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 AFRICAN HISTORIES
AND MODERNITIES

Exploitation and
Misrule in Colonial and
Postcolonial Africa
Edited by Kenneth Kalu · Toyin Falola
African Histories and Modernities

Series Editors
Toyin Falola
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, TX, USA

Matthew M. Heaton
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA, USA
This book series serves as a scholarly forum on African contributions to
and negotiations of diverse modernities over time and space, with a
particular emphasis on historical developments. Specifically, it aims to
refute the hegemonic conception of a singular modernity, Western in
origin, spreading out to encompass the globe over the last several decades.
Indeed, rather than reinforcing conceptual boundaries or parameters, the
series instead looks to receive and respond to changing perspectives on
an important but inherently nebulous idea, deliberately creating a space
in which multiple modernities can interact, overlap, and conflict. While
privileging works that emphasize historical change over time, the series
will also feature scholarship that blurs the lines between the historical
and the contemporary, recognizing the ways in which our changing
understandings of modernity in the present have the capacity to affect
the way we think about African and global histories.

Editorial Board
Akintunde Akinyemi, Literature, University of Florida, Gainesville
Malami Buba, African Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies,
Yongin, South Korea
Emmanuel Mbah, History, CUNY, College of Staten Island
Insa Nolte, History, University of Birmingham
Shadrack Wanjala Nasong’o, International Studies, Rhodes College
Samuel Oloruntoba, Political Science, TMALI, University of South Africa
Bridget Teboh, History, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14758
 Kenneth Kalu • Toyin Falola
Editors

Exploitation
and Misrule in
Colonial and
Postcolonial Africa
Editors
Kenneth Kalu Toyin Falola
Ted Rogers School of Management The University of Texas at Austin
Ryerson University Austin, TX, USA
Toronto, ON, Canada

African Histories and Modernities

ISBN 978-3-319-96495-9    ISBN 978-3-319-96496-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96496-6

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953347

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG, part of Springer Nature 2019
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Cover credit: Mira / Alamy Stock Photo

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Preface

Resentment to colonial exploitation and consequent underdevelopment of

the colonies was the common theme around which Africa’s nationalists
rallied to confront the colonial government, and push for political inde-
pendence. Through various means, African nationalists opposed colonial
rule and sought for self-government, ostensibly to curb the exploitation
that colonialism represented and to work for the economic development of
the continent. Nationalist rhetoric suggested that political independence
would bring an end to exploitation of the continent by foreigners, restore
the dignity of the African, and chart a course for sustainable development
for the benefit of Africans. In a way, colonialism was seen as the evil that
must be eliminated in order to give Africa its rightful place in the global
political economy. Guided by this mindset, political independence became
an end to itself, rather than a means to an end. Consequently, Africans
came together irrespective of ethnicity or religious beliefs to fight against
the perceived common enemy of that era—European colonial masters.
Colonial rule began to crumble in the middle of the twentieth century,
with Ghana gaining political independence in 1957 and several other
countries becoming independent in the 1960s. Based on the rhetoric of
nationalist leaders of that era, and the misconception that self-governance
meant the same as good governance, Africans welcomed political indepen-
dence with excitement and hope. The expectations were that independent
African states would deliver good governance that would generate devel-
opment and unleash the potentials that were suppressed under colonial
rule. However, the first decade of political independence produced series
of crises that almost questioned the idea of political independence. A few

v
vi PREFACE

years after independence, the political and economic conditions in many

African states deteriorated. Military coups became more of a norm than an
aberration. By the end of the 1970s, almost every country in Sub-Saharan
Africa was facing one political crises or the other. Civil wars, ethnic and
religious conflicts, and general social disorders had become commonplace
across the continent. Africa’s economy did not fare any better—several
failed attempts at industrialization left the countries with burdensome
public debt and deteriorating public infrastructure. As the government
failed to provide basic social services, discontent grew among the popu-
lace, who had looked up to political leaders to bring real development.
If political independence were to produce inclusive institutions, eco-
nomic growth, and social stability, African leaders who took over political
power from the colonial masters needed to first dismantle the colonial
structures that were designed as instruments of exploitation and predation.
However, subsisting postcolonial realities have shown that African leaders
either were not prepared for the task ahead or lacked the understanding,
courage, foresight, and integrity needed to effectively work for the trans-
formation that would produce real social and economic emancipation of
the people. The failure to effectively dismantle the colonial governance
structures and to transform such institutions as the civil service, the police,
the judiciary, and other government agencies into organs for serving the
citizens meant that political independence became mere symbolism, with
little positive real changes for majority of Africans. In some ways, political
independence can be described as mere transfer of the instruments of
exploitation from European colonial officials to a few Africans who had
received some Western education in the mid-twentieth century.
Contributors to this volume have explored representations and images
of colonial and postcolonial exploitation in literature and rhetoric, as well
as through case studies that exemplify persistent governance failures from
the era of colonial exploitation to postcolonial misrule and perversion
across the African region. Overall, there is an emerging consensus that
African states must transform the governance institutions that have fos-
tered exploitation and produced underdevelopment and poverty across
the continent. Such transformation is necessary to rupture lingering colo-
nial legacies and put the African state on a credible path to sustainable
development.

Toronto, ON, Canada Kenneth Kalu

Austin, TX, USA  Toyin Falola
 Contents

1 Introduction: Exploitation, Colonialism, and Postcolonial

Misrule in Africa   1
Kenneth Kalu and Toyin Falola

Section I Encounters: Texts, Images, and Fiction  25

2 Rupturing Neocolonial Legacies in the African Novel:

Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Matigari as a Paradigm  27
Damlègue Lare

3 Decolonial Visions in Mid-Twentieth-­Century African

Rhetoric: Perspectives from Kwame Nkrumah’s
Consciencism  51
Nancy Henaku

4 Images of Colonialism in the Text of Two African Female

Poets  77
Gabriel Bámgbóṣé

5 Migration and Exile: The Exotic Essence of Life in Bessie

Head’s When Rain Clouds Gather 101
Joshua Agbo

vii
viii Contents

6 Ingrid de Kok’s “A Room Full of Questions” and South

Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission 125
Michael Sharp

7 Identity, the “Passing” Novel, and the Phenomenology

of “Race” 145
Mawuena K. Logan

Section II Encounters: Spaces of Subjugation and Dominance 163

8 Precolonial Imaginaries and Colonial Legacies in

Mobutu’s “Authentic” Zaïre 165
Daviel Lazure Vieira

9 World War II and West African Soldiers in Asia,

1943–1947 191
Oliver Coates

10 A Colonizing Agricultural Company in Somalia: The

Duke of Abruzzi’s Società Agricola Italo-Somala in the
Italian Colonial Fascist System 217
Alberto Cauli

11 The Magical Hour of Midnight: The Annual

Commemorations of Rhodesia’s and Transkei’s
Independence Days 243
Josiah Brownell

12 Colonial Ideologies and the Emergence of Two Spaces:

The Nigerian Experience 277
Bright Alozie Chiazam

Index 295
 Notes on Contributors

Joshua Agbo holds a PhD in Exile and Postcolonial African Literature

from Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK. His research focuses on
Bessie Emery Amelia Head’s novels, approached from the angle(s) of exile,
migration, trauma, and postcolonial studies. His research interests further
stretch across African history, linguistic/literary stylistics of African litera-
ture, and Afro-Caribbean studies. He is the author of How Africans
Underdeveloped Africa: A Forgotten Truth in History (2010) and Dead
Wood (2015), as well as the co-editor of the book Linguistics: An
Introductory Text. He is also a member of several academic bodies/associa-
tions, and some of which include Modern Language Association (MLA),
African Literature Association (ALA), Association of Child Development
and Communication Disorders, Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA),
Great Northern Postcolonial Network, New Routes Old Roots Network,
Refugees & Migration Ph.D. Network, and Postcolonial Studies
Association. He has published both nationally and internationally. His essay
was shortlisted for the “Barbara Harlow Prize for Excellence” in 2017.
Gabriel Bámgbóṣé is a PhD student in Comparative Literature at Rutgers
University, New Jersey, USA. He has taught in the Department of English
at Tai Solarin University of Education, Nigeria. He has also taught Yorùbá
as a Fulbright Foreign Language Teaching Assistant (FLTA) in Africana
Studies Program at New York University, New York. His interests in schol-
arship include African literature, folklore, and popular culture; African
women’s poetry; and feminist, postcolonial, and decolonial thoughts.
Bámgbóṣé is also a poet and the founding editor of Ijagun Poetry Journal.

ix
x Notes on Contributors

His work has appeared in Comparative Literature and Culture,

Contemporary Humanities, The African Symposium, Footmarks: Poems on
One Hundred Years of Nigeria’s Nationhood, Ake Review, The Criterion,
and the Journal of Social and Cultural Analysis, among others. He is the
author of the poetry collection Something Happened After the Rain.
Josiah Brownell is Assistant Professor of History at the Pratt Institute in
Brooklyn, New York, USA. His primary areas of research are comparative
settler colonialism, with a focus on central and southern Africa, and the
international law and politics of African decolonization. He holds a PhD
in History from the School of Oriental and African Studies, and he has a
law degree from the University of Virginia. His first book was published by
I.B. Tauris in 2011, titled The Collapse of Rhodesia: Population Demographics
and the Politics of Race. He is working on hissecond book, to be titled,
States of Denial: Katanga, Rhodesia, and Transkei, and the Limits of
African Self-Determination, which looks at the very similar ways in which
these three unrecognized secessionist regimes tried to gain external sover-
eignty, the similar responses that each of their sovereign claims elicited
overseas, and why these sovereign contests continue to matter today.
Alberto Cauli is a doctoral student and graduate teaching assistant in
Italian at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. He holds a BA in
History and an MA in History and Society, both from the University of
Cagliari, Italy. In his doctoral research, he investigates the relationship
between fascism and geographic explorations through analyzing the biog-
raphies of Luigi di Savoia, the Duke of Abruzzi, Aimone of Savoia, the
Duke of Spoleto, and Ardito Desio. He is also interested in the early
aviation history and in naval military history. In 2008, he published
the biography of the aviator Ernesto Campanelli, who flew from Italy
to Australia with Francesco De Pinedo in 1925. In 2015, he pub-
lished Cho Oyu, an account of the first Sardinian climbing expedition
in the Cho Oyu mountain. He has lived in Toronto in 2014, where
he taught Italian language.
Bright Alozie Chiazam is a PhD candidate and teaching instructor at
the Department of History, West Virginia University, USA.
Oliver Coates is a college supervisor in History at Cambridge, UK. A
fellow of the French Research Institute in Africa, Oliver has taught African
Studies and African history at Cambridge and at Institut National des
Langues et Civilisation Orientales (INALCO) in Paris. Oliver’s PhD thesis
 Notes on Contributors  xi

was on “A Social History of Military Service in Southwestern Nigeria,

1939–1955.” His research interests are in West African social and cultural
history, as well as in India/Africa relations and Islamic history. He has
published in Research in African Literatures, the Journal of Modern
African Cultural Studies, and the Journal of Commonwealth Literature.
He is working on a manuscript based around his PhD thesis.
Toyin Falola is the Jacob and Frances Sanger Mossiker Chair Professor
in the Humanities and a Distinguished Teaching Professor at the University
of Texas at Austin, USA. A celebrated scholar of global stature, Falola has
published numerous books and essays in diverse areas. He has received
various awards and honors, including the Jean Holloway Award for
Teaching Excellence, the Texas Exes Teaching Award, and seven honorary
doctorates. He is the Series Editor of “Carolina Studies on Africa and the
Black World,” among several others.
Nancy Henaku is a doctoral candidate of the Rhetoric, Theory, and
Culture program in the Department of Humanities at Michigan
Technological University. She describes her research interests as interdisci-
plinary, combining perspectives from linguistic, rhetorical, and literary
theory. Her research explores the intersections between discourse, subal-
ternity, and power with particular interest on the construction and/or
resistance of postcolonial and/or gendered subjectivities in discourse.
Kenneth Kalu is an assistant professor at the Ted Rogers School of
Management, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada. He was also a visit-
ing research scholar at the University of Texas at Austin, USA. Kalu holds
a PhD from Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. His research interests
revolve around Africa’s political economy. He is particularly interested in
examining the nature, evolution, and interactions of economic and politi-
cal institutions, and how these institutions shape the business environment
and economic growth in Africa. His essays have appeared in several aca-
demic journals and edited volumes.
Damlègue Lare was born and educated in Togo. He received his doctor-
ate degree in 2011 from the University of Lomé, Togo. Since then, he has
been lecturing African literature and civilization in the universities of
Togo. He was also a Fulbright Visiting Fellow of Senior Research in
African Literature at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 2016–2017.
In addition to several articles that appear in international journals, includ-
xii Notes on Contributors

ing Research in African Literatures, Research Scholar, Revue du CAMES

Literature, and langues et linguistique, he is the author of two critical
books: Diction and Postcolonial Vision in the Plays of Wole Soyinka (Glinicke
2016) and African Feminism, Gender and Sexuality: Emerging Discourses
in Contemporary Literature (Glinicke 2017). His areas of research include
postcolonial politics in literature, modern African drama, feminist, and
gender studies.
Daviel Lazure Vieira worked as a journalist and professional reader for
several Canadian newspapers, magazines, and publishing houses. He was a
contributor to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation’s public radio ser-
vice and worked for the British Council in Paris. He studied international
relations at the University of Toronto, and attended the University of
California, Berkeley, in the summer of 2015. A Jackman Humanities
Institute Undergraduate Fellow in 2016–2017, he was the recipient of a
number of awards, including the Killam American Fund for International
Exchange Scholarship and the Jukka-Pekka Saraste Undergraduate Award
in the Humanities. His essay, “Precolonial Imaginaries and Colonial
Legacies in Mobutu’s ‘Authentic’ Zaïre,’” presented during the 17th
Annual Africa Conference at the University of Texas at Austin, was awarded
the inaugural Barbara Harlow Prize for Excellence in Graduate Studies.
While pursuing research, he works as a writer, editor, and translator in
both North America and Europe.
Mawuena K. Logan is an associate professor in the Department of Pan-­
African Studies at the University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA, where he
teaches postcolonial/African literature, African Diaspora (African-­
American, Afro-Caribbean) literatures, and race and ethnicity in the
Diaspora. His areas of research encompass the socio-political and cultural
impact of Afro-Brazilian returnees on West Africa, postcoloniality and
popular music in Africa and the Caribbean, identity and racial politics in
Africa and the Diaspora, and Black nationalism in the age of globalization.
His publications include “Narrating Africa” (1999), “Negritude-
Postcolonial Interface in Cheikh Hamidou Kane’s Ambiguous Adventure”
(2009), “Postmodern Identity: Blackness and the Making of President
Obama” (2010), “Legba in the House: African Cosmology in Their Eyes
Were Watching God” (2013), “Representing Haiti: Postcolonial Discourse
and Aimé Césaire’s La tragédie du roi Christophe,” and “Sankofa: Garvey’s
Pan-Africanism, Negritude, and Decolonizing Narratives” (2017).
 Notes on Contributors  xiii

Michael Sharp has a PhD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

He is Professor of English and Caribbean Studies at the University of
Puerto Rico where he specializes in literature written in English in Africa
and the Caribbean. He has taught in universities in Greece, Portugal,
Nigeria, and at Harvard University and has been a faculty associate at the
International School of Theory at the University of Santiago de
Compostela, Spain. Sharp’s poetry has been published on both sides of the
Atlantic.
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction: Exploitation, Colonialism,

and Postcolonial Misrule in Africa

Kenneth Kalu and Toyin Falola

A number of African states continue to face daunting challenges in their

socio-political and economic affairs. Current discourses on Africa’s political
economy have been dominated by political instability, leadership failures,
regional and ethnic strife, economic backwardness, diseases, and high rates
of poverty in the general population. The World Bank reports that Africa is
currently home to the largest number of the extremely poor in the world,1
after Southeast Asia recorded tremendous economic and structural trans-
formations during the past three decades. This depressing state of affairs in
African countries has expectedly generated a lot of interests from scholars,
policy makers, and international development institutions.

1
The World Bank reports that for the first time in history, Africa has overtaken Asia as the
continent with the largest number of poor people on earth. See World Bank’s poverty data:
http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplicateWB.aspx

K. Kalu (*)
Ted Rogers School of Management, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
e-mail: [email protected]
T. Falola
The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

© The Author(s) 2019 1

K. Kalu, T. Falola (eds.), Exploitation and Misrule in Colonial
and Postcolonial Africa, African Histories and Modernities,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96496-6_1
2 K. KALU AND T. FALOLA

While there are diverse explanations for Africa’s precarious social and
economic conditions, not a few scholars point to African states’ gover-
nance arrangements, political institutions and culture, and the choices that
these institutions support, as the major explanations for the continent’s
inability to make meaningful progress toward sustainable growth and
development.2 In most African states, subsisting institutions have generally
supported crass exploitation of the commonwealth in favor of a tiny elite,
leading to a political culture defined by cronyism and clientelism, dictator-
ship, and prebendalism.3 The questions that arise is how these forms of
institutions evolved and why they have persisted despite their obvious
disastrous consequences on the progress of the African state and the well-
being of its citizens.
Scholars of African history point to two major epochs that shaped and
perhaps continue to shape Africa’s sociology, politics, and economics. The
horrors of Atlantic slave trade and the exploitation that defined subse-
quent European colonialism have been identified as two major historical
events that set the stage of what we know as Africa today. Along these
lines, scholars have, in various ways, articulated the devastating effects of
Atlantic slave trade on Africa and its people.4 Slavery was and perhaps
remains the highest form of exploitation. Atlantic slave trade devastated
Africa for several centuries, setting the stage for a culture of exploitation,
brute force, inequality, subservience, and instability—features that do not

2
See, for example, Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The origins
of power, prosperity and poverty, (London: Profile Books Ltd., 2012): Ali A. Mazrui and
Francis Wiafe-Amoako, African Institutions: Challenges to political, social, and economic
foundations of Africa’s development, (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016); Patrrick
Chabal and Jean-Pascal Daloz, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument (Oxford &
Bloomington: James Currey & Indiana University Press, 1999).
3
Richard A. Joseph, Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria: The Rise and Fall of the
Second Republic, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Nicolas van de Walle,
“Presidentialism and Clientelism in Africa’s Emerging Party Systems,” Journal of Modern
African Studies, 42 no. 2 (2003): 297–32.
4
Patrick Manning, Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental and African Slave
Trades, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Joseph Inikori and Stanley
Engerman, “Introduction: Gainers and Losers in the Atlantic Slave Trade” in The Atlantic
Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies and People in Africa, the Americas, and Europe,
eds., Joseph Inikori and Stanley Engerman (Durham and London: Duke University Press,
1992), 1–21; Paul Lovejoy, Transformation in Slavery: A History in Slavery in Africa, (2nd
Edition). (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Nathan Nunn, “The long-
term effects of Africa’s slave trades”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123 no. 1 (2008):
139–176.
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