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 Małgorzata Pańkowska
Kurt Sandkuhl (Eds.)

Perspectives in
Business Informatics
LNBIP 365

Research
18th International Conference, BIR 2019
Katowice, Poland, September 23–25, 2019
Proceedings

123
Lecture Notes
in Business Information Processing 365

Series Editors
Wil van der Aalst
RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
John Mylopoulos
University of Trento, Trento, Italy
Michael Rosemann
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Michael J. Shaw
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7911
Małgorzata Pańkowska Kurt Sandkuhl (Eds.)
•

Perspectives in
Business Informatics
Research
18th International Conference, BIR 2019
Katowice, Poland, September 23–25, 2019
Proceedings

123
Editors
Małgorzata Pańkowska Kurt Sandkuhl
University of Economics in Katowice University of Rostock
Katowice, Poland Rostock, Germany

ISSN 1865-1348 ISSN 1865-1356 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing
ISBN 978-3-030-31142-1 ISBN 978-3-030-31143-8 (eBook)
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 Preface

The academic discipline of business informatics addresses the combination and

integration of concepts, approaches, and technologies from computer science,
information systems, economics, and business administration with a focus on
applications in enterprises, public authorities, and other organizations. Business
informatics is closely related to the area of business information systems.
The conference series on Business Informatics Research (BIR) was established in
the year 2000 as the result of a collaboration of several Swedish and German
universities. The goal was to create a forum for the discussion of latest research results,
new research directions, and PhD topics in the business informatics community. The
conference has expanded to many other countries, and usually includes workshops as
well as a doctoral consortium accompanying the main conference track. The BIR
conference series has a Steering Committee, to which representatives from the
organizations hosting a BIR conference are invited. The 18th BIR conference was
located in Katowice, Poland, during September 23–25, 2019, at the Advanced
Information Technology Center of the University of Economics in Katowice.
The theme of the conference was “Responsibilities of Digitalization – Responsible
designing and shaping of future technology for digital preservation, global data storage,
and cost-effective management.” Digitalization rapidly changes wireless, bio, and
info-tech ecosystems, and enterprises must find new ways to innovate for business
advantage and sustainability. Through digital transformation, the implementation of
new technologies, like cloud, mobile, big data, and social networks increases
intelligence and automation enterprises can capitalize on new business and
optimization opportunities. Business leaders and Information Communication
Technology (ICT) system developers need democratic innovation culture as well as
new approaches to system design and exploitation. BIR 2019 is focused on the
development of ICT systems to ensure system responsiveness, user friendliness, project
agility, information availability and security, business continuity, system functionality,
scalability, and efficiency. However, the ICT people are expected to develop
technologies, systems, and methods while taking into account the consequences of their
designs and implementations. Responsible designing of the future requires a change of
ethics and learning methods to include different points of view (i.e., society,
organization, individual, and information systems).
This year, the main conference track attracted 61 submissions from 22 countries.
Each paper was reviewed by at least three members of the Program Committee. As a
result, 17 high-quality papers were selected for publication in this volume and for
presentation at the conference. They cover different aspects of the conference’s main
topic as well as of business informatics research in general.
The conference program also included three keynotes: “Behavioral Enterprise
Architecture (management) – designing interventions based on behavioral insights” by
Prof. Robert Winter from the University of St. Gallen (Switzerland); “Smart
vi Preface

Recommendation Systems – managerial viewpoints” by Prof. Jerzy Korczak from the

International University of Logistics and Transport, Wrocław (Poland); and “In a
World of Biased Search Engines” by Prof. Dirk Lewandowski from the Hamburg
University of Applied Sciences (Germany).
We would like to thank everyone who contributed to the BIR 2019 conference. We
thank the authors for contributing and presenting their research, we appreciate the
invaluable contribution of the members of the Program Committee and the external
reviewers, we thank the keynote speakers for their inspiring talks, and we thank all
members of the local organization team from Katowice.

August 2019 Małgorzata Pańkowska

Kurt Sandkuhl
 Organization

Program Co-chairs
Małgorzata Pańkowska University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Kurt Sandkuhl University of Rostock, Germany

Program Committee
Gundars Alksnis Riga Technical University, Latvia
Said Assar Institut Mines-Telecom, France
Eduard Babkin National Research University Higher School
of Economics, Russia
Per Backlund University of Skövde, Sweden
Robert Andrei Buchmann Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj Napoca, Romania
Witold Chmielarz University of Warsaw, Poland
Sybren De Kinderen University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Doina Danaiata West University of Timisoara, Romania
Hans-Georg Fill University of Fribourg, Switzerland
Peter Forbrig University of Rostock, Germany
Jānis Grabis Riga Technical University, Latvia
Björn Johansson Lund University, Sweden
Christian Damsgaard Jensen Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Dimitris Karagiannis University of Vienna, Austria
Marite Kirikova Riga Technical University, Latvia
Tomas Krilavicius Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania
Birger Lantow University of Rostock, Germany
Ginta Majore Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Latvia
Raimundas Matulevicius University of Tartu, Estonia
Laila Niedrite University of Latvia, Latvia
Jacob Nørbjerg Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Cyril Onwubiko Research Series, UK
Małgorzata Pańkowska University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Jens Myrup Pedersen Aalborg University, Denmark
Geert Poels Ghent University, Belgium
Vaclav Repa University of Economics in Prague, Czech Republic
Kurt Sandkuhl University of Rostock, Germany
Rainer Schmidt Munich University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Ulf Seigerroth Jönköping University, Sweden
Manuel Serrano University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
Monique Snoeck Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Janis Stirna Stockholm University, Sweden
Frantisek Sudzina Aalborg University, Denmark
viii Organization

Gianluigi Viscusi EPFL-CDM-CSI, Switzerland

Anna Wingkvist Linnaeus University, Sweden
Stanislaw Wrycza University of Gdansk, Poland
Jelena Zdravkovic Stockholm University, Sweden
Alfred Zimmermann Reutlingen University, Germany

BIR Series Steering Committee

Marite Kirikova Riga Technical University, Latvia
Kurt Sandkuhl University of Rostock, Germany
Eduard Babkin National Research University Higher School
of Economics, Russia
Rimantas Butleris Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Sven Carlsson Lund University, Sweden
Peter Forbrig University of Rostock, Germany
Björn Johansson Lund University, Sweden
Andrzej Kobyliński Warsaw School of Economics, Poland
Raimundas Matulevicius University of Tartu, Estonia
Lina Nemuraite Kaunas Technical University, Lithuania
Jyrki Nummenmaa University of Tampere, Finland
Vaclav Repa University of Economics in Prague, Czech Republic
Benkt Wangler University of Skovde, Sweden
Stanisław Wrycza University of Gdansk, Poland

Additional Reviewers
Natalia Aseeva National Research University Higher School
of Economics, Russia
Dominik Bork University of Vienna, Austria
Bartłomiej Gawin University of Gdansk, Poland
Michal Kuciapski University of Gdansk, Poland
Vimal Kunnummel University of Vienna, Austria
Bartosz Marcinkowski University of Gdansk, Poland
Christian Muck University of Vienna, Austria
Pavel Malyzhenkov National Research University Higher School
of Economics, Russia
Anthony Simonofski Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Boris Ulitin, National Research University Higher School
of Economics, Russia
Wiesław Wolny University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
 Contents

How Smart Cities Explore New Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Christian Bremser, Gunther Piller, and Franz Rothlauf

Comparison of Different Requirements for Digital Workplace

Health Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Fujan Nuryan Dehkordi, Michael Fellmann, and Rüdiger Breitschwerdt

Blockchain Awareness Among Computer Science Students:

A Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Dariusz Dymek, Mariusz Grabowski, and Grażyna Paliwoda-Pękosz

Researching Participatory Modeling Sessions: An Experimental

Study on the Influence of Evaluation Potential and the Opportunity
to Draw Oneself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Anne Gutschmidt, Valentina Sauer, Marvin Schönwälder,
and Tom Szilagyi

Automated Formal Verification of Model Transformations

Using the Invariants Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Boris Ulitin, Eduard Babkin, Tatiana Babkina, and Arsenii Vizgunov

Multi-criteria Ranking Based on Joint Distributions:

A Tool to Support Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Maria Ulan, Morgan Ericsson, Welf Löwe, and Anna Wingkvist

Towards Ecosystemic Stance in Finnish Public Sector

Enterprise Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Jarkko Nurmi, Katja Penttinen, and Ville Seppänen

Data Mining Methodologies in the Banking Domain: A Systematic

Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Veronika Plotnikova, Marlon Dumas, and Fredrik P. Milani

Multi-component Infrastructure for e-Lectures: A Viable Solution

for Small and Medium-Sized Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Vera G. Meister, Wenxin Hu, Emre Arkan, and Hannes Günther

Enterprise Architecture Oriented Requirements Engineering for Open

Data Usage in Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Mubashrah Saddiqa, Marite Kirikova, and Jens Myrup Pedersen
x Contents

Deriving Key Performance Indicators from Business Process Model . . . . . . . 148

Václav Řepa

The Unexpected Benefits of Paying for Information:

The Effects of Payment on Information Source Choices
and Epistemic Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Daphne R. Raban, Sarit Barzilai, and Lina Portnoy

The Snippets Taxonomy in Web Search Engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Artur Strzelecki and Paulina Rutecka

Model-Driven Context Configuration in Business Process Management

Systems: An Approach Based on Knowledge Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Mihai Cinpoeru, Ana-Maria Ghiran, Alisa Harkai,
Robert Andrei Buchmann, and Dimitris Karagiannis

Can I Help You? – The Acceptance of Intelligent Personal Assistants . . . . . . 204

Richard Lackes, Markus Siepermann, and Georg Vetter

Understanding the Habits: Inertia in Flipped Classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Christin Voigt, Kristin Vogelsang, Kirsten Liere-Netheler, Linda Blömer,
Henning Brink, and Uwe Hoppe

Patient Acceptance of Health Cards and Health Insurance

Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Markus Siepermann, Arbnesh Stadelhoff, and Richard Lackes

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

 How Smart Cities Explore New Technologies

Christian Bremser1(&), Gunther Piller1, and Franz Rothlauf2

1
University of Applied Sciences Mainz,
Lucy-Hillebrand-Str. 2, 55128 Mainz, Germany
[email protected]
2
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz,
Jakob-Welder-Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany

Abstract. The concept of smart city is considered as a new paradigm of urban

development. Information and communication technologies are expected to
transform cities into smart cities and improve the citizens’ quality of life.
However, smart city initiatives still have difficulties to leverage value from
technology opportunities. How smart city initiatives examine the possibilities of
new technologies is therefore a highly interesting question. Based on a multiple
case study we identify two different approaches and factors that influence the
choice of approach: Cities either initially focus on use cases solving urban
challenges, or on a systematic build-up of a technological platform for future use
cases. Innovation adoption research is used as a theoretical basis.

Keywords: Smart city
Innovation adoption
Digitalization

1 Introduction

According to the latest UN forecast, 70% of the world’s population will live in cities by
2050 [1]. This means that 2.5 billion people will move to urban areas in the next 30
years. Problems such as housing scarcity, overloaded infrastructures and CO2 pollution
caused by public transport will continue to worsen as the number of city inhabitants
increases. In recent years, numerous smart city initiatives have been launched to tackle
these problems [2]. Their aim is to leverage developments in digitalization to create
new solutions for improving the efficiency of urban services and the quality of citizens’
life [3]. The politicians’ conviction that technology can contribute to make the city a
more liveable and sustainable place is also reflected in the figures of funding pro-
grammes. The EU is providing €718 million for smart, green and integrated transport
innovations as part of the European Horizon 2020 programme [4]. Such high funding
also attract the private sector. Multinational information technology (IT) companies
such as IBM or Cisco have discovered the smart city market as a growth driver for their
business. These companies offer a variety of integrated solutions for different smart city
scenarios (e.g. IBM’s Intelligent Waste Management Platform [5]). Collaborations
between private and public sectors have also led to criticism of the smart city concept.
Brown [6], Söderström et al. [7] and Schaffers et al. [8] criticise them as inefficient and
driven by IT vendors. The inefficiency is also criticized by the European Commission
[9] which stated in a working paper, that “city planners, administrators, citizens,

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

M. Pańkowska and K. Sandkuhl (Eds.): BIR 2019, LNBIP 365, pp. 1–15, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31143-8_1
2 C. Bremser et al.

entrepreneurs and all other stakeholders must reconsider the way they have approached
urban services” to gain value from technology opportunities. Also Anttiroiko, Valkama
and Bailey [10] state that the public sector has difficulty exploiting the value from new
technologies. Despite these findings, there have been few attempts in science to
understand how smart city initiatives leverage value of new technologies.
The introduction of new technologies is described by innovation adoption theories.
The process of innovation adoption typically involves two phases [11, 12]: initiation
and implementation. Within these phases, new technologies have to overcome several
hurdles before being used productively, i.e. being integrated into an existing IT
landscape and deployed at full-scale [12, 13]. For technology innovations, the initiation
phase, where organizations search for ways to use a new technology, poses a first
serious obstacle [14]. This initial step towards the exploration of technology potentials
is the focus of our study. In particular we formulate the following research question:
What approaches do smart city initiatives use when they initially explore the potential
of new technologies for smart services and which factors influence their choice of
approach?
To address our research questions, a multiple case study with eight smart city
initiatives was conducted. The organizational adoption process [11] in combination
with the Technology-Organization-Environment framework (TOE) [15] has been used
as a theoretical foundation. The TOE describes the impact of technological, organi-
zational and environmental aspects on organizational decision-making with respect to
technology innovations [15].
This paper is organized as follows: The current research on technology adoption
research in smart city is summarized in the next section. Section 3 presents our con-
ceptual framework. Section 4 introduces the research design. Section 5 presents the
findings from our smart city cases. A discussion of the results in Sect. 6 and a summary
of the main points in Sect. 7 complete this work.

2 Current Research

The term “Smart City” has been widely used in academia, consultancies and govern-
ments. Nevertheless, there is still a lot of confusion on what it really means to be a
“smart” city [16–18]. According to Anthopoulos, Janssen and Weerakkody [19] a
smart city is an innovative city that uses information and communication technology to
improve citizens’ quality of life and the efficiency of urban services. To meet these
goals, smart cities need to introduce new technologies and realize smart services that
address the concerns and needs of citizens [19, 20].
Smart services are considered as core element of a smart city and understood as an
outcome of innovation [19]. The term summarizes the services that a smart city delivers
to its stakeholders by the use of the city’s intangible resources (e.g. people, knowledge,
methods) and tangible resources, in particular information systems, data, and corre-
sponding technologies [18, 19, 21].
Previous work in the context of technology adoption in smart cities is still scarce
and focuses primarily on influencing factors. These are either investigated for the
 How Smart Cities Explore New Technologies 3

general adoption of the smart city concept or for the adoption of a specific techno-
logical solution. For example, Neirotti et al. [3] used in an empirical analysis a sample
of 70 cities to investigate context variables that support the adoption of the smart city
concept. As a result, they show that economic development and structural urban
variables (e.g. demographic density, city area) drive the initiation of smart city pro-
grams in urban areas. Nam and Pardo [16] and Caragliu et al. [17] argue that a
successful adoption of the smart city concept depends on investments in human and
social capital, investments in modern and traditional infrastructure and the participation
of citizens. Batubara, Ubacht and Janssen [22] use the TOE to describe main challenges
in the adoption of blockchain technologies in smart cities. As a result, it has been
shown that a lack of legal and regulatory support and new governance models are
considered as main barriers of blockchain adoption.
So far an investigation of the technology adoption process in smart cities has only
been carried out by van Winden and van den Buuse [23]. They used a multiple case
study to investigate the implementation phase of smart city projects. Based on twelve
smart city initiatives they identify three types of full-scale deployments in smart city
projects: roll-out, expansion, and replication. They also identify corresponding
influencing factors, e.g. upscaling in the implementation stage is often hindered by an
absence of knowledge transfer, a lack of funding and missing standards such as data
models or IT systems.
In comparison to existing studies, our research focuses on the initial phase of
innovation adoption. We investigate how cities initially explore the potential of new
technologies for smart services and factors that influence their choice of approach.

3 Conceptual Model

For our study, we use the innovation adoption process [11] and the TOE framework
[15]. According to Rogers [11], the process of innovation adoption is described by two
major phases: initiation and implementation, with both phases being separated by an
adoption decision. The initiation phase consists of the stages agenda-setting and
matching. The agenda-setting is triggered by an organizational problem or by the
perception of an innovation. Both force organizations to weigh up possible reactions
and evaluate the potentials of an innovation. This evaluation is typically undertaken in
the matching stage, where organizational members explore the capabilities of an
innovation to predict its potential for specific application scenarios. If advantages are
expected, the implementation phase is triggered and all activities and decisions nec-
essary to put the innovation into production are carried out. The decision on how to
evaluate the potentials of an innovation is determined by an agenda which results from
the agenda-setting [11].
To investigate the factors that influence this decision, the TOE provides a good
theoretical foundation. The TOE describes the factors influencing the adoption of
innovations. These factors are clustered into three dimensions: technology, organiza-
tion and environment [15]. The technology dimension encompasses the characteristics
of available technologies which are relevant to an organization. The organizational
dimension covers organizational attributes, such as size, formal and informal linking
4 C. Bremser et al.

structures, competencies and the amount of slack resources. The organization’s envi-
ronment and its influence are described in the environmental dimension. It includes
competitors, industry specifics and regulation. As a very generic framework, the TOE
is extensively used in adoption research (for examples see e.g. [24, 25]) and can be
adapted to different research contexts in a straightforward way [24]. The technological
dimension reflects attributes describing existing and new technologies that are relevant
for a smart city. The organization dimension covers organizational aspects of the city
and its smart city initiative. The environment dimension describes the influence of the
multiple stakeholders that surround a smart city.
In conclusion, the conceptual framework used in this research combines the
innovation adoption process [11] with the TOE [15], as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Conceptual framework.

4 Research Design

This study uses a qualitative research methodology because we have little under-
standing of how cities explore the potential of new technologies for smart services and
why they choose certain strategies. A qualitative approach allows us to obtain detailed
descriptions of adoption behaviour. For our research purpose, we choose a case study
method. This method is especially appropriate whenever research deals with “how” and
“why” questions and facilitates analyses of contemporary phenomena in a real word
context [26–29]. Our main information sources are in-depth expert interviews with key-
informants (i.e. smart city representatives) and public documents from smart city
initiatives.
In the sense of a strict implementation of the research design, four established
quality criteria were used [26]: external validity, internal validity, construct validity and
reliability. The external validity focusses on the generalizability of the results. This is
ensured by replicating the case studies. Therefore we selected a multiple case study
design following the “literal replication logic”. The literal replication logic ensures an
analytical generalization by selecting cases from a similar contextual background to
predict similar results [26, 27]. In order to ensure a comparable organizational and
technological context, we followed the smart city conceptualization of Angelidou [30]
and selected existing major European cities with matured infrastructure. In addition, the
 How Smart Cities Explore New Technologies 5

selected cities and corresponding smart city initiatives have been validated by the smart
city framework of Giffinger [31], which consists of six main components (smart
economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment, and
smart living). Against this background, we selected only cities which are active in at
least two categories. Table 1 shows the cases under study.

Table 1. Participants of case study.

# City Inhabitants of urban area Role of interviewee
1 Amsterdam >2.3 Mio. Program ambassador
2 Barcelona >5.3 Mio. Catalan smart city coordinator
3 Dublin >1.9 Mio. Smart city coordinator
4 Cologne >2.1 Mio. Smart city project manager
5 Copenhagen >1.3 Mio. Head of IT
6 Berlin >4.1 Mio. Policy advisor smart city
7 Vienna >1.7 Mio. Expert for urban innovation
8 Zurich >1.6 Mio. Deputy director urban development

Following Eisenhardt [32], an a priori specification of constructs helps researchers

to shape the initial design of theory-building research. In order to ensure internal
validity, we followed this argumentation and developed the interview guideline on the
basis of the conceptual framework described in Sect. 3 of this paper. The expert
interviews were semi-structured and we kept our questions open to allow interviewees
freely to speak. The first part contained general questions about the role and respon-
sibility of the interviewee and the general goals of the smart city initiative. The
remaining part of the interview guide was structured analogously to the conceptual
model. The second part of our questions concentrated on activities related to agenda-
setting. For example, we asked how specific needs for technology innovations are
recognized, how they are prioritized and whether specific objectives for technology
adoption exist. We also asked about factors that have influenced the first decisions
about dealing with new technologies. Hereby we covered in particular the TOE
dimension of our conceptual model. The third and most extensive set of questions was
directed upon the matching stage. We focussed on “why” and “how” the initiatives
explore the potentials of new technologies. These questions concerned, e.g. the
methods and challenges during the identification of technology opportunities, the
evaluation of technology potentials and the criteria applied therein.
Yin [26] suggests triangulation to ensure construct validity. Within the case studies,
different data sources were therefore used. In addition to the key-informant interviews
the rich body of public documents of smart city initiatives was analysed to validate the
information retrieved from the key-informant interviews. In total 151 technology
adoption related press articles, blog entries, white papers, annual reports and confer-
ence presentations were screened and 5 supplementary interviews with further smart
city officials were conducted.
In order to minimize errors and biases, the reliability of the case study analysis was
ensured by establishing a case study database. There, we stored all information about
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