in an international anarchic system (this is the structure).
• Second, any course of action they pursue is based on their relative power when measured against other
states.
• So, Waltz offered a version of realism that recommended that theorists examine the characteristics of the
international system for answers rather than delve into flaws in human nature.
• Mearsheimer’s theory as presented in the The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, earlier writings (1990, 1995)
• Mearsheimer’s theory is built on five bedrock assumptions
• The first assumption is that there is anarchy in the international system, which means that there is no
hierarchically superior, coercive power that can guarantee limits on the behavior of states.
• Second, all great powers possess offensive military capabilities, which they are capable of using against
other states
• For offensive structural realists, the anarchic international system and the distribution of power, and not
human nature, is the invisible hand that “shapes and shoves” all great powers to maximize power and
influence despite domestic or unit-level differences.
• As Robert Gilpin argues, “as the power of a state increases, it seeks to extend its territorial control, its
political influence, and/or its domination of the international economy”
• Neoclassical realism is an approach to foreign policy analysis that seeks to understand international politics
by taking into account the nature of the international system—the political environment within which states
interact.
• Taking neorealism as their point of departure, neoclassical realists argue that states respond in large part to the
constraints and opportunities of the international system when they conduct their foreign and security
policies, but that their responses are shaped by unit-level factors such as state–society relations, the nature of
their domestic political regimes, strategic culture, and leader perceptions.
• Fareed Zakaria’s theory of state-centered realism presents a slight twist to the offensive realist argument.
• He argues that statesmen will expand when they can increase state power and not national power – “nations
try to expand their political interests abroad when central decision makers perceive a relative increase in state
power”
• Zakaria argues that a foreign policy of external expansion depends on the existence of a strong executive,
and he tests this argument in considering many historical opportunities for expansion available to the United
States in the 19th century

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International Organisations
United Nations - UNO

• The United Nations (UN) was established on 24 October 1945, after World
War II, primarily to prevent another global conflict and ensure international peace
and security
• Allied leaders during WWII (especially the Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill,
Stalin) agreed on creating an organization that would replace the League and
work more effectively

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• The United Nations (UN) is an international organization established in 1945 after World War II with the aim of
maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, and promoting social
progress, better living standards and human rights.

Major Achievements:
1. UN Peacekeeping Forces awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1988
2. Established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030
3. Adopted Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948

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United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

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United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)

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Revision MCQs

Q1. Arrange the following into chronological order:

A. Charles I is forced to accept Petition of Right
B. Falkland war is fought with Argentina
C. King John I forced to sign Magna Carta
D. Bill of Rights in Britain
E. Act of Union united Kingdoms of England and Scotland
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A, D, C, B, E
2. C, A, E, B, D
3. A, C, E, D, B
4. C, A, D, E, B

Q2. Who suggested that bourgeois assumptions and values needed to be overthrown by the establishment of a rival
'proletarian hegemony' and 'the manufacture of consent'?
1. Anthony Giddens

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2. John Stuart Mill
3. Antonio Gramsci
4. Ram Manohar Lohia

Q3. Arrange the following countries into chronological order as per the year of admission in the United Nations:
A. Pakistan
B. Myanmar
C. Sri Lanka
D. India
E. Israel
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A, D, B, C, E
2. D, A, C, E, B
3. D, A, B, E, C
4. A, D, C, B, E

Q4. Identify the incorrect facts about GATT/WTO :

A. From 1948 to 1994 the GATT provided the rules for much of World Trade
B. GATT was a provisional agreement and organization
C. The WTO was created on 1 January 1995
D. The first ministerial conference of WTO was held in 2009
E. The WTO's 28th Ministerial Conference was held in Delhi in 2024
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A and B Only
2. B and C Only
3. C and A Only
4. D and E Only

Q5. Who asserted bureaucracy as an exploitative class instrument?

1. Frederick Herzberg
2. Karl Marx
3. B. R. Ambedkar
4. Fred Riggs
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Q6. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II

LIST-I LIST-II
Author Books
A Thomas Hobbes I. Critique of Pure Reason
B. Immanual Kant II. The Order of the Things:
An Archaeology of the Human Science
C. Michel Foucault III. On Fire
D. Naomi Klein IV. Leviathan
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
2. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
3. A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
4. A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II

Q7. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II

LIST-I Scholar LIST-II Work
A. Fred Riggs I. The Practice of Management
B. Yehezkel Dror II. The Ecology of Public Administration
C. Peter Drucker III. The Eighteenth Brumarie of Louis Bonaparte
D. Karl Marx IV. Public Policy Making Re-examined
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
2. A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
3. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
4. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Q8. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II

LIST-I LIST-II
Author Book
A Max Weber I. Economy and Society
B. Isaiah Berlin II. Social Reform or Revolution
C. Rosa Luxemburg III. Capitalism and Freedom
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D. Milton Friedman IV. Four Essays on Liberty
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A-IV, B-I, C-III, D-II
2. A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III
3. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
4. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

Q9. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II

LIST-I LIST-II
Ideology Proponent
A. Pluralism I. Deen Dayal Upadhyay
B. Utilitarianism II. Auguste Comte
C. Integral Humanism III. Jeremy Bentham
D. Positivism IV. James Madison
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
2. A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I
3. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
4. A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV

Q10. Who wrote the book 'The Human Condition'?

1. Hannah Arendt
2. Max Weber
3. Herbert Simon
4. Jagdish P. Bhagwati

Q11. Match the LIST-J with LIST-II

LIST-I LIST-II
Scholar Works
A. Dr. S Jaishankar I. A Theory of Human Motivation
B. Herbert Simon II. On Organizational Learning
C. Abraham Maslow III. The India Way
D. Chris Argyris IV. Administrative Behaviour
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Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
2. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
3. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
4. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Q12. Who wrote the book 'One-Dimensional Man'?

1. Machkund Dubey
2. Fareed Zakaria
3. Herbert Simon
4. Herbert Marcuse

Q13. Who wrote the book "The Functions of the Executive"?

1. Chester Barnard
2. Max Weber
3. Henri Fayol
4. Sun Tzu

Q14. Who wrote the book "The Sociology of Religion"?

1. Max Weber
2. Ana Ballesteros Peiro
3. John Locke
4. Herbert Marcuse

Q15. Who wrote the book "The Law of Peoples"?

.John Rawls
2. John Locke
3. Edward Said
4. Francis Fukuyama

Q16. The Book 'Sexual Politics' was written by-

1. Judith Butler
2. Kate Millett
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3. Pandita Ramabai
4. Sister Nivedita

Q17. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II

LIST-I LIST-II
Events Year
A. Boxer Rebellion in China I. 1910-1920
B. Mexican Revolution II. 1931
C. Japan invaded Manchuria III. 1936
D. Germany Reoccupied the Rhineland IV. 1900-1901
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
2. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
3. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
4. A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Q18. Who wrote the book/ article 'Civil Disobedience'?
1. Bell Hooks
2. James Tully
3. Herbert Marcuse
4. Henry David Thoreau

Q19. Who coined the term 'Possessive Individualism'?

1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2. John Rawls
3. C. B Macpherson
4. Edmund Burke

Q20. Match the LIST-I with LIST-II

LIST-I LIST-II
Book Author
A. Asian Drama I. Gunnar Myrdal
B The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation II. Norman D Palmer
C. The State and Poverty in India : The Politics of Reform III. Atul Kohli
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D. The Indian Political System IV. Granville Austin
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
2. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
3. A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
4. A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
Q21. Match List I with List II

List I List II

A. Antonio Gramsci I. On human conduct

B. Robert Putnam II. Prison notebooks

C. Michael Oakeshott III. The protest ethics and the spirit of capitalism

D. Max Weber IV. Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community

1. A-I, B-II, C-lll, D-lV

2. A-III, B-lV, C-III, D-I
3. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-lll
4. A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II
Q22. The book 'Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy' is authored by
1. Joseph Schumpeter
2. Samuel Huntington
3. Andre Gunder Frank
4. Joseph Lapalombara
Q23. Match List I with List II

List I List II

A. Liberalism II. No need for member to share a common culture, history, worldview,
language or value system

B. Communitarianism I. Shared understanding and common meaning, based on shared history,

culture or worldview
C. Liberal Nationalism III. Moral concern for one another as free and equal citizens

D. Multiculturalism/Difference IV. Shared nationality, based on a common history, language and culture
theory

1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

2. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
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3. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
4. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I

Q24. Who among the following thinkers are associated with participatory democracy?
A Carole Pateman
B. Ian Shapiro
C. Benjamin Barber
D. Jurgen Habermas
E. C. B. Macpherson
Code:
1. A, B and C only
2. A, B and D only
3. A, C and E only
4. A, C and D only

Q25. Who among the following said, "The concept of citizenship has gone out of fashion among political thinkers"?
1. Vogel and Moran
2. Van Gunsteren
3. Habermas
4. Galston

Q26. Who among the following said. "Political equality, therefore, is never real unless it is accompanied by virtual
economic equality: political power"?
1. J.S. Mill
2. H.J. Laski
3. John Kotski
4. Alfred Cobben

Q27. Who among the following dismissed the idea of natural rights as 'rhetorical nonsense'?
1. J.S. Mill
2. Adam Smith
3. Herbert Spencer
4. Jeremy Bentham

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Q28. Which of the following figures are related to normative tradition of Political Theory?
A. Bertrand de Jouvenal
B. Eric Voegelin
C. Robert Dahl
D. Yves Simon
E. Arther Bartley
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A, B, C only
2. C, D, E only
3. A, D, E only
4. A, B, D only

Q29. Match List I with List II:

List-I (Books/Article) List-II (Author/Writer)
A. Political Science: A philosophical Analysis I. John G. Gunnell
B. Political science and the theory of action II. V. V. Dyke
C. The American Science of Politics III. Eulau
D. Segments of Political Science IV. Bernard Crick

1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

2. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
3. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
4. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

Q30. Who among the following rejected the claim of 'Universal Sisterhood"?
1. Black Feminists
2. Radical Feminists
3. Liberal Feminists
4. Marxist Feminists
Q31. Who is related with advent of the Zionist movement and Zionist congress?
1. Aaron David Miller
2. Theodor Herzl
3. Benjamin Netanyahu
4. Yitzhak Rabin
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Q32. Who among the following defined deliberative democracy in terms of pluralistic association?
1. G. C. Sen
2. A Hanson
3. J. Cohen
4. P. Samuelson
Q33. Who among the following scholars had levelled the criticism against J.S. Mill that “we cannot separate two
different compartments of individual conduct”?
1. Barker
2. C. E. M Joad
3. L. T. Hobhouse
4. R. M. MacIver
Q34. Match List I with List II:

List-I (Books and Concepts) List-II (Thinkers)

A. Ethics of Care II. Carol Gilligan

B. Sexual Politics I. Kate Millet

C. Powers of Horror III. Julia Kristeva

D. Ecriture Feminine IV. Helene Cixous

1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

2. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
3. A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
4. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

Q35. A democracy is more than a form of government, it is a mode of associated living”, Who said this?
1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. John Locke
3. John Dewey
4. Gandhi
Q36. Who among the following has used the terms internal restriction and external restriction [protection] in the
discourse of Multiculturalism?
1.Bhikhu Parekh
2. Will Kymlicka
3. Okin

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4. B. Berry
Q37. Who among the following believes that the superstructure is relatively autonomous?
A. Louis Althusser
B. Gramsci
C. Poulantazs
D. Mao Zedong
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. (A) and (B) only
2. (C) and (A) only
3. (B), (C) and (D) only
4. (B) only
Q38. Match List I with List II:
List-I (Books) List-II (Authors)

A. Between Past and Future II. Hannah Arendt

B. Vico and Herder: Two studies in the history of ideas I. Isaiah Berlin

C. The Voice of Liberal Learning IV. Michael Oakeshott

D. The Tyranny of Merit III. Michael J. Sandel

1. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)

2. (A)- (II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
3. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
4. (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D) -(IV)
Q39. Arrange the following books according to their publication year in chronological order
A. The Archaeology of Knowledge
B. The Human Condition
C. Spheres of Justice
D. After Virtue
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. (B), (A), (D), (C)
2. (A), (B), (C), (D)
3. (D), (A), (B), (C)
4. (C), (D), (A), (B)
Q40. “Rights are what we may expect from others, and others from us” Who said it?
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1. Hobhouse
2. Laski
3. Green
4. Plato
Q41. Who said - "Justice is the first virtue of social institutions".
1. Aristotle
2. John Rawls
3. Andrea Dworkin
4. Mackinon
Q42. Who is the author of the 'Authoritarian Personality'?
1. Hannah Arendt
2. Theodore Adorno
3. Timothy Snyder
4. Friedrich Hayek
Q43. Which of the following concepts J.F. Lytoard is associated with:
A. Language Game
B. A Report on Knowledge
C. Communicative Rationality
D. Communicational Transparency
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A and C only
2. A, B and D only
3. C and D only
4. B and C only
Q44. Which of the following concepts has NOT been used by C.B. Macpherson?
A. Developmental Democracy
B. Associational Capacity
C. Extractive Capacity
D. Cultural Democracy
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. C, D and B only
2. D, C and A only
3. D, B and A only
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4. A, B and C only
Q45. Match List I with List II:
List-I (Books and Concepts) List-II (Author/Thinker)

A. Silent Spring I. Garrett Hardin

B. Deep Ecology II. R. Carson

C. Tragedy of Commons III. B. Anderson

D. Imagined Communities IV. Arne Naess

1. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

2. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
3. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
4. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Q46. Match List I with List II:

List-I (Thinkers) List-II (Concept)

A. Sartori IV. Demo-Protect and Demo-Power

B. Morris III. Physical Quality

C. Hayek II. Catallaxy

D. Popper I. Falsification

1. A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III

2. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
3. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
4. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

Q47. Who among the following coined the term 'ecology' in 1866?
1. Ernst Haeckel
2. F. Riggs
3. R. A. Dahl
4. Houghton Miffin

Q48. Who among the following defined socialism as a chameleon, which changes its colour according to the
environment?
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1. C. E. M. Joad
2. Emile
3. Ramsay Muir
4. Hugham

Q49. Which of the following is correctly matched?

(A) Sexual Politics - Kate Millett
(B) Second sex - Shulamith Firestone
(C) The Feminine Mystique - Betty Friedan
(D) The Dialectic of Sex - Nicholson
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
1. A and B Only
2. B and C Only
3. A and C Only
4. B and D only

Q50. “We are witnessing the end of history as such that is, the endpoint of mankind’s ideological evolution and the
universalization of western liberal democracy as the final form of human government”.
1. MacIntyre
2. Daniel Bell
3. Francis Fukuyama
4. Milton Friedman

Q51. Match the list- 1 with list- 2

List – 1 (Authors) List – 2 (Books)
A. Lord Bryce I. Comparative Politics- A Developmental Approach
B. Graham Wallas II. New Aspects of Politics
C. Gabriel Almond III. Modern Democracies
D. Charles E. Merriam IV. Human Nature in Politics

Codes:-
1. A(I), B(II), C(III), D(IV)
2. A(II), B(I), C(IV), D(III)
3. A(III), B(IV), C(I), D(II)
4. A(IV), B(III), C(II), D(I)

Q52. Who among the following are not supporters of positive liberty?
A. T.H. Green
B. John Locke
C. Harold Laski
D. Jeremy Bentham
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Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A and B only
2. A and C only
3. B and D only
4. C and D only

Q53. How was early liberalism characterized by C.B. Macpherson?

1. Altruistic
2. Developmental
3. Possessive Liberalism
4. Welfaristic

Q54. Who gave the concept of ‘Gaia’?

1. Rachel Carson
2. Vandana Shiva
3. James Lovelock
4. Fritjof Capra

Q55. Who amongst the following is a positive liberalist?

1. H. J. Laski
2. Milton Friedman
3. Robert Nozick
4. Herbert Spencer

Q56. Who among the following has dubbed Marxism as a totalitarian doctrine?
A. Karl Popper
B. Isaiah Berlin
C. Hannah Arendt
D. Antonio Gramsci
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. A and B only
2. B and C only
3. C and D only
4. A and C only

Q57. Arrange the phases of evolution of Liberalism in ascending order

A. Positive Liberalism
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B. Egalitarianism
C. Negative Liberalism
D. Libertarianism
Choose the correct answer from the options given below
1. A, B, C, D
2. D, C, A, B
3. C, A, B, D
4. C, B, A, D
Q58. Match List I with List II –
List I Author List II Books
A. E. F. Schumacher I. The Silent Spring
B. James Lovelock II. The Turning Point
C. F. Capra III. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth
D. Rachel Carson IV. Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if
People Mattered

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :-

1. A - III, B - II, C - I, D - IV
2. A - II B - III, C - I, D – IV
3. A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I
4. A - I, B - II, C - IV, D – III
Q59. Who regarded state as ‘necessary evil’?
1. Jeremy Bentham
2. Thomas Paine
3. James Mill
4. J. S. Mill

Q60. ‘All aspects of luck, including natural ability, should be irrelevant to distributive justice’- this statement refers to
the concept of :
1. Meritocracy
2. Plutocracy
3. Luck egalitarianism
4. Aristocracy
Q61. Who among the following is NOT a key figure of Conservatism?
1 T.H. Green
2 Edmund Burke
3 Michael Oakeshott
4 Friedrich Von Hayek
Q62. Who among the following is NOT a postmodern thinker?
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1) Jean Francois Lyotard
2) Michel Foucault
3) Richard Rorty
4) Herbert Marcuse
Q63. Who said, “Every state is known by the rights that it maintains”?
1. Laski
2. Green
3. Hegel
4. Barker
Q64. The best propounder of pluralist theory of Citizenship was
1. T.H. Marshall
2. Anthony Giddens
3. B. S. Turner
4. David Held

Q65. Vandana Shiva is known as

1 Post-Modernist
2 Marxist
3 Eco-feminist
4 Conservatist

Q66. Who is not a supporter of Libertarianism?

1) Robert Nozick
2) Milton Friedman
3) Robert Dahl
4) F.A. Hayek

Q67. ‘New Democracy’ as hegemony of the workers, peasants and other marginalized sections of the society is
associated with which one of the following?
1. Subaltern school
2. Marxist school
3. Post – Behavioral school
4. Post – Modernist school

Q68. Which one of the following is NOT a correct match?

1. Fabianism - Peaceful Change
2. Guild Socialism - Professional Representation
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3.Syndicalism - Trade Unionism
4. Democratic Socialism - Radical Change

Q69. Which one among the following is NOT related to Neo-Marxism?

1. Jurgen Habermas
2. Erich Fromm
3.Herbert Marcuse
4. Rosa Luxemburg

Q70. Who authored the book, Silent Spring?

1. Frank Thone
2. Raymond L. Bryant
3.Rachel Carson
4. Roy Rappaport

Q71. Who wrote the book, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (1995)?
1. T H Marshal
2. B S Turner
3.Will Kymlicka
4. Bhikhu Parekh

Q72. Match List-I with List-II :

List-I List-II
(a) Late Capitalism (i) Michel Foucault
(b) Deconstructionism (ii) Fredric Jameson
(c) Collapse of grand Narrative (iii) Jacques Derrida
(d) Concept of knowledge and power (iv) Lyotard
Choose the correct option from those given below :
1. (a)-(ii); (b) -(iii); (c)-(iv); (d) -(i)
2. (a)-(i); (b)-(iv); (c)-(i); (d) -(iii)
3. (a)-(ii); (b)-(iv); (c)-(i); (d) -(iii)
4. (a) -(iv); (b)-(i); (c) -(iii); (d) -(ii)

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Q73. Match the list- 1 with list- 2 and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List – 1 (Authors) List – 2 (Books)

(A) Brian Berry i. Justice

(B) Susan Moller Okin iii. Justice Gender and Family

(C) Amartya Sen ii. Idea of Justice

(D) Tom Cambell iv. The Liberal Theory of Justice

Code:
1. A(ⅳ), B(ⅲ), C(ⅱ), D(ⅰ)
2. A(ⅳ), B(ⅰ), C(ⅱ), D(ⅲ)
3. A(ⅲ), B(ⅳ), C(ⅱ), D(ⅰ)
4. A(ⅰ), B(ⅲ), C(ⅱ), D(ⅳ)

Q74. Who among the following firmly believed that periodic communitarian correction is required because
"Liberalism is a self-subverting doctrine' ?
1. John Rawls
2. R. Nozick
3. R. Dworkin
4. M. Walzer

Q75. The Third Wave of Feminism reflected the influence of.

1. Post-Structuralism
2. Anarchism
3. Liberalism
4. Multiculturalism
Q76. What do political parties, pressure groups, public opinion, popular movements have in common ?
They are :
(1) Formal organisations of power
(2) Informal organisations of power
(3) Helping the governments of the day in governance
(4) Existing only in democracies
Q77. Arrange the following political philosophers in the chronological order :
(A) Karl Popper
(B) John Rawls
(C) C.B. Macpherson
(D) Robert Dahl

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(E) Herbert Marcuse
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
(1) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
(2) (C), (E), (A), (D), (B)
(3) (E), (C), (A), (D), (B)
(4) (D), (B), (A), (C), (E)
Q78. Match List - I with List - II.

List - I List - II

(A) Government requires a special elite (I) Liberalism

(B) Majority of the population are incapable of effective self-government (II) Marxism

(C) Political democracy ignores the lack of democracy in economic relations (III) Feminism

(D) Democratic systems reflect gender divisions in society (IV)

Conservatism

Q79. Who observed that intellectuals "are the dominant groups 'deputies' exercising the subaltern functions of social
hegemony and political government" ?
(1) Mao Zedong
(2) Antonio Gramsci
(3) Karl Marx
(4) Frantz Fanon
Q80. A thinker of anti-colonial struggle and revolutionary action :
(1) Karl Marx
(2) A. Gramsci
(3) Hannah Arendt
(4) Frantz Fanon
Q81. Hannah Arendt analyses the Vita activa via three categories which corresponds to the three
fundamental activities of our being in the world.
(1) Capital, job and pleasure
(2) Desire, fulfilment and violence
(3) Labour, work and action
(4) Freedom, suffering and rights
Q82. Arrange John Rawls writings in chronological order which indicates his evolution as a philosopher
of eminence ?

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(A) Political Liberalism
(B) A Theory of Justice
(C) Justice as Fairness
(D) The Law of Peoples
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
(1) (C), (A), (B), (D)
(2) (D), (B), (C), (A)
(3) (C), (B), (A), (D)
(4) (B), (D), (C), (A)
Q83. Match List - I with List - II.

List - I List - II

(A) People who should rule are those who know about politics (I) Mary
Wollstonecraft

(B) The achievement of freedom through the abolition of (II) John Rawls
exploitation/oppression

(C) The Principle of equal basic liberties (III) Aristotle

(D) Freedom, rights and citizenship of women as well as of men (IV) Karl Marx

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

1. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
2. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
4. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
Q84. Match List - I with List - II.
List - I
(A) The will is free when its ends are ‘its own’, so that it is self determining
(B) It is the consent, and not the need which makes the government legitimate
(C) ‘Virtue’ is indispensable to the citizen and state
(D) Man naturally good in the moral sense
List - II
(I) G.W.F. Hegel
(II) J.J. Rousseau
(III) Machiavelli
(IV) John Locke
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

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2. (A)-(I), (B)-(IV), (C)-(III), (D)-(II)
3. (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
4. (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)
Q85. Chronologically arrange the classical works of western political philosophers.
(A) A Vindication of Rights of Women with strictures on Moral and Political Subjects
(B) The Social Contract
(C) Elements of Philosophy of Right
(D) On Liberty
(E) The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
(1) (A), (C), (B), (E), (D)
(2) (A), (B), (D), (C), (E)
(3) (B), (A), (C), (E), (D)
(4) (E), (C), (A), (D), (B)

Q86. Match List - I with List - II.

List - I
(A) Vedvyasa
(B) Kautilya
(C) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(D) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
List - II
(I) Political Guru of Gandhi
(II) Mahabharat
(III) Saptang
(IV) Pioneer of Indian Renaissance
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
2. (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
4. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
Q87. Who had organised the Abhinava Bharat , a Secret Society of Revolution ?
(1) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(2) V.D. Savarkar
(3) Aurobindo Ghosh
(4) Prafulla Chaki
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Q88. Who propounded the concept of 'Total Revolution' ?

(1) J. L. Nehru
(2) Aurobindo Ghosh
(3) Jaya Prakash Narayan
(4) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Q89. Who wrote "Hindu Theory of International Relations" ?
(1) Swami Vivekanand
(2) William Jones
(3) Benoy Kumar Sarkar
(4) Aurobindo Ghosh

Q90. Who has given the concept of Integral Humanism ?

(1) Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay
(2) Swami Vivekanand
(3) Aurobindo Ghosh
(4) Rabindranath Tagore

Q91. Who had envisioned the evolution of human life into a divine life in a divine body ?
(1) M. N. Roy
(2) Ram Manohar Lohia
(3) Deen Dayal Upadhayay
(4) Aurobindo Ghosh

Q92. Who has given the concept of "Iron law of Oligarchy" ?

(1) James Burnham
(2) Raymond Aron
(3) Karl Mannheim
(4) Robert Michels

Q93. Who has propounded the concept of "Power Elite" ?

(1) James Burnham
(2) C. Wright Mills

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(3) Raymond Aron
(4) Karl Mannheim

Q94. Who has given the concept of "Managerial Revolution" ?

(1) James Burnham
(2) C. Wright Mills
(3) Robert Michels
(4) Karl Mannheim

Q95. Who has given the concept of "Political Decay" ?

(1) Lucian W. Pye
(2) Samuel P. Huntington
(3) Sidney Verba
(4) Almond and Powell

Q96. Which of the following statement is not correct about Constitutionalism ?

(1) Totalitarian Government
(2) Responsible Government
(3) Limited Government
(4) Constitutional Monarchy

Q97. Arrange the following International Relations Thinkers in the chronological order :
(A) Kenneth Waltz
(B) Hans Morgenthan
(C) Thucydides
(D) Alexander Wendt
(E) E.H. Carr
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
(1) (C), (A), (B), (D), (E)
(2) (C), (E), (A), (B), (D)
(3) (C), (E), (B), (A), (D)
(4) (C), (A), (E), (B), (D)

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Q98. Arrange chronologically the following International Organisations :
(A) World Trade Organisations (WTO)
(B) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
(C) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
(D) G-20
(E) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
(1) (C), (B), (A), (E), (D)
(2) (C), (B), (E), (A), (D)
(3) (B), (C), (E), (A), (D)
(4) (C), (B), (D), (A), (E)

Q99. Choose the correct statements given below :

(A) NATO is a security pact created for the defence of US led Western Countries
(B) Warsaw pact was created by Soviet Union and its allies in response to NATO
(C) SAARC was created for the security of South Asia
(D) ASEAN is a Security Organisation
(E) European Union was created for the security of Europe
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
(1) (A) and (B) Only
(2) (A), (B) and (C) Only
(3) (A), (B), (C) and (D) Only
(4) (C), (D) and (E) Only

Q100. Match List - I with List - II.

List - I
(A) Heartland Theory
(B) Rimland Theory
(C) Sea Power Theory
(D) Air Power Theory
List - II
(I) A.T. Mahan
(II) Halford Mackinder
(III) Alexander Seversky
(IV) Nicholas Spykman
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
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1. (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
2. (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
3. (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
4. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
Q101. Match List - I with List - II.
List - I
(A) Inside Out Approach
(B) Outside In Approach
(C) Theory of Relative Gain
(D) Theory of Absolute Gain
List - II
(I) Realism
(II) Liberalism
(III) Structural Realism
(IV) Classical Realism
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
2. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
3. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
4. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
Q102. Match List - I with List - II.
List - I
(A) World System Theory
(B) Social Constructivism
(C) Defensive Realism
(D) Offensive Realism
List - II
(I) Kenneth Waltz
(II) John Mearsheimer
(III) Immanuel Wallerstein
(IV) Alexander Wendt
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
2. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
3. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
4. (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
Q103. Match List - I with List - II.
List - I
(A) Shimla Agreement

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(B) Tashkent Agreement
(C) Indus Water Treaty
(D) Indo-US Nuclear Agreement
List - II
(I) Jawaharlal Nehru
(II) Indira Gandhi
(III) Manmohan Singh
(IV) Lal Bahadur Shastri
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
2. (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
3. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
4. (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
Q104. Match List - I with List - II.
List - I
(A) Doklam Confrontation
(B) Bangladesh War
(C) Kargil War
(D) 1965 Indo-Pakistan War
List - II
(I) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(II) Lal Bahadur Shastri
(III) Narendra Modi
(IV) Indira Gandhi
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
(2) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
(3) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(4) (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
Q105. Match List - I with List - II.

List - I List - II

(A) Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty (I) Narendra Modi

(B) Pokhran II (II) Narsimha Rao

(C) Look East Policy (III) Atal Bihari Vajpayee

(D) Panchamrit (IV) Indira Gandhi

(1) (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

(2) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

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(3) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

(4) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

Q106. Match List - I with List - II.

List - I List - II

(A) Cooperative Federalism (I) Niti Aayog

(B) Bargaining Federalism (II) K.C. Wheare

(C) Competitive Federalism (III) Granville Austin

(D) Quasi-Federal (IV) Morris Jones

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(1) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
(2) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
(3) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(4) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)

Q107. Who contended that "we are concerned only with finding a choice mechanism that will lead it to
pursue a "satisficing" path, a path that will permit satisfaction at same specified level of all of its
needs" ?
(1) Mary Parker Follett
(2) Chester Barnard
(3) Max Weber
(4) Herbert Simon
Q108. Match List - I with List - II.
List - I (Author) List - II (Book/Work)

(A) Stephen P. Osborne (I) The NPM : Improving Research and Policy Dialogue

(B) Christopher Hood (II) New Public Management : An Introduction

(C) Jan-Erik Lane (III) The Art of the State : Culture, Rhetoric and Public Management

(D) Michael Barzelay (IV) Public Management : Critical Perspectives on Business and Management

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(1) (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
(2) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

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(3) (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
(4) (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)

Q109. Match List - I with List - II.

List - I List - II

(A) Socialism (I) E.F. Schumacher

(B) Feminism (II) Charles Taylor

(C) Ecologism (III) Thomas Piketty

(D) Multiculturalism (IV) Bell Hooks

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

1. (A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
2. (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
3. (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
4. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

Q110. Who stated-

"There is nothing………………absolute in management affairs. Seldom do we have to apply the same
principle twice as in identical conditions; allowance must be made for different changing
circumstances?
1. Max Weber
2. Peter Drucker
3. Bertram Gross
4. Henri Fayol
Q111. Who conceived the notion of 'Linking Pin Model?
1. Elton Mayo
2. Fred Riggs
3. Renin Likert
4. Woodrow Wilson
Q112. Who become first democratically elected woman prime-minister in Islamic world?
1. Sheikh Hasina Wazid
2. Hina Rabbani Khar
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3. Khalida Zia
4. Benazir Bhutto
Q113. Democratic Party of the United States was established in-
1. 1779
2. 1803
3. 1828
4. 1901
Q114. Which American President had laid down "fourteen points" as the basis for peace after World
War I?
1. Theodore Roosevelt
2. James Madison
3. Millard Fillmore
4. Woodrow Wilson
Q115. Which one of the following US President survived the American Congress impeachment proceedings by a
single vote in 1868?
1. Andrew Johnson
2. Abraham Linchon
3. James Madison
4. Woodrow Wilson
Q116. Who coined the term 'Deep Ecology'?
1. Arne Naess
2. Carolyn Merchant
3. Rachel Carson
4. Murray Bookehin
Q117. Who gave the notion of 'Radical Humanism'?
1. Mahatma Gandhi
2. Raja Rammohan Roy
3. Swami Vivekananda
4. M. N. Roy

Q118. Who proposed the ideas of 'Pitribhu' (fatherland) and 'Punybhu' (holyland) in the classical text
on the ideology of Hindutva?
1. M. N. Roy

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2. Jai Prakash Narayan
3. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
4. Mahatma Gandhi
Q119. Who proposed the 'Chaukhamba Model' of decentralization?
1. Ram Manohar Lohia
2. Jayaprakash Narayan
3. Jawaharlal Nehru
4. B. R. Ambedkar
Q120. Who stated-
'Sri Aurobindo has appropriated Hegel's notion of an Absolute Spirit and employed it to radically restructure the
architectonic framework of the ancient Hindu Vedanta system in contemporary terms?
1. Mahatma Gandhi
2. Rabindranath Tagore
3. Swami Vivekananda
4. Steve Odin
Q121. Who wrote the book " Democracy, Bureaucracy and Hypocrisy"?
1. Fred Riggs
2. Dwight Waldoo
3. Renin Likert
4. Abraham Maslow
Q122. Arrange the following books in the chronological order (years of first publication)
A. The End of History and the Last Man
B. Man, the State and War
C. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace
D. The Second Sex
E. The Clash of Civilisations and the Remaking of World Order
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
1. C, B, D, A, E
2. C, D, B, E, A
3. A, B, C, D, E
4. D, C, B, E, A
Q123. Match the List-I with List-II
LIST I (Books) LIST II (Authors)

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A. Government by Committee I. W H Morris Jones

B. Parliament in India II. Ramsey Muir

C. How Britain is Governed III. K C Wheare

D. Mussolini's Italy IV. Herman Finer

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
2. A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
3. A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
4. A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III

Q124. Match the List-I with List-II

LIST I (Authors) LIST II (Books)

A. David Apter I. Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach

B. Walter Bagehot II. An Introduction to Comparative Government

C. Jean Blondel III. English Constitution

D. Almond and Powell IV. The Politics of Modernisation

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
2. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
3. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
4. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

Q125. Match the List-I with List-II

LIST I (Author) LIST II (Book)

A. George Soros I. The Conscience of a Liberal

B. Paul Krugman II. Open Society

C. Herman Daly III. Decline of American Power

D. Immanuel Wallerstein IV. For the Common Good

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

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1. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
2. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
3. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
4. A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Q126. Match the List-I with List-II

LIST I (Book) LIST II (Author)

A. A Theory of Justice I. John Rawls

B. Philosophy of Right II. Jurgen Habermas

C. Towards a Rational Society III. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

D. State and Revolution IV. Fridrich Hegel

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
2. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
3. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
4. A-I, B-IV, C-II, D-III

Answer Key

Q1 4 Q11 4 Q21 3 Q31 2 Q41 2

Q2 3 Q12 4 Q22 1 Q32 3 Q42 2
Q3 3 Q13 1 Q23 4 Q33 1 Q43 2
Q4 4 Q14 1 Q24 3 Q34 3 Q44 1
Q5 2 Q15 1 Q25 2 Q35 3 Q45 3
Q6 1 Q16 2 Q26 2 Q36 2 Q46 2
Q7 1 Q17 2 Q27 4 Q37 3 Q47 1
Q8 2 Q18 4 Q28 4 Q38 2 Q48 3
Q9 3 Q19 3 Q29 4 Q39 1 Q49 3
Q10 1 Q20 3 Q30 1 Q40 1 Q50 3

Q51 3 Q61 1 Q71 3 Q81 3

Q52 3 Q62 4 Q72 1 Q82 3
Q53 3 Q63 1 Q73 1 Q83 4
Q54 3 Q64 3 Q74 4 Q84 2
Q55 1 Q65 3 Q75 1 Q85 3

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Q56 4 Q66 3 Q76 D Q86 1
Q57 3 Q67 1 Q77 D Q87 2
Q58 3 Q68 4 Q78 3 Q88 3
Q59 2 Q69 4 Q79 2 Q89 3
Q60 3 Q70 3 Q80 4 Q90 1

Q91 4 Q101 3 Q111 3 Q121 2

Q92 4 Q102 2 Q112 4 Q122 D
Q93 2 Q103 4 Q113 3 Q123 3
Q94 2 Q104 1 Q114 4 Q124 4
Q95 2 Q105 5 Q115 1 Q125 1
Q96 1 Q106 2 Q116 1 Q126 4
Q97 3 Q107 4 Q117 4
Q98 2 Q108 2 Q118 3
Q99 1 Q109 4 Q119 1
Q100 1 Q110 4 Q120 3

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