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You
Core Sixth Edition

May Ask
Yourself
an introduction to thinking
like a sociologist
You
Core Sixth Edition

May Ask
Yourself
an introduction to thinking
like a sociologist

Dalton Conley
Princeton university

w. w. norton
new York | London
W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Conley, Dalton, 1969– author.
Title: You may ask yourself : an introduction to thinking like a sociologist/
Dalton Conley, Princeton University.
Description: Sixth edition. | New York : W.W. Norton, [2019] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018048480 | ISBN 9780393674170 (pbk.)
Subjects: LCSH: Sociology—Methodology. | Sociology—Study and teaching.
Classification: LCC HM511 .C664 2019 | DDC 301.01—dc23 LC record available at
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Brief Contents
Chapter 1 The Sociological Imagination: An Introduction 2

Chapter 2 Methods 46

Chapter 3 Culture and Media 80

Chapter 4 Socialization and the Construction of Reality 120

Chapter 5 Groups and Networks 158

Chapter 6 Social Control and Deviance 196

Chapter 7 Stratification 246

Chapter 8 Gender 290

Chapter 9 Race 336

Chapter 10 Family 390

Glossary A1
Bibliography A9
Credits A38
index A42
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Contents
xix Preface

2 chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination:

An Introduction
4 The Sociological Imagination
6 HOW TO BE A SOCIOLOGIST ACCORDING TO QUENTIN TARANTINO:
A Scene From Pulp Fiction
8 What Are the True Costs and Returns of College?
11 Getting That “Piece of Paper”
15 What Is a Social Institution?
18 The Sociology of Sociology
18 Two centuries of Sociology
19 Auguste Comte and the Creation of Sociology
23 Classical Sociological Theory
27 American Sociology
31 Modern Sociological Theories
35 Sociology and Its Cousins
35 History
37 Anthropology
38 The Psychological and Biological Sciences
39 Economics and Political Science
40 Divisions within Sociology
41 Microsociology and Macrosociology
42 Conclusion
42 Questions for Review
44 Practice: Seeing Sociologically

Contents ix
46 chapter 2: Methods
50 Research 101
51 Causality versus Correlation
54 Variables
55 Hypothesis Testing
56 Validity, Reliability, and Generalizability
57 Role of the Researcher
61 Choosing Your Method
61 Data Collection
66 SAMPLES: THEY'RE NOT JUST THE FREE TASTES AT THE SUPERMARKET
72 Ethics of Social Research
73 POLICY: THE POLITICAL BATTLE OVER STATISTICAL SAMPLING
75 Conclusion
76 Questions for Review
78 Practice: Sociology, What Is It Good For?

80 chapter 3: culture and Media

82 Definitions of Culture
82 Culture = Human – Nature
83 Culture = (Superior) Man – (Inferior) Man
85 Culture = Man – Machine
86 Material versus Nonmaterial Culture
87 Language, Meaning, and Concepts
88 Ideology
89 Studying Culture
92 Subculture
93 Cultural Effects: Give and Take
94 Reflection Theory
97 Media
97 From the Town Crier to the Facebook Wall: A Brief History
99 Hegemony: The Mother of All Media Terms
100 The Media Life Cycle
100 Texts
100 Back to the Beginning: Cultural Production
101 Media Effects

x Contents
103 Mommy, Where Do Stereotypes Come From?
104 THE RACE AND gENDER POLITICS OF MAKING OUT
106 Racism in the Media
108 Sexism in the Media
109 Political Economy of the Media
111 Consumer Culture
111 Advertising and Children
113 Culture Jams: Hey Calvin, How ’Bout Giving
That Girl a Sandwich?
114 Conclusion
115 POLICY: WHAT'S IN A NAME?
117 Questions for Review
118 Practice: Subculture Wars

120 chapter 4: Socialization and

the construction of Reality
123 Socialization: The Concept
124 Limits of Socialization
124 “Human” Nature
125 Theories of Socialization
125 Me, Myself, and I: Development of
the Self and the Other
129 Agents of Socialization
129 Families
132 School
134 Peers
135 Adult Socialization
136 Total Institutions
136 Social Interaction
138 Gender Roles
141 The Social Construction of Reality
144 Dramaturgical Theory
148 Ethnomethodology
150 New Technologies: What Has the Internet Done to Interaction?

Contents xi
152 POLICY: ROOMMATES WITH BENEFITS
154 Conclusion
155 Questions for Review
156 Practice: Role conflict and Role Strain

158 chapter 5: groups and Networks

160 Social Groups
161 Just the Two of Us
162 And Then There Were Three
165 Size Matters: Why Social Life Is Complicated
166 Let’s Get This Party Started: Small Groups,
Parties, and Large Groups
168 Primary and Secondary Groups
169 Group Conformity
170 In-Groups and Out-Groups
170 Reference Groups
170 From Groups to Networks
171 Embeddedness: The Strength of Weak Ties
174 Six Degrees
175 Social Capital
180 CASE STUDY: SURVIVAL OF THE AMISH
183 Network Analysis in Practice
184 The Social Structure of Teenage Sex
187 Romantic Leftovers
188 Organizations
189 Organizational Structure and Culture
190 Institutional Isomorphism: Everybody’s Doing It
191 POLICY: RIGHT TO BE FORGOTTEN
192 Conclusion
193 Questions for Review
194 Practice: How to Disappear

xii Contents
196 chapter 6: Social control AND DEVIANCE
199 What Is Social Deviance?
200 Functionalist Approaches to Deviance and Social Control
205 Social Control
207 A Normative Theory of Suicide
212 Social Forces and Deviance
214 Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
214 Labeling Theory
218 THE STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT AND ABU GHRAIB
221 Stigma
222 Broken Windows Theory of Deviance
224 Crime
224 Street Crime
225 White-Collar Crime
226 Interpreting the Crime Rate
229 Crime Reduction
229 Deterrence Theory of Crime Control
231 Goffman’s Total Institution
233 Foucault on Punishment
237 The US Criminal Justice System
240 POLICY: DOES PRISON WORK BETTER AS PUNISHMENT OR REHAB?
242 Conclusion
242 Questions for Review
244 Practice: Everyday Deviance

246 chapter 7: Stratification

249 Views of Inequality
249 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
250 The Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Malthus
253 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
255 Standards of Equality
255 Equality of Opportunity
256 Equality of Condition
257 Equality of Outcome

Contents xiii
258 Forms of Stratification
259 Estate System
260 Caste System
262 Class System
264 Status Hierarchy System
268 Elite–Mass Dichotomy System
269 INCOME VERSUS WEALTH
270 How Is America Stratified Today?
270 The Upper Class
271 The Middle Class
275 The Poor
275 Global Inequality
279 Social Reproduction versus Social Mobility
283 POLICY: CLASS-BASED AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
285 Conclusion
286 Questions for Review
288 Practice: The $5,000 Toothbrush

290 chapter 8: gender

292 Let’s Talk About Sex Gender
293 Sex: A Process in the Making
294 Seeing Sex as Social: The Case of Nonbinary Individuals
295 Sexed Bodies in the Premodern World
296 Contemporary Concepts of Sex and the Paradoxes of Gender
296 Gender: What Does It Take to Be Feminine or Masculine?
297 Making Gender
299 Gender Differences over Time
300 WELCOME TO ZE COLLEGE, ZE
303 Theories of Gender Inequality
304 Rubin’s Sex/Gender System
305 Parsons’s Sex Role Theory
306 Psychoanalytic Theories
307 Conflict Theories

xiv Contents
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