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THE IAW OF TORTS
IN SINGAPORE

Second Edition
ABOUT THE LAW PRACTICE SERIES

The series aims to publish seminal works on key subject areas in legal
practice.
Corporate Law (2015)
Competition Law and Policy in Singapore (2nd Ed) (2015)
Personal Property Law (2014)
THE LAW OF TORTS-
Intellectual Property Law of Singapore (2013) IN SINGAPORE
Principles of Civil Procedure (2013)
The Law of Contract in Singapore (2012)
Second Edition
A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law (2012)
The Cri.mirial Procedure Code of Singapore - Annotations and
Commentary (2012)
The Law of Torts in Singapore (2011)
The Law of Agency (2010) Gary Chan Kok Yew
LLB (Hons), MA (SoutheastAsian Studies)
Corporate Governance - Practice and Issues (2010)
(National University of Singapore),
Competition Law and Policy in Singapore (2009) BA (Philosophy), LLM (Merit) (University of London);
Sentencing Principles in Singapore (2009) Advocate and Solicitor {Singapore),
Auorney and Counselor-at-Law (New York};
Modern Advocacy- Perspectives from Singapore (2008) Associate Professor of Law, School of Law,
Ethics and Professional Responsibility - A Code for the Advocate Singapore Management University
and Solicitor (2007)
LeePeyWoan
LLB (Hons) (King's College, University of London),
BCL (University of Ox.ford);
Barrister (Middle Temple),
Advocate and Solicitor (Singapore);
Associate Professor of Law, School of Law,
Singapore Management University

It\ Academy
~ Publishing
2016
Academy Publishing is a division of the Singapore Academy of Law.
The Singapore Academy of Law is the promotion and development agency
for Singapore's legal industry. Its vision is to make Singapore the legal hub of
Asia. It aims to drive legal excellence through developing thought leadership, Preface
world-class infrastructure and legal solutions. It does this by building up the
intellectual capital of the legal profession by enhancing legal knowledge,
raising the international profile of Singapore law, promoting Singapore as a
centre for dispute resolution and improving the efficiency of legal practice
through the use of technology. More information can be found at
www.sal.org.sg.
Tort law has continued to develop apace in the intervening period
since the first edition of the book was published in 2011: new torts
DISCLAIMER have emerged, existing torts re-formulated, and important
Views expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of Academy
Publishing nor the Academy. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure
clarifications made on the scope of specific torts and doctrines.
that the information contained in this work is correct, the authors, Academy Unsurprisingly, the Singapore judiciary has been a major contributor
Publishing and the Academy disclaim all liability and responsibilil)• for any to the growth of local tort jurisprudence. Of particular significance is
error or omission in this publication, and in respect of anything, or the the Court of Appeal decision in See Toh Siew Kee v Ho Ah Lam
consequences of anything, done or omitted to be done by any person in Ferrocenzent (Pte) Ltd which subsumed the law on occupiers' liability
reliance, whether wholly or partially, upon the whole or any pan of the under the tort of negligence. Consequently, occupiers' liability is no
contents of this publication. longer considered in a separate chapter but is examined as a specific
aspect of duty of care in chapter 4. At the same time, chapter 4 has
been re-organised by carving out the discussion on the impact of
COPYRIGHT
© 2016 Gary Chan Kok Yew and Lee Pey Woan. contractual and statutory contexts on duty of care. This topic, which
Published by Academy Publishing under exclusive licence. has received considerable attention both locally and abroad, is now
considered in chapter 5. The total number of chapters remains at 20.
This edition also considers other significant decisions on the law of
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in negligence. These include:
any retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, whether
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the • Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Chong & Hue LLC and AEL v Cheo
written permission of the copyright holders. All enquiries seeking such Yroh & Associates LLC (lawyer's duty to the intended beneficiaries
permission should be addressed to: under an invalid will);
• Ramesh s/o Krishnan v AXA Life Insurance Singapore Pte Ltd (duty
Senior Director, Academy Publishing of ex-employers to ex-employees when writing employment
Singapore Academy of Law
1 Supreme Court Lane, Level 6
references); and
Singapore 178879 • Go Dante Yap v Banlt Austria Creditanstalt AG and Deutsche Bank
Tel No: (+65) 6332 4388 Fax No: (+65) 6334 4940 AG v Chang Tse Wen (duties of banks with respect to investment
E-mail: [email protected] and other advice).
Developments in defamation and malicious falsehood are marked by
the Court of Appeal's decision in Low Tuck Kwong v Sukamto Sia,

, .. 'll''lT'"'_, which laid down important guidelines on the elements, defences and
remedies of these torts. Interesting and novel issues involving
defamation via new media (blog and Facebook postings) were also
considered in GoU:len Season Pte Ltd v Kairos Singapore Ho/,dings Pte Ltd
9 789810 977092 and Zhu Yong Zhen v ATA Singapore Pte Ltd (chapters 12 and 13).

v
 Preface

In Staywell Hospitality Group Pt)' Ltd v Starwood Hotels & Resorts

Worldwide, Inc, the Court of Appeal revisited the contentious issue of
whether pre-trading activity would generate the requisite goodwill for
purposes of passing off (chapter 14). In the burgeoning area of
economic torts, EFT Holding. Inc v Marinteknik Shipbuilders (S) Pte Ltd
has provided important clarifications on the scope of unla,'lful means Contents
conspiracy (chapter 15). The landmark case of Skandinaviska Enskilda
BanllBn AB (Puhl), Singapore Branch v Asia Pacific Brewems (Singapore) Pte
Ltd on the "close connection" test in vicarious liability was decided
shortly before the first edition went to print, and we are happy to now
include it in this edition (chapter 19).
On the legislative front, increased urbanisation and populati~n Page
density have precipitated two new torts. The statutory tort of v
Preface
harassment under the Protection from Harassment Act allows victims xxiii
Table ofCases
of harassment to claim damages from the perpetrators (chapter 2); xciii
Table ofLegislatum
whilst the Community Disputes Resolution Act 2015 has ushered in a
Other Sources Referred 1o CV
new statutory tort of interference with a person's enjoyment or use of
his place of residence (chapter 10). I
Chapter I Introduction to Law of Torts
Where relevant, we have also highlighted important developments
in English tort law. These include James Rhodes v OPO (clarffying the By Gary Chan
scope of the rule in Wilkinson v Downton in chapter 2); Lawrence v Fen A Introduction l
Tigers Ltd (touching on a broad range of issues in nuisance in B. Historical background 2
chapter 10); as well as Fish & Fish Ltd v Sea Shepherd UK (~n joint C. Distinction between law of torts and other areas of law 4
1. Tort versus criminal law 4
tortfeasance in chapter 18).
This second edition would not have materialised without the 2. Ton versus contract law 6
assistance and support of many people. We thank our colleagues, 3. Tort versus restitution 7
friends and students for their kind and constructive feedback and for 4. Tort versus equity 8
highlighting to us the errors and ambiguities in the first edition. D. Tort theories 9
We are also grateful to the team at Academy Publishing for L Corrective justice 9
rendering invaluable editorial assistance with much dedication and 2. Distributive justice 12
meticulousness. Finally, we wish to express our sincere gratitude to 3. Combination of corrective and distributive justice 14
The Honourable Judge of Appeal Justice Andrew Phang Boon Leong 4. Retributive justice 15
without whose support and encouragement this book would not have 5. Deterrence 15
been written. 6. Law and ecor1omics 17
7. Moral and ethical considerations 20
Gary Chan and Lee Pey Woan 8. Protection from infringement of lights 22
12 November 2015 E. Classifications within law of torts 24
1. Conduct of defendant 24
(a) Acts and omissions 24
(b) State of mind 25
(i) Intention 25
(ii) Negligence 26
(iii) Strict liability or near strict liability 27
2. Types of protected interests 28

vi vii
 Conten ls Ccntenls

Page Page
F. Sources of law of torts in Singapore and relevance of (c) Fair,justand reasonable or public policy 101
precedents from England and Commonwealth 30 (i) Excessive policy making by judges 102
(ii) Floodgates arguments and indeterminacy of
Chapter 2 Intentional Torts to the Person 35 liability 103
By Gary Chan (iii) Defensive conduct and availability of
A. Introduction 35 resources 104
l. Intention and negligence 36 (iv) Compromising the objectives of public
B. Battery 39 good and social utility 105
1. Direct physical contact with plaintiff 39 (v) Contractual risk allocation and insurance 105
2. Intentional act of defendant 41 (vi) Statutory duties, purposes and remedies 105
3. Unjustified physical contact 42 (vii) Other policy considerations 106
C. Assault 43 (d) Foreseeability, proximity and policy: Their
D. False imprisonment 45 inter-relationships 106
l. Direct act 46 4. Development of the Singapore approach 108
2. Intentional act 47
3. Confinement or restraint within particular area Chapter 4 Duty of Care: Ordinary Duties, Special
delimited by defendant 49 Scenarios and Parties 113
E. Defences to trespass to person 51 By Gary Chan
1. Consent 52 A. Introduction 113
(a) Meaning and scope of consent 52 B. Ordinary and specific scenarios 114
(b) Patient's right to refuse medical u·eatrnent 54 I. General or ordinary duties 114
(c) Withdrawal of consent 58 (a) Negligent act causing personal injury 114
2. Defence of necessity 60 (i) Road users and road accidents 115
3. Self-defence 61 (ii) Manufacturers, retailers and distributors of
4. Defence of lawful arrest and detention 62 products 116
F. Rule in Wilkinson v Dorunton 65 (iii) Employers' duties towards employees at the
G. Statutory tort of harassment 69 workplace 116
(iv) Occupiers' duty with respect to personal
Chapter3 Tort of Negligence: Overview and General injuries on premises 119
Duty of Care 77 (v) Other duties arising from claims for
By Gary Chan personal injuries 123
A. Introduction 77 (b} Negligent act causing property damage 124
B. Introducing legal requirements of negligence action 2. Special mechanics of harm 126
79
c. Duty of care: General principles and concepts (a) Real omissions 126
80
I. Introducing framework for duty of care: Spandeck (i) Omission of defendant to protect plaintiff
En.gi.ncering (S) Pte Ltd v Defence Science & Technowgy from harm 128
Agency 81 (ii) Omission to prevent third parties from
2. Historical background and English common law of causing harm to plaintiff 129
negligence 3. Special type of harm 135
82
(a) Pure economic losses 135
3. Explaining elements of duty of care 89
(a) Factual foreseeability and reasonable (i) Negligent misstatements causing economic
losses 137
foreseeability 89
(b) Proximity 93 (ii) Negligent acts causing economic losses 148

viii ix
 Contents Contents

Page Page
(b) Personal injury and property damage arising from (e) Reliance 215
negligen t misstatements 159 (f) Control exercised by d1e defendant 217
(c) Psychiatric harm 162 (g) Vulnerability and dependence of the plaintiff
(i) Negligent acts causing psychiatric harm 162 vis-<l-vis the defendant 218
(A) First proximity requirement: Class of (h) Proximity may arise outside of statutory
persons (or relational closeness) 165 framework 218
(B) Second proximity requirement: 2. Policy considerations 219
Proximity to accident in time and (a) Criminal sanctions for breach of statutory duty
space (or temporal closeness) 166 and the lacuna in statutes 219
(c) Third proximity requirement: Means (b) Indeterminacy ofliability 220
by which shock was caused (c) Conflicting duties owed to different parties 220
(or perceptional closeness) 167 (e) Availability of alternative statutory remedies and
(ii) Negligent statements causing psychiatric processes 222
harm 176 (f) Interaction between the first and second limbs of
(d) Special harm: Wrongful birth and wrongful life the Sparuieck framework 222
claims 178 (g) Where common law duty of care is inconsistent
(i) Wrongful birth - Claim by mother 178 with statutory scheme 223
(ii) Wrongful life - Claim by child 181 (h) Statutory immunity 224
c. Special defendants 183 D. Interaction of statutory and contractual frameworks 224
1. Public authorities 183
2. Lawyers 187 Chapter6 Tort of Negligence: Breach of Duty 227
By Gary Chan
Chapter 5 Duty of Care: Contractual and Statutory A Introduction 227
Frameworks 193 B. Standard of care: General principles 228
By Gary Chan C. Factors to determine standard of care 232
A. Introduction 193 L Likelihood and risks of harm 233
B. Contractual framework and duty of care 194 2. Extent of harm 235
1. Concurrent liability in contract and tort 195 3. Costs of avoiding harm 236
2. Voluntary assumption of responsibility and other 4. Other factors 238
proximity factors 196 (a) Defendant's conduct or activity 238
3. Express and implied contractual duty and duty of care 198 (b) Hazard or danger posed to plaintiff 239
4. Contractual terms concerning the nature of the (c) Reliance on third parties 240
relationship between the parties 200 (d) Industry standards or common practice 240
5. Alternative means of resolution of disputes under the (e) Standard of care of employers towards employees 244
contract 202 (f) Public authorities 245
6. Exemption of liability clauses 203 (g) Professionals 246
7. Insurance clauses 204 D. Conflicting expert evidence on standard of care: Bolam and
8. Duty of care inconsistent with contractual framework 205 Bolitho 247
C. Statutory framework and duty of care 207 E. Professionals and professional standards and practices 254
1. Proximity 210 l. Medical doctors and alternative medical practitioners 257
(a) The scope of statutory duty 210 2. Lawyers 259
(b) Type of damages recoverable under the statute 211 3. Statutory auditors 263
(c) The scope of protected class of persons 211 F. The rule of res ipsa loqv.itur 264
(d) Voluntary assumption of responsibility 214

x
 Contents Contents

Page Page
2. Specific scenarios 363
Chapter7 Tort of Negligence: Damage 271
3. Apportionment of liability 368
By Gary Chan
A. Introduction 271 Chapter 9 Breach of Statutory Duty 373
B. Causation of damage 272
B)' Gary Chan
1. Burden of proof in causation 275 373
A. Introduction
(a) "But for" test 277
B. Elements of tort of breach -0f statutory duty 375
(i) Limits of "but for" test 279
1. When does a private right of action arise 376
(b) Material contribution to damage 282
(a) Protection of limited class 378
(c) Material contribution to risks of damage 285
(b) Parliament's intention to confer private right of
(d) Loss of chance 292
action 379
(e) Causation in law: Successive torts and
(i) Where statute provides for criminal
non-tortious events - Jobling triumphs Bakerv
sanctions in event of contravention of
Wuloughby in Singapore 298 statutory duty 380
(f) Causation in law: Novus actus interveniens 301 (ii) Where statute provides for alternative
(i) Third-party act 302 382
remedies
(ii) Plaintiff's own act 305 (iii) Where statute does not provide for any
(iii) Natural causes 309 remedy or enforcement of duty 383
C. Remoteness of damage 311 (iv) Where statute provides for wide discretion
1. General principles 312 in manner of carrying out statutory duty 384
2. Special circumstances of plaintiff ("egg-shell-skull rule") 319 (v) Where Parliament could not have foreseen
(a) Physical circumstances 319 circumstances in which harm was suffered
(b) Financial circumstances 321 385
by plaintiff
3. Scope of duty, causation and remoteness: Banque 386
C. Statutory duty imposed on defendant
Bruxelks again and]S/ Shipping 322 388
D. Breach of statutory duty
E. Causation of damage 390
Chapter8 Tort of Negligence: Defences 329 F. Damage to be within scope of protection under statute 391
By Gary Clum G. Breach of statutory duty versus negligence 394
A. Introduction 329 H. Selected types of statutes 398
B. Defence of ex turfri. causa 330 1. Workplace safety and health statutes 398
c. Defence of vol.enti non fu injuria 339 2. Statutes relating to use of motor vehicles and insurance
I. Participation in inherently dangerous activities 341 policies and road traffic statutes 401
2. Drink driving 342 I. Defences 403
3. Sporting events and competitions 343 1. Volenli non fit injuria 403
4. Rescue 344 2. Contributory negligence 403
5. Employment 344 3. Ex turpi causa 405
6. Prisoners and suicide 345 4. Defence absolving employer's vicarious liability fol·
7. VoLmti defence and notices exempting liability 346 absolute breach of statutory duty 406
D. Exemption of liability 346
E. Defence of force majeure 357 Chapter 10 Interference ·with Land 407
F. Defence of inevitable accident 358
By Gary Chan
G. Contributory negligence 359 407
A. Introduction
1. Some general principles 361 407
B. Trespass to land

xii xiii
 Contents Contents

Page Page
l. Defendant's actS of interference 408 (i) Bailment 474
2. Voluntary and direct acts 410 (ii) Finders 475
3. Plaintiffs possession ofland 411 (iii) Possession by wrongdoers 477
4. Defences 413 (b) Right to immediate possession 479
5. Remedies 415 4. Subject of conversion 482
C. Nuisance 420 (a) Money 482
l. Conditions and activities interfering with plaintiff's use (b) Documentary intangibles 483
and enjoyment of land 422 (c) Non-documentary intangibles 484
2. Unreasonable interference 424 5. Defence 486
(a) Unsafe use 424 (a) Mistake 486
(b) Public benefit and social costs 425 (b) Contributory negligence 486
(c) Locality 425 ( c) ]us tertii 486
(d) Malice 426 6. Remedies 487
( e) Practicability of avoiding interference 427 (a) Damages 487
3. Who can sue 428 (b) Causation 494
4. Who can be sued 429 (c) Remoteness 495
5. Causation and foreseeability of damage 433 (d) Duty to mitigate 495
6. Defences 434 C. Detinue 496
7. Remedies 438 D. Trespass to goods 496
8. Nuisance versus negligence 443
D. Rule in Rylands v Fktclter 445 Chapter 12 Tort of Defamation: Establishing a Prima
1. Non-natural use of land 446 FacieCase 499
2. Escape of the "thing" 448 By Gary Chan
3. A "thing" likely to do mischief if it escapes 449 499
A. Introduction
4. Who can sue 450 l. Libel versus slander - The distinction 500
5. Who can be sued 451 2. Criminal defamation versus civil defamation 502
6. Causation and foreseeability of damage 451 B. Elements of a prima facie case of defamation 503
7. Defences 452 504
1. Whether statement is defamatory in nature
8. Remedies 453 505
(a) The legal tests
9. Rule in Rylands v Fktclzer versus nuisance 454 (b) Ascertaining defamatory meaning 511
(i) Natural and ordinary meaning 512
Chapter 11 Interference with Goods 459 (ii) True innuendo 515
By Lu Pey Woan (c) Different levels of defamatory meaning 517
A. Introduction 459 (d) Interpreting defamatory statements as a whole 520
B. Conversion 459 (e) Application for preliminary determination of
1. Conduct that constitutes conversion 460 defamatory meaning 520
(a) Taking or asportation 463 2. Reference to p laintiff 521
(b) Receipt and detention 463 (a) Group or class defamation 522
( c) Delivery 464 3. Publication 526
(d) Disposition 464
(e) Damage and destruction 465
2. Innocent intermediaries 465
3. Who may sue 469
(a) Actual possession 472

xiv xv
 Contents Contents

Page Page
Chapter 13 Tort of DefaJ11ation: Defences and Remedies 539 c. Remedies 589
l. Damages 589
B)' Gary Chan
(a) Basic compensatory damages 590
A. Introduction 539 (b) Aggravated damages 594
B. The defences 539 (c) Exemplary damages 595
1. Justification 539 (d) Mitigation of damages 596
2. Fair comment 544
(a)
2. Injunctions 598
Statement is in nature of comment 545
(b) Comment must be based on true facts 547 Chapter 14 False Representations 601
(c) Comment must be fair 549
(d) Comment must relate to matters of public interest 550 By Gary Chan and Lee Pt:y Woan
(e) Fair comment may be defeated by malice 551
A. Introduction 601
3. Absolute privilege B. Deceit 601
554
(a) Parliamentary proceedings 555 1. Whether defendant's representation was false 602
(b) Judicial proceedings 2. Knowledge of falsity or r ecklessness as to uuth or
556
(i) Meaning and scope ofjudicial proceeding otherwise of statement 605
557
(ii) Statements made for purpose of and prior 3. Whether representor intended representation to be
to judicial proceeding acted upon 607
558
(c) Executive matters 4. Whether plaintiff acted on or was induced by
561
(d) The Riddick principle representation 608
561
4. Qualified privilege 5. Whether plaintiff suffered damage 609
562
(a) Duty-interest test 6. Burden of proof 610
563
(b) Protection of self.interests 7. Quantification of damages 611
567
(c) Fair and accurate reports of parliamentary and 8. Defences 613
judicial proceedings at common law 568
c. Malicious falsehood 614
(d) Statutory qualified privilege I. Publication of falsehood 615
568
(e) Ancillary or derivative privilege 2. Malice 618
571
(f) Qualified privilege may be defeated by malice 572 3. Causation of damage 620
(i) Defendant actuated by improper or ulterior 4. Remedies 620
motive 5. Malicious falsehood and defamation 623
572
(ii) Defendant did not honestly believe D. Passing off 624
statement was true or was reckless as to I. Goodwill 624
truth of statements (a) Distinctive or descriptive? 625
573
(g) Meaning of malice in qualified privilege different (b) Secondary meaning 627
from malice in fair comment (c) Distinctive name becoming descriptive 628
574
(h) No transfer of malice (d) Getup 629
576
(i) Applicability of public interest defence in (e) Proof of goodwill 631
Singapore 576
2. Misrepresentation 634
5. Innocent dissemination (a) Types of misrepresentations 635
583
6. Statutory defence for network service providers which (i) Misrepresentation as to source 635
merely provide access to third party materials (ii) Misrepresentation as to quality 638
584
7. Offer of amends (iii) Misrepresentation as to connection 638
585
8. Assent or consent by plaintiff (b) Is misrepresentation deceptive? 639
586

xvi xvii
 Contents Contents

Page Page
(c) Parallel imports 644 C. Developments in England and Commonwealth on protection
(d) Instruments of deception 645 of privacy interests 711
3. Damage 646 D. Arguments for and against a tort of privacy 716
1. Gaps in existing causes of action fo1· protection of
Chapter 15 Economic Torts 651 privacy 717
By Lee Pey Woan 2. Statutory provisions, regulations, rules and codes and
A. Introduction 651 danger of parliamentary inertia 718
B. Inducing breach of contract 653 E. Issues relating to development of tort of privacy 724
1. Knowledge and intention 655 l. What is private information? 724
2. Procurement 659 2. When are privacy rights infringed? 728
(a) Direct persuasion or inducement 659 3. Right of privacy for corporations? 729
(b) Prevention and indirect intervention 660 4. Defence of public interest 730
(c) Inconsistent dealings 662 5. Remedies 731
3. Breach 663
4. Damage 664 Chapter 17 Abuse of Process and Power:
5. Justification 664 Malicious Prosecution and Misfeasance in
C. Inducing breach of other obligations 665 Public Office 737
D. Causing loss by unlawful means 666 By Gary Chan
1. Intention 668 A. Introduction 737
2. Unlawful means 670 B. Malicious prosecution 737
E. Intimidation 674 1. Plaintiff was prosecuted by defendant 739
I. Threat 675 2. Prosecution was in plaintiff's favour 742
2. Unlawful conduct 675 3. P rosecution \Yas without reasonable and probable cause 742
3. Two- and three-party liability 677 4. Prosecution was malicious 746
4. Justification 679 C. Tort of misfeasance in public office 747
F. Conspiracy 679 1. Act done or decision by public body or office 749
1. Conspiracy by lawful means 680 2. State of mind of defendant 750
(a) Combination 681 3. Foreseeability versus probability of harm 751
(b) Predominant purpose to injure 683 4. Proof of actual damage 752
(c) Damage 684
2. Conspiracy by unlawful means 685 Chapter 18 Parties, Joint Torts and Personal Liability for
(a) Combination 685 Torts 753
(b) Intention 687 By Gary Clum and Lee Pey Woan
(c) Unlawful means 690 A. Introduction 753
B. The parties 753
Chapter 16 Protection of Privacy Interests in Tort 697 I. Government 754
By Gary Chan. 2. Corporations 758
A. Introduction 697 3. General partnerships and limited liability partnerships 760
8. Action based on breach of confidence 703 4. Unincorporated bodies 760
1. Quality of confidence 704 5. Mentally incapable or disordered persons 761
2. Obligation of confidence 707 6. Parents and children 761
3. Unauthorised use 708 7. Deceased persons and estates 763
4. Defences 710

xviii xix
 Contents Contents

Page Page
C. Joint torts 763 1. Compensatory damages 824
l. Compensation byjoint torlfeasors 767 2. Aggravated damages 825
2. Contribution againstjoint tortfeasors 769 3. Exemplary or punitive damages 827
3. Tortfeasor's claim for indemnity 770 (a) Exemplary damages in negligence 832
D. Personal tortious liability of employees, officers and directors 771 4. Nominal damages 835
1. Director's personal liability 772 5. Contemptuous damages 836
2. Employee's perso!lal liability 775 6. Vindicatory damages 836
3. Partner's personal liability in a limited liability 7. Restitutionary damages 838
partnership 776 8. Damages for personal injuries and death 840
(a) General damages 841
Chapter 19 Vicarious Liability 779 (b) Special damages 847
By Gary Chan (c) Claims by estate of deceased person 848
A. Int.roduction 779 (d) Dependants' claims 848
B. Rationales for vicarious liability 780 (e) Provisional damages 849
C. When does vicarious liabilty of employers arise 782 (f) Interest 851
1. Whether there is an employer-employee relationship 783 9. Property damage 851
(a) Agency workers 785 10. Pure economic losses 854
(b) Lending and borrowing of worker 786 11. Non-recoverable heads of damages 855
(c) Dual vicarious liability 789 12. Mitigation of damage 856
(d) Relationships akin to employment 791 c. Account of profits 858
2. Whether employee committed the tort 792 D. Iajunctions 860
3. Whether employee committed tort in course of 1. Prohibitory and mandatory injunctions 860
employment 793 2. Final and interim injunctions 861
(a) Special scenarios 801 3. Quia limet injunctions 862
(i) Detour 801 4. Damages in lieu of injunctions 863
(ii) Travelling to perform work 801 E. Limitation periods 865
(iii) Employee's fraud 802 1. Date of accrual of action in tort 866
(iv) Ent.rusunent of thing to employee 803 2. Negligence, nuisance or breach of duty in section 24A
(v) Negligent performance at work 803 of the Limitation Act 868
(vi) Acting contrary to employer's instructions 804 3. Knowledge in section 24A of the Limitation Act 871
(vii) Employee's personal vengeance or 4. Overriding time limit in section 24B of the Limitation
retaliation 805 Act 873
5_ Actions based on fraud in section 29 of the Limitation
D. Vicarious liability of vehicle owners 808
E. Vicarious liability verS'US liability under agency principles 810 Act 874
F. Employees versus independent cont.ractors - Vicarious liability 6. Limitation periods in respect of equitable damages and
verS'US breach of non-delegable duties 813 injunctions in tort actions 874
G. Employers' claims against employee for indemnity 820 7. Limit.'ltion periods for tortious actions for account of
profits 875
Chapter 20 Remedies in Tort 823 8. Impact of disability of plain tiff 875

By Gary Chan
A. Introduction 823 877
Index
B. Damages 824

xx x:xi
Table of Cases

Para

A
A (children) (conjoined twins: surgical separation),
Re [2001] Fam 147 ................................................................................. 02.066
A v B [2003] QB 195 .................................................................................... 16.075
A v Bottrill [2001] 3 NZLR 622 (CA) ......................................................... 20.028
Av Bottrill (2002] UK.PC 44; [2003) 2 NZLR 721 .............. ......... 20.028, 20.029,
20.030, 20.032
A v Google New Zealand Ltd [2012) NZHC 2352 ........ ............................. 12.092
A v Hoare [2008] 1AC844 ......................................................... ................ 20.135
A L Underwood, Ltd v Bank of Liverpool and
Martins (1924] 1 KB 775 ........................................................................ 11.043
A&W Hemphill Ltd v Williams (1966]
2 Lloyd's Rep 101 ........................................................... ......................... 19.058
AAA v Associated Newspapers Ltd [2012]
EWHC 2103 .......................................... ................................................... 16.078
Aaron Anne Joseph v Cheong Yip Seng [1996)
I SLR(R) 258 .................................................. 12.015, 12.037, 13.003, 13.012,
13.027, 13.032, 13.106
AAYvAAZ [2011) 1SLR1093 .................................................................... 16.012
AB v South West Water Services Ltd [1993] QB 507 ....... 20.012, 20.020, 20.024
AB v Tameside and Glossop HA [1997] 8 Med LR 91 .............................. 04.155
Abani Trading Pte Ltd v PT Delta Karina Mandiri
[2001) 3 SLR(R) 404 .......................................... ......... ........................... 15.014
Abdul Rahman v Attorney-General [1985- 1986)
SLR(R) 705 ..................................... .... ....................................... 18.011, 18.012
ABZ v Singapore Press Holdings Ltd [2009]
4SLR(R) 648 ................................................................ 12.019, 13.091, 13.112
ACB v Thomson Medical Pte Ltd (20141 2 SLR 990 ................... 01.041, 04.165,
04.166, 07.104
Acclaim Insurance Brokers P te Ltd v Chow Cheng
Chye (2007] SGMC 21 ............................................................................ 02.085
ACD v See Mun Li (2009] SGH C 217......................................................... 20.081
ACES System Development Pte Ltd v Yenty Lily
(2013) 4 SLR 1317 ........................ .... ......................................... 10.027, 20.045
AdamvWard [1917) AC309 ............................................................ .......... 13.066
Adams v Kennedy (2000) 49 NSWLR 78 .................................................... 20.027
Adams v Rhymney Valley District Council [2001]
PNLR 4 ............................................ ... .... .... ............................................. 06.051

x..xiii
 Table of Cases Tabl.e of Cases

Para Para
Addie & Sons Ltd v Dumbreck (1929) AC 358 ..........................................04.017 Alwie Handoyo v L]ong Very Sumito (2013)
Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak (2009] 4 SLR 308 ......................................................... .......... ................ 11.041, 11.043
239 CLR 420 ............................................................................................ 04.053 Amaca Pty Ltd v Ellis (2010) 240 CLR 111 ................................................. 07.048
AEL v Cheo Yeoh & Associates LLC (2014) American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd (1975] AC 396 ............................. 20.118
3 SLR 1231 .....................................................................03.057, 04.103, 04.104 Amixco Asia Pte Ltd v Bank Negara Indonesia 1946
Aerospace Publishing Ltd v Thames Water Utilities [1991) 2 SLR(R) 713 .............................................................................. 15.068
Ltd [2007) Bus LR 726; [2007] EWCA Civ 3 .........................................20.095 AMM v HXW (2010) EWHC 2457 (QB) .................................................... 16.085
Afro-Asia Shipping Co (Pte) Ltd v Da Zhong Amus bin Pangkong v Jurong Shipyard Ltd (2004]
Investment Pte Ltd [2004) 2 SLR(R) 117................................06.084, 06.087, I SLR(R) 839 .......................................................................................... 09.035
19.089, 20.019 Amutha Valli d/ o Krishnan v Titular Superior of the
AG Spalding & Bros v AW Gamage Ltd (1915) Redemptorist Fathers in Singapore (2009)
32 RPC 273 .............................................................. ................... 14.080, 14.089 2 SLR(R) 1091 .............................................................. 02.073,04.119, 04.150
AHQ v Attorney-General (2014) 4 SLR 713 (HC) ..................................... i8.007 An Informer v Chief Constable (2013) 2 WLR 694 ................................... 06.040
AHQ v Attorney-General (2015] 4 SLR 760 (CA) ...................................... 18.007 ANBvANC (2015) SGCA43 ...................................................................... 16.068
Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v Malvern Fishing Co Ltd ANB v ANF (2011) 2 SLR 1 .................................. 12.053, 12.083, 13.007, 13.008
[1983) l WLR 964; (1983) 1 All ER 101 ............. ...................................08.049 Ancona v Rogers (1876) 1 Ex D 285 ........................................................... 11.025
Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust v Anderson v Newham College of Higher Education
James [2013] 3 WLR 1299 ......................................................................02.059 [2003) ICR 212 ....................................................................................... 08.076
Aitken Agencies Ltd v Richardson [1967) NZLR 65 .................................. 11.010 Andreae v Selfridge & Co, Ltd [1938) Ch 1.. ............................................. 10.048
Ajinomoto Sweeteners Europe SAS v Asda Stores Ltd Ang Alek v Sembawang Bethlehem Pte Ltd (1998)
(2011] QB 497 .................................................. ....... ................................ 14.041 2 SLR(R) 1004 ........................................................................................ 09.069
Akenzua v Secretary of State for the Home Ang Eng Lee v Lim Lye Soon (1985-1986)
Department (2003) 1 WLR 741 ................................... 17.034,17.039, 17.041 SLR(R) 931 ............................................................................................. 08.104
Al Amoudi v Brisard (2007) 1WLR113 ..................................................... 12.084 Ang Leng Hock v Leo Ee Ah (2004) 2 SLR(R) 361 .................................. 20.065
AJ. Enterprises Ltd v Bram Enterprises Ltd (2014] Ang Sin Hock v Khoo Eng Lim [2010] 3 SLR 179 ..................................... 14.008
sec 12 ..................................................................................................... 15.035 Ang Tiong Seng v Goh Huan Chir (1968-1970)
Alcoa Minerals ofJamaica Inc v Herbert Broderick SLR(R) 778 ............................................................................................. 06.067
(2002] 1AC371 ......................................................................... 07.112, 20.007 Ang Toh Wah v Goh Loh [1974-1976) SLR(R) 472 ................................. 19.020
Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police Anglo-Cyprian Agencies Ltd v Paphos Wine
(1992) l AC 310 ...........................................................04.123, 04.125, 04.127, Industries Ltd [1951] l All ER 873 ........................................................ 20.037
04.129, 04.130, 04.133 Angus v Clifford [1891] 2 Ch 449 ............................................................... 14.013
Alcock vWraith (1991) 58BLR16.............................................................. 19.092 Anheuser-Busch Inc v Budejovicky Budvar NP (1984]
Aldabe Fermin v Standard Chartered Bank (2010) FSR413 .................................................................................................... 14.063
3 SLR 722 ................................................................................................. 14.005 Animal Concerns Research & Education Society v
Al-Fagih v HH Saudi Research and Marketing (UK) Ai'JA Contractor Pte Ltd [2010] SGHC 85 ............................................ 05.041
Ltd (2002) EMLR 13, (2002) EMLR 215............................................... 13.104 Animal Concerns Research & Education Society v
Ali v City of Bradford Metropolitan DC (2012) Tan Boon Kwee [2011] 2 SLR 146 (CA) .................... 05.019, 05.040, 05.042,
l WLR 161 ............................................................. .................................. 05.048 05.043, 05.044, 05.066, 05.068,
Al-Kandari v J R Brown & Co (1988) QB 665 .............................................03.059 05.070, 05.071, 09.007
Allan William Goldman v Rupert William Edeson Annabel's (Berkeley Square) Ltd v G Shock [1972)
Hargrave (1967) 1AC645 ............................................04.037, 10.063, 10.097 RPC 838 .............. ..................................................................................... 14.108
Allen v British Rail Engineering Ltd [2001) Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Ltd (2002)
PIQR QlO ................................................................................................07.034 211 CLR317 ............................................................................................ 04.123
Allen v Gulf Oil Refining Ltd {1981) AC 1001 ........................................... 10.069 Anos v Merton London Borough Council [1978)
Alliance Entertainment Singapore Pte Ltd v Sim Kay AC 728 ............................................................. 03.024, 03.025, 03.026, 03.027,
Teck [2007) 2 SLR(R) 869 ..................................................................... 16.055 03.052, 03.053, 03.062, 03.083,
Allianz Insurance Co (Singapore) Pte Ltd v Ma 03.084, 03.085, 03.086, 03.088,
Shoudong [2011] 3 SLR 1167 ................................................................04.016 04.073, 04.087, 04.089, 04.099,
Allied Maples Group Ltd v Simmons & Simmons 04.176, 04.177, 05.039, 05.054
[1995] 1WLR1602 ......................................... 07.009, 07.029, 07.058, 07.060, Antariksa Logistics Pte Ltd v McTrans Cargo (S) Pte
07.061, 07.062, 07.063 Ltd (2012) 4 SLR 250 ...................................... 11.011, 11.017, 11.028, 11.036
Al-Nakib Investments (Jersey) Ltd v Longcroft [1990]
1 WLR 1390 .............................................................................................04.076

xxiv xxv
 Table of Cases Table of Cases

Para Para
Antrim Truck Centre Ltd v Her Majesty The Queen Associated Provincial Pictui·e Houses, Ltd v
in Right of the Province of Ontario [2013] Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 KB 223 ...................... ....... 04.172, 17.031, 20.023
1 SCR 594 ............................................................................................. ... 10.044 Astley v Austrust (1999) 197 CLR 1 ............. ......................... ...................... 05.024
Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Chong & Hue LLC Atkinson v Newcastle Waterworks Co (1877)
[2014] 3 SLR 761 ......................... ................................03.056, 03.057, 04. 102, 2 Ex D 441 ............................................................................................... 09.018
04.103, 04.185, 04.186, Attia v British Gas plc [1988) QB 304......................................................... 04.148
04.187, 05.013, 20.051 Attorney General v Blake [1998) Ch 439 (CA) .......................................... 16.080
Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Chong & Hue LLC Attorney General v Blake [2001) l AC 26& (HL) ...................................... 11.058
[2014) SGHC 234....................... .................... ....... ..................................20.036 Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No 2)
Anwar Patrick Adrian v Ng Cho ng & Hue LLC [1990] 1AC109 ......................................................................... 16.029, 16.080
[2015] SGCA 49 .......................................... ............................................ 20.036 Attorney-General v Ho Tee M ing (1968-1970)
AOD, a minor suing by the litigation representative v SLR(R) 382 .............................................................. ............................... 04.170
AOE [2014] SGHCR 21 .......................................................................... 20.080 Attorney-General v Jonathan Cape L.t d [1976) .
Appleton v Garrett [1996) PIQR Pl ...................... ........................0 2.054, 20.013 QB 752 ...................................................................................................... 16.083
Araveanthan v Nippon Pigment (S) Pte Ltd [1992) Attorney-General v Lee Kwai Hou Howard, Xu Yuen
1SLR(R)167 ..............................................................................04.011, 09.033 Chen , Loh Hong Puey Andrew, Choo Zheng X i,
Archerv Brown [1985] QB 401 ..................................................... .14.020, 20.011 Lee Song Kwang and Ting Choon Meng [2015)
Archibald Nugent Robinson v Balmain New Ferry Co SGDC 114 .................................................... ............................... 02.084, 18.013
Ltd [1910] AC 295 ............................... ....... ........................ .......02.061, 02.063 Attorney-General v Observer Ltd (1990) I AC 109 ......... 16.020, 16.024, 20.110
Armory v Delamirie (1722) 1 Str 505 .... ............... ..........................11.023. 11.029 Attorney-General v PYA Quarries Ltd [ 1957]
Armstrong v Times Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [2006] 2 QB 169 ........................................................................... ....................... 10.033
1WLR2462 ............................................................................................. 12.045 Attorney-General v RAnpazhakan [1999]
Arnold Mann vThe Medicine Group Pty Ltd (1991) 3 SLR(R) 810 ............................................................... 06.027, 06.028, 06.040,
105 FLR419 (SC, ACT) ................................................... ....................... 12.067 18.005, 18.006
Arnold Mann, Re v The Medicine Group Pty Ltd Attorney-General v Tod Heatley [1897) 1 Ch 560 ..................................... 10.060
(1992) 38 FCR 400 (Fed Ct, Aust) .................................. ....................... 12.067 Attorney-General.at and by the Relation of
Aron Salomon v A Salomon & Co, Ltd [1897) AC 22 ............................... 18.041 Pesurohjaya lbu Kota (Commissioner of the
Arthur v Anker [1997] QB 564........................................................... ......... 10.031 Federal Capital), Kuala Lumpur v Wan Kam Fong
Arthur JS Hall & Co v Simons [2002) 1 AC 615 ............................ 04.181, 04.184 [1967] 2 MLJ 72 ...... ..................................... ....... ...................... .... .... ...... 10.033
Arthur V\Thite (Contractors) Ltd v Tarmac Civil Attorney General of the British Vil-gin Islands v
Engineering Ltd [1967] 1WLR1508 .................................................... 18.038 Hartwell [2004) 1WLR1273 ................................................................. 19.068
Arul Chandran v Chew Chin Aik Victor [2001) Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago v
I SLR(R) 86 ...................................................... 13.010, 13.065, 13.087, 13.141 Ramanoop (2006] I AC 328 .... .............................................................. 20.041
Arul Chandran v Gar tshore [2000] 1 SLR(R) 436 ..........c• •• •••• •• •• •• •••• ••••••••• 15.061 ATU v AT'l (2015] 4 SLR 1159 ..... ....................... 12.082, 13.140, 13.141, 20.015
Ashby v V\Thite (1703) 2 Raym Ld 938; 92 ER 126 ............09.040, 17.027 , 17.040 Au Mun Chew v Lim Ban Lee (1997] 1 SLR(R) 220 .... .... ........... 12.015, 13.128,
Ashley v Chief Const.able of Sussex Police [2008] 13.140, 13.141
1 AC 962 .......................................................................01.012, 01.064, 02.008, Austin v Commissioner o f Police of the Metropolis
0 2.068, 20.041 [20 08] QB 660 ............................................................................... ......... 02.070
Ashton vTurner [1981] QB 137 .......................................08.009, 08.010, 08.012 Auston International Group Ltd v Ng Swee Hua
Asia Beni Steel Industries Pte Ltd v Chua Chuan [2009] 4 SLR(R) 628 ................. ................................................... .......... 07.064
Leong Contractors Pte L td (1996) 3 SLR(R) 253 ... .................07.007, 19.022 Australian Broadcasting Corp v Lenah Game Meats
Asia Hotel Investments Ltd v Starwood Asia Pacific Pty Ltd (2001) 208 CLR 199; (2001) 185 ALR 1........... .......... 01.061, 16.037,
Management Pte Ltd [2005) 1 SLR(R) 661 .......................................... 07.061 16.038, 16.066, 16.072
Asia Pacific Publishing Pte Ltd v Pioneers & Leaders Australian Wool Innovation Ltd v Newkirk [2005)
(Publishers) Pte Ltd [2011] 4 SLR 381 .................................... 14.094, 14.097 \ FCA 290 ............................................... ............... ..................... ............... . 15.065
Asia Star, The [2010) 2 SLR 1154 ..................................................... ..........07.109 Auto Palace Pte Ltd v Sean L iew Cheng En [2013]
Asian Corporate Services (SEA) Pte Ltd v East:west ! SGDC 110 .... ......................... ..................................... .............................. 19.073
Management Ltd (Singapore Branch) [2006] .I Awan g bin Dollah v Shun Shing Construction &
I SLR(R) 901 .......................... ................................................................. 15.054 !
I
Engineering Co Ltd [ 1997] 2 SLR(R) 746................. 06.088, 06.091, 06.092,
Aspro Travel Ltd v Owners Abroad Group plc [1996) 09.030, 09.035, 09.057, 19.023
1WLR132 .................................................................................. 12.063, 13.009 AXA Ins urance S ingapore Pte Ltd v Chandran
Associated Newspapers Group pie v News Group s/o Natesan [2013) 4 SLR 545 ............ ............ 02.085, 02.086, 10.052, 16.058
Newspapers Ltd [1986] RPC 515 ........................................................... 16.008

xxvi xxvii
 Table of Cases Tabl.e of Cases

Para Para
BDG Roof-Bond Ltd v Douglas [2000)
B Lloyd's Rep PN 273; (2000) BCC 770 ................................................... 04.185
Beckett v New South Wales [2013) 248 CLR 432 ...................................... 17.014
Bailey v Ministry of Defence [2009) 1WLR1052 .........................07.033, 07.047 Beckkett Pte Ltd v Deutsche Bank AG (2008)
Bakerv Asia Motor Co Ltd (1962] MLJ 425 ............................................... 14.012 2 SLR(R) 189 (HC) ...................................................... 15.064, 15.067, 15.069
Baker v Bolton (1808) 1Camp493; 170 ER 1033 ......................................04.110 Beckkett Pte Ltd v Deutsche Bank AG (2009)
Baker v Quantum Clothing Group Ltd [2011] 3 S1:-R(R) 452 (CA) ................................................................................. 15.064
1\VLR1003 .............................................................................................09.036 Beleggmg-en-Exploitaiemaatschappij Lavender BV v
Baker v T ~Hopkins & Son Ltd (1959) l WLR 966 .....................07.088, 08.036 Witten ~ndustrial Diamonds Ltd (1979] FSR 59 ................................... 18.028
Baker v Willoughby [1970] AC 467 ......................07.065, 07.067, 07.068, 07.069 Belmont Fmance Corp Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd
:alden v Shorter [1933] Ch 427 ................................................................. 14.045 [1979) Ch 250 ............................................................................ 15.054, 15.056
allard v MPC (1983) 133 NLJ 1133 ...........................................................20.011 Belmont Finance Corp Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd
Ballett v Mingay (1943] KB 281 ................................................................... 18.025 (No 2) [ 1980) 1 All ER 393 ....................................................... 15.056 15 067
Balmain New Ferry Co Ltd v Robertson ( 1906) ~eh.~oir ~inance Co Ltd vStapleton [1971) l QB 210 ............................. :.11:036
4 CLR 379 ................................................................................................02.061 enJamm v Storr (1874) LR 9 CP 400 ........................................................ 10.039
Bamford v Turnley (1862) 3 B & S 66; 122 ER 27.........................01.007, 10.043 ~enn~tt v Tugwell (1971] 2 QB 267 ........................................................... 08.040
Banco de Portugal v Waterlow and Sons, Ltd [1932] ennmgvWong (1969) 122 CLR 249........................................................ 10.082
AC 452 ..................................................................................................... 20.098 Beoco Ltd v Alfa Laval Co Ltd [1995) QB 137........................................... 07.070
Bank of China v Asiaweek Ltd (1991] 1 SLR(R) 230 .................... 12.015, 12.019 Berezovsky v Michaels [2000) 1 WLR l 004 ................................................ 20.127
Bank of Credit and Commerce (International) Berkoffv Burchill [1997) EMLR 139; [1996)
(Overseas) Ltd v Price Waterhouse (No 2) [1998] 4 All ER 1008 ............................................................................. .............. 12.026
Ch 84 ........................................................................................................04.075 Bernstein of Leigh v Skyviews & General Ltd [ 1978]
Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart NV v Slatford QB479 ..................................................................................................... 10.007
(1953) l QB 248 ...................................................................................... 19.013 Berry v British Transport Commission [1961]
Barber v Somerset County Council (2004) 1QB149 .................................................................................................. 17.007
1WLR1089 .................................................................. 04.015, 04.151, 06.024, Beryl Badger v The Ministry of Defence (2006)
06.039, 19.087 3 All ER 173 ............................................................................................. 08.093
Barclay v Penberthy (2012) 246 CLR 258 ......................................04.110, 05.024 Bhagwan Singh v Chand Singh (1968-1970)
Barings plc v Coopers & Lybrand (No 5) [2002] SLR(R) 50 ............................................................................................... 17.007
EWHC 461 (Ch) ...................................................... ................................ 14.014 Biffa Waste Services Ltd v Maschinenfabrik Ernst
Barker v Corus (UK) Ltd (2006] 2 AC 572......................07.044, 07.045, 07.046, Hese GmbH [2009) @ 725...................................................... 19.096 19.097
07.047, 07.048, 07.049, 07.053 Bik v Mirror Newspapers Ltd [1979) 2 NSWLR 679 ................................ :.12.078
BarkervFurlong [1891] 2Ch 172 .............................................................. 11.016 Birch v University College London Hospital NHS
Barkwayv South Wales Transport Co Ltd [1050] Foundation Trust (2008) 104 BMLR 168 .............................................. 06.049
AC 185; (1950] 1 All ER 392 ..................................................................06.087 Bird v Jones (1845) 7 QB 742; 115 ER 668.................................... 02.044, 02.061
BarleyvWalford (1846) 9 QB 197; 115 ER 1249 ....................................... 14.022 Bird v Pearce [1979) RTR 369 .......... .......................................................... 05.059
Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Bisset v Wilkinson [ 1927] AC 177 ............................................................... 14.007
Management Committee [1969] l QB 428 ...........................................07.018 BlackshawvLord (1984) QB 1 ................................................................... 13.111
Barr v Biffa Waste Services Ltd [2013) QB 455 ............................. 10.070, 10.072 Blackwater v Plint (2005] 3 SCR 3 .............................................................. 19.030
Barrett v Enfield London Borough Council (2001) Blake v Galloway (2004] 1v\ILR2844 ............................................ 02.052, 06.022
2 AC 550 ........................................................................04.172, 05.074, 06.040 Bloodworth v Gray (1844) 7 Man & G 334;
Barrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 1 WLR 1217 .....................................04.038 135 ER 140 .............................................................................................. 12.007
Bashford v Information Australia (Newsletters) Pty Blue Nile Co Ltd v Emery Customs Brokers (S) Pte
Ltd [2001] NSWCA 470 .......................................................................... 13.065 Ltd (1991) 2 SLR(R) 962 .......................................................... 19.061, 19.062
Basil Anthony Herman v Premier Security Blyth v The Company of Proprietors of the
Co-operative Ltd [2010) 3 SLR 110 ............................ 12.053, 13.011, 13.022, Birmingham Waterworks (1856) 11 Exch 781;
13.028, 13.037, 13.094, 13.095, 156 ER 1047 ............................................................................................ 06.006
13.130, 13.140, 13.142 BNJ v SMRT Trains Ltd [20H] 2 SLR 7 ........................... 04.025, 06.087, 09.030
Bazley v Curry [1999] 2 SCR 534; (1999) BNM v National University of Singapore [2014]
174 DLR (4th) 45 ............................................. 19.006, 19.039, 19.046, 19.069 2 SLR 258 (HC) ............................................... 04.027, 06.037, 19.102, 19.103
BBMB Finance (Hong Kong) Ltd v EDA Holdings BNM v National University of Singapore [2014]
Ltd [1990) 1WLR409 ............................................................... ll.054,11.058 4 SLR 931 (CA) ............................................................ 04.027, 06.037, 07.019,
19.015, 19.018

xxviii xxix
 Tab/,e of Cases Tab/,e qf Cases

Para Para
Bocardo SA v Star Energy UK Onsho1·e Led [2010] Britestone Pee Ltd v Smith & Associates Far East, Led
3 WLR654 .................................................................................. 10.006, 10.007 [2007) 4SLR(R) 855 ................................................................. 07.014, 20.036
Body Corporate No 207624 v Nol"th Shore City British American Tobacco Australia Ltd v Gordon
Council (2012] NZSC 83; [2013) 2 NZLR 297......................................04.091 (2009] VSC 619 ....................................................................................... 15.065
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee British Celanese Ltd v AH Hunt (Capacitors) Ltd
(1957) l WLR 582 ...........................................06.042, 06.043, 06.044, 06.046, (1969) 1WLR959......................................................... 10.037, 10.093, 10.105
06.048, 06.049, 06.050, 06.051, British Columbia v Zastawny (2008) 1SCR27 .......................................... 08.008
06.052, 06.053, 06.054, 06.055, British Crane Hfre Corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd
06.063, 06.077, 06.079, 07.074 [1975] QB 303 ........................................................................................ 08.043
Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority [1998] British Motor Trade Association v Salvadori (1949)
AC 232 ..........................................................................06.043, 06.044, 06.046, Ch 556 ........................................................................................ 15.017, 20.095
06.048, 06.051, 06.052, British Railway Traffic and Electric Co, Ltd v The
06.053, 06.054, 06.063, CRC Co, Led [1922) 2 KB 260................................................................ 14.033
06.076, 06.079, 07.018, 07.074 British Railways Boal"d v Herrington ( 1972) AC 877 ................................. 04.01 7
Bollinger v Costa Brava Wine Co Ltd [1960) RPC 116 .............................. 14.090 British Telecommunications pie v James Thomson &
Bolton v Stone (1951) AC 850 ...........................................06.018, 06.026, 07.105 Sons (Engineers) Ltd (1999] l WLR 9 .................................................. 05.033
Bonnard v Perryman (1891) 2 Ch 269 ........................................... 13.149, 14.056 British Telecommunications pie v One In A Million
Bonnick v Morris (2003) 1 AC 300 ................................................ 13.099, 13.105 Ltd (19991 1 WLR903 ................. ........................................................... l4.105
Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw (1956) AC 613 ..... :............. 07.031, 07.032, British Vacuum Cleaner Co, Ltd v New Vacuum
07.034, 07.047, 07.048 Cleaner Co, Ltd [1907] 2 Ch 312 .......................................................... 14.069
Bookbinder v Tebbit [1989) l \IVLR 640 .................................................... 13.006 British Westinghouse Electtic and Manufacturing
Bordeaux v Jobs 1913 Ca.-swellAlta 86 ........................................................ 12.079 Co, Ltd v Underground Electric Railways
Borders (UK) Ltd v Commissioner of Police of the Company of London, Ltd (1912) AC 673 ............................................. 20.098
Metropolis (2005) EWCA Civ 197 ..........................................................20.023 Brodie v Singleton Shire Council (2001)
Bou Malhab v Diffusion Metrnmedia CMR inc 2011 206 CLR 512 ............................................................................................ 05.061
sec 9; c20111 I scR 214 ........................................................................ 12.060 Brnok Street Bureau (UK) Ltd v Patdcia Dacas
Boui.-goin SA v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and [2004) ICR 1437 ..................................................................................... 19.017
Food (1986] QB 716 ...............................................................................09.003 Brnoke v Boo! (1928] 2 KB 578 .................................................................. 18.028
Bowaterv Rowley Regis Corp (1944) KB 476 .............................................08.037 Brook.field Multiplex Ltd v Owners Corporation
Boyce v Paddington Bornugh Council (1903] Strata Plan 61288 (2014) HCA 36 ............................... 05.015, 05.037, 05.088
1Ch109 ...................................................................................................09.017 Brooks v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
Boyle v Kodak (1969] 2 All ER 439 ................................................09.069, 09.073 [2005) l v\TLR 1495................... ........ ...................................................... 03.072
Bracewell v Appleby (1975] Ch 408 ............................................................20.046 Brown v Raphael (1958) Ch 636 ................................................................. 14.007
Bradford v Robinson Rentals Ltd (1967] 1 WLR 337 ................................07.101 Brown v Rolls Royce Ltd (1960] I v\ILR 210 .............................................. 06.034
Bradford City Metl"opolitan Council v Arora [1991) Brown v The Mount Bal"ker Soldiers' Hospital
2 QB 507 .............. .................................................................................... 20.020 Incorporated (1934} SASR 128.................... .......................................... 04.157
Bradley v Wingnut Films Ltd (1993] 1 NZLR 415...................................... 16.039 Brnwne v Thomson & Co (1912) SC 359 ................................................... 12.060
Brandeis Goldschmidt & Co Ltd v Western Transpon Brumder v Motornet Service and Repairs Ltd (2013}
Ltd [1981) QB 864 .................................................................................. 11.058 I WLR 2783 ............................................. ................................................ 09.073
Branson v Bower (No 1) (2001) EMLR 32 .................................... 13.015, 13.018 Bryan v Maloney (1995) 182 CLR 609 ................. 01.089, 04.090, 04.095, 05.015
Brent Walker Group pie v Time Out Ltd [1991] Bryanston Finance Ltd v de Vries [1975} QB 703 ..................................... 13.083
2 QB 33 .................................................................................................... 13.026 Buchanan vJennings (2005) 1AC115 ....................................................... 13.045
Brice v Brown (1984] 1 All ER 997 ............................................................. 07.108 Buckley v Dalziel (2007) 1 WLR 2933 ......................................................... 13.055
Bddges v Hawkeswonh (1851) 21 LJ QB 75 .............................................. 11.031 Buckley v Gross (1863) 3 B & S 566; 122 ER 213 ....................................... 11.049
Bridlington Relay Ltd v Yorkshh'e Electricity Board Buckley and The Toronto Transportation
(1965) l Ch 436 ........................................... ........................................... 10.049 Commission v Smith Transport Led ( 1946)
Brierly v Kendall (1852) 17 QB 937; 117 ER 1540 ........................ 11.020, 11.028 4 DLR 721................................................................................................ 06.009
Bdmelow v Casson (1924) 1 Ch 302 ........................................................... 15.024 BuggevBrown [1919] 26CLR110 ........................................ .................... 19.066
Brink's Global Services Inc v Igrox Ltd (2010] Bunt v Tilley (2007] l WLR 1243................................................................ 13.115
EWCA 1207.............................................................................................. 19.064 Burnie Pon Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd (1994)
Bristol Conservatories Ltd v Conservatories Custom 179 CLR 520; (1994) 120 ALR 42 ................... 01.075, 10.138, 10.139, 19.100
Built Ltd (1989) RPC 455 ............................................. 14.086, 14.098, 14.101 Burroughes v Bayne (1860) 5 H & N 296;
157 ER 1196 ................................... ......................................................... 11.004

xxx xxxi
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