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Biomedical Application
of Nanoparticles
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE
Series Editors
Edited by
Bertrand Henri Rihn
Université de Lorraine
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
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have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
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has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
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mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
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used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
v
vi Contents
Index....................................................................................................................... 323
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Foreword
Nanotechnology is a field of research and development that focuses on structures,
devices, and processes based on the atomic, molecular, or supramolecular modeling of
matter at scales typically of the order of one to one hundred nanometers (1–100 nm).
The constituents—sometimes referred to as elementary bricks—are nanomate-
rials that are produced only in small quantities. Nanomaterials include nanopar-
ticles, nanostructured coatings, dense bulk materials, and nanocomposites (with an
organic, inorganic, or metal matrix). These materials are expected to show novel
types of behavior due to the relative importance of quantum phenomena at this scale.
Many potential industrial and medical applications are emerging, and some nano-
materials are already in use. The European Commission estimated that the nano-
technology world market amounted to slightly over €40 billion in 2001. By 2008, the
global market for nanotechnology products is expected to top €700 billion. Between
2010 and 2015, the economic stakes via the advent of nanotechnology worldwide
are set to rise to €1,000 billion per year across all sectors (according to the National
Science Foundation) of which nanomaterials specifically account for almost €340
billion (Hitachi Research Institute). BCC Research (https://www.bccresearch.com
/market-research/nanotechnology/nanocomposites-global-markets-nan021e.html)
estimated that in 2016, the nanocomposite market reached 333,043 metric tons and
$2.4 billion with an annual growth rate around 20% in both unit and value terms.
Over the same period, the nanotechnology industry is estimated to employ two to
three million people worldwide.
On the basis of such figures, many see the advent of nanosciences—nanotech-
nologies and nanomaterials—as a major turning point in twentieth and twenty-first
century industrial development. However, as in other industries, questions must be
asked about the introduction of these new products; notably, how to measure their
impact on health, the environment, and society. This is essential to guarantee the
responsible, safe, and controlled development of nanoscience applications.
The world nanoparticle market for biomedical, pharmaceutical, and cos-
metic applications was estimated at €85 million in 2000 (Rapport de la Direction
Générale de l’Industrie, des Technologies de l’Information et des Postes, 2004) and
reached €126 million in 2005 (i.e., an average yearly growth rate of 8.3%). This
market concerns inorganic particles used in the production of antimicrobial agents,
biological markets for research and diagnosis, biomagnetic separation, drug carriers,
MRI contrast medium, and in orthopedic devices and sunscreens. As reported by
the European Technology Platform (ETP) on Nanomedicine, nanomedicine has the
potential to enable early detection and prevention and to drastically improve diagno-
sis, treatment, and follow-up of many diseases, including cancer. Overall, the ETP on
Nanomedicine has identified more than 70 products under clinical trial that cover all
major diseases, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, musculoskeletal, and
inflammatory, as well as enable technologies in all healthcare areas. Nanomedicine
has been reported to account for 77 marketed products, ranging from nanodelivery
(44) and pharmaceutical (18) to imaging, diagnostics, and biomaterial (15).
ix
x Foreword
As emphasized by the ETP and described in the various sections of this book,
nanomedicine is a key enabling instrument for personalized, targeted, and regenera-
tive medicine by delivering the next level of drugs, treatments, and implantable devices
to clinicians and patients for real breakthroughs in healthcare. Beyond that, nanomedi-
cine provides important new tools to deal with the grand challenge of an aging popula-
tion and is thought to be instrumental for improved and cost-effective healthcare—a
crucial factor for making medicine and treatment available and affordable to all.
Lester Packer
Enrique Cadenas
Oxidative Stress and Disease Series Editors
xi
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Editor
Bertrand Henri Rihn, MD, DSc, professor of biochemistry and molecular biol-
ogy at Lorraine University, France, is a leading expert in the field of particulate
toxicology, with research topics including safety toxicology, immunotoxicology,
and investigating the transcriptomic changes in macrophages following nanopar-
ticle exposure. In addition to his research, Professor Rihn has also worked as a
clinical toxicologist, and was awarded the Baratz Award (2004) and the E. Taub
Award (2011) from the National Academy of Medicine (France). He also served as
the president of the French Society of Toxicology from 2007 to 2009, and was a
EUROTOX Registered Toxicologist.
xiii
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Contributors
Khaled G. Abdel-Wahhab Alain Celzard
Medical Physiology Department Institut Jean Lamour
National Research Center UMR 7198–Centre National de
Cairo, Egypt Recherche Scientifique—Université
de Lorraine
Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhab Épinal, France
Food Toxicology and Contaminants
Department Yahya E. Choonara
National Research Center Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform
Cairo, Egypt Research Unit
Department of Pharmacy and
Jean-Claude André Pharmacology
CNRS School of Therapeutic Sciences
Nancy, France Faculty of Health Sciences
University of the Witwatersrand
Sneha Bhagyaraj Johannesburg, South Africa
Centre for Nanomaterials Science
Research Frédéric Cosnier
University of Johannesburg Institut National de Recherche et de
Doornfontein, South Africa Sécurité
Département Toxicologie et
Nadia Canilho Biométrologie
SRSMC UMR 7565 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
Université de Lorraine–Centre National
de Recherche Scientifique Roudayna Diab
Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France SRSMC UMR 7565
Université de Lorraine–Centre National
Flemming R. Cassee de Recherche Scientifique
National Institute for Public Health and Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
the Environment
Bilthoven, the Netherlands Silvia Diabaté
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
and
(KIT)
Institute for Risk Assessment Studies Institute of Toxicology and Genetics
Utrecht, the Netherlands Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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