Laboratory Solutions Preparation
Manual
This manual provides detailed preparation methods for standard laboratory solutions. Each
recipe includes the required chemicals, concentrations, and preparation steps. All solutions
must be prepared using distilled or deionized water. Handle corrosive and toxic chemicals
with appropriate safety precautions.
Solution Preparation Methods
Ammonium Acetate Buffer pH 5.5
**Preparation Method:** Dissolve 77.08 g of ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4, MW =
77.08) in distilled water and make the volume up to 1 L. Adjust the pH to 5.5 using glacial
acetic acid or ammonium hydroxide as needed.
**Notes:** Used as a buffer solution. Handle glacial acetic acid with care.
Ammonium Iron(III) Sulphate 5.0%
**Preparation Method:** Dissolve 5 g of ammonium iron(III) sulphate dodecahydrate
(NH4Fe(SO4)2·12H2O, MW ≈ 482.25) in distilled water and dilute to 100 mL.
**Notes:** Store in a dark bottle to avoid decomposition.
Ammonium Molybdate 8%
**Preparation Method:** Dissolve 8 g of ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O, MW
≈ 1235.86) in distilled water and make up to 100 mL.
**Notes:** Avoid inhalation of dust.
Ammonium Nitrate 2%
**Preparation Method:** Dissolve 2 g of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3, MW = 80.04) in
distilled water and make up to 100 mL.
**Notes:** Oxidizer – keep away from combustible materials.
Ammonia Solution 1:1
**Preparation Method:** Mix equal volumes of concentrated ammonia solution (~28%) and
distilled water to obtain a 1:1 diluted ammonia solution.
**Notes:** Work in a fume hood due to strong vapors.
Alkali Buffer 2.0 M
**Preparation Method:** Dissolve 80 g of NaOH pellets (MW = 40) in distilled water and
make the volume up to 1 L.
**Notes:** Strongly caustic – handle with gloves and goggles.
Barium Chloride 10%
**Preparation Method:** Dissolve 10 g of barium chloride dihydrate (BaCl2·2H2O, MW =
244.26) in distilled water and make up to 100 mL.
**Notes:** Toxic – avoid ingestion and skin contact.
Bromine Water 1.5%
**Preparation Method:** Carefully dissolve 1.5 mL of liquid bromine in distilled water and
dilute to 100 mL.
**Notes:** Highly toxic and volatile – prepare in fume hood with PPE.
Buffer Solution pH 4.0
**Preparation Method:** Dissolve 10.21 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate (C8H5KO4, MW
= 204.22) in distilled water and make up to 1 L. Adjust to pH 4.0 if necessary with 0.1 M HCl
or NaOH.
**Notes:** Standard buffer for pH calibration.
Buffer Solution pH 7.0
**Preparation Method:** Dissolve 3.40 g of KH2PO4 (MW = 136.09) and 3.55 g of Na2HPO4
(MW = 141.96) in 800 mL of distilled water. Mix and dilute to 1 L. Adjust to pH 7.0 if
necessary.
**Notes:** Standard neutral buffer.
Buffer Solution pH 10.0
**Preparation Method:** Dissolve 3.80 g of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, MW = 53.49) in 70
mL of 0.1 M NaOH solution, then dilute to 100 mL with distilled water. Adjust to pH 10.0 as
needed.
**Notes:** Standard alkaline buffer.
Citric Acid 10%
**Preparation Method:** Dissolve 10 g of citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7·H2O, MW =
210.14) in distilled water and make up to 100 mL.
**Notes:** Mild acid, handle with care.
Citric Acid 20%
**Preparation Method:** Dissolve 20 g of citric acid monohydrate in distilled water and
make up to 100 mL.
**Notes:** Corrosive in higher concentration – avoid skin contact.
