(Ebook) Data Analysis in Sport by Peter O'Donoghue, Lucy Holmes ISBN 9780415739832, 0415739837 Latest PDF 2025
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DATA ANALYSIS IN SPORT
The book includes worked examples from real sport, offering clear guid-
ance to the reader and bringing the subject to life. This book is invaluable
reading for any student, researcher or analyst working in sport perform-
ance or undertaking a sport-related research project or methods course.
Peter O’Donoghue is Reader and Discipline Director for Performance
Analysis at the Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University,
UK. He is a member of the International Society of Performance Analysis
of Sport, editor of the International Journal of Performance Analysis of
Sport and editor of the book series Routledge Studies in Sport
Performance Analysis.
Lucy Holmes is Lecturer in Performance Analysis and Programme
Director for the MSc Performance Analysis at the Cardiff School of Sport,
Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK. She is currently Lead Performance
Analyst for Hockey Wales.
Routledge Studies in Sports Performance Analysis
Series Editor
Peter O’Donoghue
Cardiff Metropolitan University
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
3 MICROSOFT EXCEL 37
4 DASHBOARDS 68
5 STATISTICAL WINDOWS 85
7 MATLAB 141
9 RELIABILITY 220
References 248
Index 254
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
3.18 Conditional formatting to highlight cells 62
3.19 Sort via Icon 65
4.1 Dashboard example 69
4.2 Dashboard example 69
4.3 Example of graph that exceeds the short-term memory
capacity 74
4.4 Preattentive attributes for colour 74
4.5 Contrast effect on colour perception 75
4.6 Preattentive attributes for form 75
4.7 Preattentive attribute for spatial position 76
4.8 Example of excessive percentage of non-data pixels 77
4.9 Different column charts 79
4.10 Part to whole information representation 79
4.11 Line graphs 80
4.12 Sparklines options 81
4.13 Dashboard designed for smartphone display 83
5.1 The code window for a simple possession analysis system 95
5.2 A Statistical Window 96
5.3 Layout of Statistical Window for individual player statistics 99
5.4 The code window for the tennis system 101
5.5 Structure of the Statistical Window for the tennis system 102
6.1 Components of a combined player tacking/match analysis
system 120
6.2 Player A challenges opponent C to make space for
teammate B 122
6.3 A challenge involving a change of direction 122
6.4 Alternative goalside opponents 134
7.1 Structure of the txy.csv file 157
7.2 Dimensions of the football pitch 158
7.3 A balanced defence applying pressure, backup and cover 162
7.4 Distribution of match time 163
7.5 Data structures used during the analysis of defensive
balance 164
7.6 Determining if defender is in the triangle formed by
forward most opponent and the back corners of the penalty
area 167
7.7 Structure of the World Cup simulator 173
7.8 Probability of each team winning the 2014 FIFA World Cup
according to the simulation system 175
8.1 Decision tree for selecting a statistical test 179
list of figures ix
8.2 Use of a conditional function to determine if a tennis match
was an upset or not 185
8.3 A conditional function to determine if a player has
competed in three matches at each of the four Grand Slam
tournaments or not 187
8.4 Performing a chi square test of independence in Microsoft
Excel 190
8.5 Performing a chi square test of independence in Microsoft
Excel 190
8.6 Scatter plot produced by SPSS 215
9.1 An edit list for tennis exported from SportsCode 224
9.2 Timeline used for in assessing the reliability of exclusively
linked events 230
9.3 Areas of the pitch used in O’Donoghue and Robinson’s
validation of Prozone3 against human observation 241
x list of figures
LIST OF TABLES
xi
8.7 Descriptive statistics comparing means when the file is
split on Tournament 198
8.8(a) Mann–Whitney U test results produced by SPSS when
the file is logically split on Tournament: ranks 199
8.8(b) Mann–Whitney U test results produced by SPSS when
the file is logically split on Tournament: test statistics 199
8.9 Descriptive statistics output by SPSS 201
8.10(a) SPSS Output for the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test: ranks 201
8.10(b) SPSS Output for the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test: test
statistics 201
8.11 Descriptive statistics for the 4 tournaments for women’s
and men’s singles 203
8.12(a) Wilcoxon signed-ranks test results for the 4 tournaments
for women’s and men’s singles: ranks 204
8.12(b) Wilcoxon signed-ranks test results for the 4 tournaments
for women’s and men’s singles: statistics 206
8.13 Descriptive statistics for the four different tournaments 206
8.14(a) SPSS output for the Kruskal–Wallis H test: ranks 207
8.14(b) SPSS output for the Kruskal–Wallis H test: test statistics 207
8.15 Tournament means and standard deviations for women’s
and men’s singles 208
8.16(a) Kruskal–Wallis H test results for women’s and men’s
singles separately: ranks 209
8.16(b) Kruskal–Wallis H test results for women’s and men’s
singles separately: test statistics 209
8.17 Descriptive statistics for the percentage of points where
the first serve was in at the four tournaments 210
8.18(a) Friedman test results from SPSS: ranks 211
8.18(b) Friedman test results from SPSS: test statistics 211
8.19(a) SPSS output for follow-up Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests
comparing pairs of tournaments: ranks 212
8.19(b) SPSS output for follow-up Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests
comparing pairs of tournaments: test statistics 213
8.20 Descriptive statistics for a set of female and male players
at different tournaments 213
8.21(a) Friedman test results for female and male players
separately: ranks 213
8.21(b) Friedman test results for female and male players
separately: test statistics 214
8.22 SPSS output for Spearman’s ρ 216
xiv
an alternative type of reader who does not engage in system development
or operation but who may be tasked with performing sophisticated analy-
ses of sports performance data gathered by others.
Existing textbooks in sports performance analysis cover some of the stan-
dard analysis tasks performed in the area. For example, the Routledge
Handbook of Sports Performance Analysis (McGarry et al., 2013) covers
profiling and reviews work done using artificial neural networks.
Research Methods in Sports Performance Analysis (O’Donoghue, 2010)
is aimed at students undertaking research projects within the final year
of their undergraduate degree or masters programme and covers quali-
tative methods, non-parametric statistical tests and analysis of reliability
that are relevant to sports performance research. Notational Analysis of
Sport (Hughes and Franks, 2004a) contains chapters on reliability, profil-
ing and modelling. The Essentials of Performance Analysis of Sport
(Hughes and Franks, 2008) contains chapters on probabilistic modelling
in sport and reliability. However, there are data analysis techniques that
are done by performance analysts that are not covered in any textbooks.
Furthermore, there are data pre-processing tasks that are necessary before
many sports performance data can be analysed for reliability, and other
pre-processing tasks performed on some data prior to applying statisti-
cal analyses. The current book fills some of these gaps but the authors
would not claim that the book covers all of the advanced data analysis
techniques that could be applied to sports performance data. For exam-
ple, there is a chapter on Matlab. Matlab is a data analysis and modelling
package about which several volumes of user guides have been written.
Similarly, an analyst with the ability to use 10 per cent of the function-
ality of Microsoft Excel will be very valuable to the athletes they work
with.
The book contains nine chapters, the first two of which are a natural start
to the book. There was a choice of ordering of the remaining chapters,
which cover different types of analysis. The first chapter discusses the
nature of data and information and some general principles of data analy-
sis. The second chapter discusses the standard data analysis features of
commercial video analysis packages that readers are already expected to
be familiar with. The reason for including this chapter is that many read-
ers may use one particular package without being aware of facilities or
different ways of abstracting behaviour that are used within alternative
packages.
preface xv
Microsoft Excel is a widely used data analysis package that many
students and analysts have installed on the computers that they use. The
general purpose nature of Microsoft Excel means that it can be used for
more types of analyses than the analysis functions provided by commer-
cial match analysis packages. The commercial match analysis packages
provide the most fundamental analysis features for tagged video analy-
sis. However, they cannot be expected to include all possible analysis
functions for all possible sports it could be used for. This requires
analysts to export data to other packages for more specialist analysis. The
reason why a general purpose data analysis package like Microsoft Excel
can be used is that it is such a popular package: Microsoft has been able
to include wide-ranging features for statistical analysis, text processing,
mathematical functions and graphics. Event lists can be exported from
commercial match analysis packages and summarised using pivot tables
and other functions of Microsoft Excel.
Once you have collected your data, you need to be able to present this
information in a usable format for the intended viewer. Dashboards have
been used in business intelligence for many years; the transfer of this
knowledge to sport with the growth of the data collected was inevitable.
Being able to communicate quickly and efficiently to your players,
coaches and other personnel the information you have collected is vital.
This presentation then becomes the first access point that allows further
investigation using the performance analysis packages.
The higher-end versions of the Sportscode package provide a Statistical
Window which currently has no equivalent in the alternative packages.
The Statistical Window is a grid of cells that contain scripts that are
programmed to calculate and display information. The scripts access data
from the timeline and the information computed can be sent to the code
window or an output window. There are many Sportscode users who do
not use Statistical Windows within their systems. Script programming
requires similar skills to other types of computer programming. A minor-
ity of skilled analysts are capable of developing systems that include
Statistical Windows. The fifth chapter of the book is aimed at aspiring
analysts who wish to develop this ability. It is an introduction that takes
readers through three examples ranging from simple percentage calcu-
lation to a more complex example of automatically updating the score
of a tennis match. Those interested in script programming should support
the reading of this chapter by developing scripts of use to their own
systems. Those with an ability to programme scripts can potentially work
xvi preface
as consultants developing systems for use by other analysts working with
athletes and squads.
Chapter 6 discusses the analysis of player tracking data in team sports.
A variety of player tracking systems is used, ranging from relatively low-
cost GPS systems to high-cost image processing systems that are used in
professional soccer clubs. The player tracking systems do have analysis
facilities that provide useful outputs. However, there are tactical behav-
iours of teams that could potentially be recognised from player tracking
data. Chapter 6 proposes a five stage process of developing such algo-
rithms using challenging in soccer as an example. Algorithms that
recognise tactical aspects of collective behaviour in team sports are
potentially beneficial to squads. The efficiency of an automated process
allows for feedback about such behaviours to be made using quantitative
information or relevant video sequences.
Matlab is a programming language and environment used for data analy-
sis, modelling and simulation. It allows complex data structures to be
created and analysed. Matlab has great potential for the analysis of sports
performance data. Chapter 7 uses an example of analysing player track-
ing data to automatically identify where defences apply pressure, backup
and cover according to Olsen’s (1981) principles. A second example is a
simulation system for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. There are toolkits for
artificial neural networks, image processing and other advanced analy-
ses that the book does not go into. The chapter gives readers an
introduction that will allow them to start developing programming skills
in Matlab. Scientific research into sports performance particularly can
benefit from the use of Matlab.
Chapter 8 covers statistical analysis of sports performance data. This is
a topic covered in other textbooks. However, the pre-processing of sports
performance data prior to statistical analysis is of particular interest to
the chapter. Many students are more than capable of selecting the correct
statistical procedure to use and use statistical packages to produce statis-
tical results. However, they sometimes have difficulty transforming data
into a form that can be analysed using statistics packages. Chapter 8
discusses the use of pivot tables and other types of pre-processing that
transform data into a form where they can be entered into SPSS for statis-
tical analysis.
The final chapter covers reliability assessment in sports performance
analysis. This is another area that has been covered in depth elsewhere.
preface xvii
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