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Human Ecology of Climate Change Hazards in Vietnam Risks For Nature and Humans in Lowland and Upland Areas An Thinh Nguyen Digital Download

The document discusses the book 'Human Ecology of Climate Change Hazards in Vietnam,' which explores the risks posed by climate change to both nature and human populations in Vietnam's lowland and upland areas. It emphasizes the interdisciplinary approach of the book, highlighting the impacts of extreme weather events and the socioeconomic responses of local communities. The book aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations for adaptation strategies that can be applied in similar geographical contexts globally.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views172 pages

Human Ecology of Climate Change Hazards in Vietnam Risks For Nature and Humans in Lowland and Upland Areas An Thinh Nguyen Digital Download

The document discusses the book 'Human Ecology of Climate Change Hazards in Vietnam,' which explores the risks posed by climate change to both nature and human populations in Vietnam's lowland and upland areas. It emphasizes the interdisciplinary approach of the book, highlighting the impacts of extreme weather events and the socioeconomic responses of local communities. The book aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations for adaptation strategies that can be applied in similar geographical contexts globally.

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slavkaca5803
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Springer Climate

An Thinh Nguyen · Luc Hens

Human Ecology
of Climate
Change Hazards
in Vietnam
Risks for Nature and Humans in Lowland
and Upland Areas
Springer Climate

Series Editor
John Dodson, Menai, Australia
Springer Climate is an interdisciplinary book series dedicated to climate research.
This includes climatology, climate change impacts, climate change management,
climate change policy, regional climate, climate monitoring and modeling,
palaeoclimatology etc. The series hosts high quality research monographs and
edited volumes on Climate, and is crucial reading material for Researchers and
students in the field, but also policy makers, and industries dealing with climatic
issues. Springer Climate books are all peer-reviewed by specialists (see Editorial
Advisory board). If you wish to submit a book project to this series, please contact
your Publisher ([email protected]).

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11741


An Thinh Nguyen • Luc Hens

Human Ecology of Climate


Change Hazards in Vietnam
Risks for Nature and Humans in Lowland
and Upland Areas
An Thinh Nguyen Luc Hens
Research Institute for Resources Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch
and Climate Change Onderzoek (VITO)
Hanoi University of Natural Resources Brussels, Belgium
and Environment
Hanoi, Vietnam

ISSN 2352-0698     ISSN 2352-0701 (electronic)


Springer Climate
ISBN 978-3-319-94916-1    ISBN 978-3-319-94917-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94917-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948158

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019


This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG
part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Prolegomena

When I got the invitation from the Editors to write a preface for a monograph
studying human ecology of climate change hazards in Vietnam, I immediately
expressed my interest in reading the essay. I found out that the selection of the place
(Vietnam) to study risks for nature and the humans in a holistic way was so didactic
and wisely chosen that I thought it could be used as a pilot study with applications
in other parts of the world. The reasons have to do with the complex topography and
the general geographic location of Vietnam in relation to the most dangerous
extreme weather phenomena whose frequency and intensity have been increasing in
the past few decades. In addition, human ecology in such a complex topography and
climate indeed offers a unique opportunity toward original research of the physical
and socioeconomic impacts of climate change to be applied both to the coastal and
mountainous areas of Vietnam.
Professors An Thinh Nguyen and Luc Hens as Editors in Chief are providing to
the scientific community a unique collection of original research papers and offer
clarifications on the relationships between local communities and various environ-
ments subjected to climate change hazards. It is obvious to the reader that the aim
of this monograph is to provide a holistic outlook on the impacts to the societies in
Vietnam as affected at least partially by climate change. Human ecological princi-
ples have been applied to local communities concerning their response to a hazard-
ous environment. The book provides an inspiring mosaic in a wide range of
applications of human ecology. The diversity of biophysical, socioeconomic, and
policy responses are interpreted in an easily readable way, and the monograph suc-
cessfully provides information on the economic effects at the most affected areas of
Vietnam.
It is interesting to note here that the selection of two types of Vietnamese land-
scapes, i.e., the dominant mountainous and the much smaller coastal lowland, can
be used as local examples that other countries with similar topography can use on
their own adaptation strategies to climate change hazards. It will be also extremely
useful to Vietnam policies to cope according to the complexity of their landscape
and the response of the society to extreme weather and environmental effects.

v
vi Prolegomena

This book offers to the reader an interesting navigation in the effects of the most
violent weather tropical storms, floods, and on longer time scales sea level rise and
coastal erosion, highlighting the impacts on humans and their development pros-
pects. Heavy rains, floods, and landslides and the biophysical and socioeconomic
impacts at selected sites are impressively presented. Finally, the book provides use-
ful recommendations toward resilient landscapes and improved green cities in
Vietnam.
To conclude, this monograph is original, presents new results, and provides a
new look in its conclusions clarifying relationships between local communities sub-
jected to climate and weather hazards. Although it contains lots of useful informa-
tion for this particularly vulnerable part of the world, the conclusions have significant
global value embracing international interest to the reader. I am confident that the
reader of this impressive monograph will find it as useful and as a pleasant exercise
which applies also to other parts of the world similar to the Vietnam social and natu-
ral vulnerability to spectacular phenomena and to societies at complex topography.
The authors and the Chief Editors should be very proud for the outcome of such a
complex and difficult task that they have so successfully accomplished.
Athens, 5 July 2018 Christos Zerefos
President of the Hellenic Foundation
for Research and Innovation
Foreword

Over the last 25 years, the issue of climate change has left the confines of the
­scientific research community, and is now recognized as a major, global societal
problem. Gradually and progressively, potential impacts on future generations are
becoming understood, including essential aspects of the way society will produce
energy and organize its mobility. These realizations have moved the debate from sci-
entific uncertainty and its associated doubts, to concrete policy and societal actions.
Vietnam ranks among the countries most affected by climate change. Although
there is a lot of variation in the country, which spans 15° latitude, temperatures have
overall increased, rain regimes have changed, monsoon season has extended, and
tropical storms have increased both in number and intensity.
These changes increasingly affect both the natural and the human environment.
Storms cause erosion of the coastline and beaches which are necessary assets for the
inhabitants of the dunes and for tourism. An increasing number of Vietnam’s islands
have already disappeared in the sea or are threatened by erosion. People living near
the sea or in the lowland of the Red River delta and the Mekong delta face the con-
sequences of the storms and inundations, and find their houses and the public infra-
structure damaged or destroyed.
As a part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changes and
in the context of its “green economy” shift, the Vietnamese government established
a comprehensive climate change policy which is now being implemented by the
provinces and the communes. Coastal cities such as Da Nang and Hai Phong have
successfully implemented green innovations. They established a renewable energy
policy, paid particular attention to the green patrimony of the city, and managed
their ports effectively.
I particularly welcome this book because of its interdisciplinary character: It
looks beyond the biophysical aspects of climate change and puts particular empha-
sis on people. It deals with their perception, their expectations, and their realizations
adapting to the effects of climate change. It discusses the resilience and the innova-
tion on the subject. As an economist, I particularly appreciate the sections on the
monetary aspects of storms and natural disasters addressed by the book.

vii
viii Foreword

The book has a series of original aspects, not only its human targeted inspira-
tion but also the human ecological approach. Combining different methods in
original research frameworks is a strength which might provide inspiration to sci-
entists worldwide. On its contents, the reader will find here not only an analysis of
the already often addressed natural disaster problems along the coast, but also the
less studied mountains which are frequently affected by storms.
This book deserves a wide reading audience. Although it is primarily a contribu-
tion to the human ecological science backing climate change, the content and the
analysis are important for all of us concerned about sustainable development and
the effects of the increasing frequency and intensity of the associated natural disas-
ters. Allow me to strongly recommend this book not only to scientists but also to a
wide range of societal actors.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Thanh
Vice-Minister Security, Vietnam
Acronyms

AHP Analytic hierarchy process


ARIMA Autoregressive integrated moving average model
CBA Cost-benefit analysis
CCFSC Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control
CI Consistency index
CR Consistency ratio
CRA Community risk assessment
DEM Digital elevation model
DPSIR Driver-pressure-state-impact-response
EBM Ecosystem-based management
EEA European Environment Agency
EIA Environmental impact assessment
EZ Economic zone
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FHZI Flooding hazard zone index
GDP Gross domestic product
GIS Geographic information system
ICZM Integrated coastal zone management
IMGG Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics (Vietnam)
IMHEN Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ISPONRE Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment
LHZI Landslide hazard zone index
LULCC Land use land cover change
MCDA Multiple-criteria decision analysis
MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam)
NPV Net present value
NTP-CC The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change
OECD The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder

ix
x Acronyms

RCPs Representative concentration pathways


RI Random consistency index
SP-RCC Support Program to Respond to Climate Change
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WB World Bank
wMean Weighted mean
Contents

Part I Background
1 Human Ecology of Climate Change Hazards: Concepts, Literature
Review, and Methodology ����������������������������������������������������������������������    3
1.1 Concepts and Literature Review ��������������������������������������������������������   4
1.1.1 Human Ecology����������������������������������������������������������������������   4
1.1.2 Human Ecology of Climate Change Hazards ������������������������   8
1.1.3 Climate Change Hazards in Vietnam�������������������������������������� 12
1.2 Methodology �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
1.2.1 Integration of Time and Space������������������������������������������������ 17
1.2.2 Integration of Biophysical with Socioeconomic Data������������ 22
1.2.3 Stakeholder Delphi Survey ���������������������������������������������������� 23
1.2.4 Analytical Complete (Unraveling Complexity)���������������������� 27
1.2.5 Combination Methods������������������������������������������������������������ 30
1.3 The Challenge ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 34
1.4 Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 35
2 Climate Change-Associated Hazards, Impacts, and Vulnerability
at Regional Level��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   37
2.1 Climate Change Hazard Impacts and Vulnerability
Along the Vietnamese Northern Central Coast���������������������������������� 38
2.1.1 The Northern Part of the Central Coast of Vietnam �������������� 38
2.1.2 Climate Change���������������������������������������������������������������������� 39
2.1.3 Natural Hazards���������������������������������������������������������������������� 43
2.1.4 Climate Change Vulnerability������������������������������������������������ 44
2.2 Climate Change Hazards in the Vietnamese Northern
Mountainous Region�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53
2.2.1 Vietnamese Northern Mountainous Region���������������������������� 53
2.2.2 Natural Hazards���������������������������������������������������������������������� 56
2.3 Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 59

xi
xii Contents

Part II Risks for Nature and Humans in the Lowland


3 Climate Change Hazards and Migration Along
the Ky Anh Coast ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   63
3.1 The Coast of Ky Anh�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63
3.2 Tropical Storms and Coastal Erosion�������������������������������������������������� 68
3.2.1 Hazards from Tropical Storms������������������������������������������������ 68
3.2.2 Coastal Erosion in the Period 1973–2013������������������������������   72
3.3 Climate Change, Migration, and Adaptation�������������������������������������� 75
3.4 Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 79
4 Gross Costs and Impact on Local Livelihood Capitals
of Tropical Storms Along the Ky Anh Coast�����������������������������������������   81
4.1 Local Perception and Sectorial Impact of Climate Change
Hazards ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 82
4.1.1 Perception of Local Households �������������������������������������������� 82
4.1.2 Observations and Opinion of Local Governments������������������ 83
4.1.3 Stakeholders’ Opinion������������������������������������������������������������ 85
4.2 Valuation of Tropical Storm Damage ������������������������������������������������ 87
4.2.1 Gross Costs and Impact on Livelihood Capitals
of the September 2013 Storm ������������������������������������������������ 87
4.2.2 Costs of the September 2013 Storm Compared
with Other Storms During 2008–2013������������������������������������   87
4.2.3 Trend and Cost Analysis of Tropical Storms�������������������������� 90
4.3 Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 92
5 Climate Change Adaptation of Local Communities Along Heavily
Damaged Coasts ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   95
5.1 Delphi Survey Round 1����������������������������������������������������������������������   95
5.1.1 Revised Open Questions �������������������������������������������������������� 95
5.1.2 Drivers������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 96
5.1.3 Pressure ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 96
5.1.4 State���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 97
5.1.5 Impacts������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 98
5.1.6 Response �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99
5.2 Delphi Survey Round 2���������������������������������������������������������������������� 100
5.2.1 Statement Statistics ���������������������������������������������������������������� 100
5.2.2 Kendall’s W test���������������������������������������������������������������������� 103
5.2.3 Summary of Local Adaptation Capacity to Climate Change
Hazards ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 103
5.3 Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 105

Part III Risks for Nature and Humans in the Uplands


6 Impacts and Damage of Climate Change Hazards in the Van Chan
Mountain�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 109
6.1 Climate Change���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 109
Contents xiii

6.1.1 Van Chan Mountain���������������������������������������������������������������� 109


6.1.2 Climate Change���������������������������������������������������������������������� 110
6.2 Natural Hazards���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 112
6.2.1 Natural Hazard Zones ������������������������������������������������������������ 112
6.2.2 Gross Cost of Natural Hazards ���������������������������������������������� 117
6.3 Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 122
7 Comparing Local and Immigrant Household Preparedness
for Natural Hazards in the Van Chan Mountain���������������������������������� 125
7.1 Village-Scapes of Local and Immigrant Communities���������������������� 125
7.2 Delphi Round 1 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 33
7.2.1 Impacts������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 133
7.2.2 Local Experience and Responses�������������������������������������������� 134
7.3 Delphi Round 2 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 137
7.3.1 Statement Statistics ���������������������������������������������������������������� 137
7.3.2 Kendall’s W Test �������������������������������������������������������������������� 140
7.4 Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 141

Part IV Policy Implications


8 Building Resilient Landscapes and Green Cities Along the Coast
and in the Upland of Vietnam���������������������������������������������������������������� 145
8.1 Human Ecological Aspects of Climate Change Hazards
at a Local Scale ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 145
8.1.1 Risks for Nature and Humans in Lowlands���������������������������� 145
8.1.2 Risks for Nature and Humans in Uplands������������������������������ 146
8.2 Adaptation Policies and Measures������������������������������������������������������ 147
8.2.1 Coastal and Beach Protection ������������������������������������������������ 147
8.2.2 Green Cities���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 147
8.2.3 Sustainable Land Use, Integrated Land Use Planning,
and Resilient Housing and Landscapes���������������������������������� 150
8.2.4 Prospective Vision and Actions���������������������������������������������� 151
8.3 National Challenges and International Cooperation �������������������������� 152
8.3.1 National Challenges and Local Effects���������������������������������� 152
8.3.2 International Cooperation on Climate Change,
Local Adaptation, and Hazard Prevention������������������������������ 154
8.4 Limitations of the Book���������������������������������������������������������������������� 154
8.4.1 Uncertainties of Perception Studies Using
a Likert Scale�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 154
8.4.2 Reliability of the Delphi Survey �������������������������������������������� 155
8.4.3 Uncertainties on Damage Valuation���������������������������������������� 156
8.4.4 Added Value of the Book�������������������������������������������������������� 157
8.5 Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 159
References �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 161
Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 171
Contributors

The Anh Luu VAST Institute of Geography, Hanoi, Vietnam


Quoc Anh Trinh VNU University of Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
Thanh Cong Nguyen SP-RCC Coordination Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
Ha T. T. Le Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Thanh Hai Nguyen University of Missouri – Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
Luc Hens Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Brussels,
Belgium
Huong T. T. Chu MONRE Department of Climate Change, Hanoi, Vietnam
LY Thi Pham VAST Institute of Geography, Hanoi, Vietnam
Hoang Nam Nguyen ISPONRE, Hanoi, Vietnam
An Thinh Nguyen Research Institute for Resources and Climate Change, Hanoi
University of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Vietnam
Thi T. M. Tong Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment,
Hanoi, Vietnam
Thu T. M. Pham Thuy Loi University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Thuy L. T. Hoang VAST Institute of Geography, Hanoi, Vietnam
Van Hanh Ta VAST Institute of Material Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
Van Hong Nguyen VAST Institute of Geography, Hanoi, Vietnam
Van Trung Nguyen Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi, Vietnam

xv
Short Bibliographical Note

Editors in Chief

An Thinh Nguyen acquired PhD with his focus on


mountainous landscape ecology and geography at
Vietnam National University, Hanoi, in 2007. He did
his postdoctoral research on remote sensing and GIS at
Kookmin University (Korea) during 2009–2010. In
2014, he was appointed as associate professor of geog-
raphy and acted as the director of Research Institute for
Resources and Climate Change (IRC), Hanoi University
of Natural Resources and Environment (HUNRE),
Vietnam. His research interests include geography of
Vietnam, mountainous landscape ecology, and quanti-
tative geography. An Thinh Nguyen is the Vice President of the International
Association for Landscape Ecology in Vietnam (VN-IALE) and a member of the
Vietnamese Association of Geographers (VAG).

Luc Hens graduated as a biologist and received his


Ph.D. in Biology from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel
(VUB), Belgium. Until 2010 he was a professor and
chair of the human ecology department. He also lec-
tures at the Technical University in Sofia (Bulgaria), the
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
(Greece), the Sumy State University (Ukraine), and the
Lisbon University (Portugal). He was a senior scientific
adviser at the “Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch
Onderzoek” (VITO), which is Belgium’s biggest envi-
ronmental research organization. He is currently retired
as an emeritus professor. Professor Hens’ specific area
of research concerns the elucidation of i­ nterdisciplinary

xvii
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