Lecture - 02 ( )
Lecture - 02 ( )
lecture - 02
evsjv evbv‡bi wbqg
01. †hfv‡e co‡eb GB MÖæc¸‡jv
➢ wccxwjKv k‡ãi Ôc c j KvÕ wb‡q Avgv‡`i Kv‡ivi †Kvb mgm¨v †bB| ïay mgm¨v
nj Ô w x w Õ GB wZbwU wb‡q| Avcbvi nv‡Zi Av½y‡ji †Kvb GKwU Ask
†K‡U †M‡j wK cy‡iv nv‡Z Jla jvMvb? Aek¨B bv| †hLv‡b ‡K‡U‡Q †mLv‡bB
jvMvb| AZGe GKwU k‡ãi cy‡iv Ask Avcbvi mgm¨v bq, ‡Kej ‡hLv‡b
mgm¨v ‡mwUB Avcwb gyL¯’ ivL‡eb| wccxwjKv k‡ãi Ô w x w Õ GB wZbwU
mgm¨v| w = 1 Ges x = 2 ai‡j `vuovq 121| AÎGe wccxwjKv k‡ãi Ô121Õ
g‡b ivL‡j n‡e| Avkv Kwi evwK MÖæc¸‡jv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
MÖæc 121 MÖæc 21
(K) gvóvi
(L) ‡cvó
(M) ‡cvkvK
(N) cwibvg
wbqg - 05
Zrmg k‡ãi m‡½ KiY, K…Z, feb, f~Z BZ¨vw` hy³ n‡j Ô xÕ Kvi nq
(AvMgb N‡U ) †hgb :
wbi¯¿ Ñ wbi¯¿xKiY, wbi¯¿xK…Z
ev®ú Ñ ev®úxf‚Z, ev®úxKiY
ï× Ñ ï×xKiY, ï×xK…Z
mg Ñ mgxKiY, mgxfeb
`~i Ñ `~ixf‚Z, `~ixKiY
wbqg - 08
Ô¯Í/ ¯’Õ (e¨envi/cÖ‡qv‡Mi wbqg)
• k‡ãi g‡a¨ Ô¯ÍÕ ev` w`‡j A_© _vK‡e bv kãwUi wKš‘,y Ô¯’Õ ev` w`‡jI
A_© _vK‡e J k‡ãi|
• ‡hgb: weaŸ¯Í, cÖk¯Í, †bkvMÖ¯,Í ÿwZMÖ¯,Í b¨¯Í, Avk^¯Í, Af¨¯Í, e¨¯Í,
BZ¨vw`|
• ‡hgb:
gyL¯’,†VuvU¯’,Øvi¯’,ZU¯’,M„n¯’,Mf©¯’,Amy¯’,wbKU¯’,f‚M©f¯’,mgvwa¯’,
AvZ¥¯’, `y¯’,my¯’
wbqg - 09
(K) wPiRxwe
(L) wPiRxex
(M) PxiRxex
(N) wPiwRwe
02. AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© k‡ãi ZvwjKv
¯^vqËkvmb wki‡ñ` AvKv•ÿv mi¯^Zx
mvšÍ¡bv MÇwjKv AZ¨waK ‡fЇMvwjK
Ø›Ø wÎfzR fzeb g~a©b¨
b~¨bZg K…wËevm †Mva~wj KU‚w³
k^ïi cybiæ¾xeb wKsKZ©e¨weg~p giƒ`¨vb
03. ‡`k, RvwZ I fvlvi bvg wjL‡Z me©`v B-Kvi ( w ) n‡e
➢ ‡`k: Rvgv©wb, BZvwj, wMÖm, wPwj, wMwb, nvBwZ, nv‡½wi BZ¨vw`|
➢ RvwZ: evOvwj, Rvcvwb, cZz©wMR, ZzwK© BZ¨vw`|
➢ fvlv: Bs‡iwR, wnw›`, Aviwe, dviwm, †bcvwj BZ¨vw`|
04. -Bbx, -C, -Cqmx, -bx, -eZx, -gZx, -gqx, AšÍ¨ cÖZ¨qhy³
¯¿xevPK k‡ãi †k‡l me©`v C-Ki ( x ) n‡e|
Avwj Avjx
we‡klY c` we‡kl¨c`
Avwj cÖZ¨qhy³ kãwU we‡klY n‡j Avjx cÖZ¨qhy³ kãwU we‡kl¨ n‡j
Avwj wjL‡Z B-Kvi n‡e| Avjx wjL‡Z C-Kvi n‡e|
†mvbvwj avb ‡mvbvjx e¨vsK
iƒcvwj Bwjk iƒcvjx e¨vsK
06. k‡ãi †k‡l AÄwj wjL‡Z memgqB B-Kvi ( w ) n‡e|
07. wµqvc` n‡j evbvb n‡e Ô‰ZwiÕ Ges we‡klY n‡j n‡e Ò‰ZixÓ
D`vniY:
1. AvgwU fvwi wgwó|
2. GK †KwR †jvnv fvix bv GK †KwR Zzjv fvix?
11. Ggb A‡bK kã Av‡Q hvi cÖ_g As‡ki †k‡l A/Av
D”PvwiZ n‡j ÔmÕ n‡e| Avi cÖ_g As‡ki †k‡l B/D D”PvwiZ
n‡j ÔlÕ n‡e|
A/Av B/D
m l
➢ cwi®‹vi Abyôvb Abyl½ Avwe®‹vi
ewn®‹vi wb®úÖvY wbõj PZz®ú`
wb®úvc Avqy®‹vj
✓ e¨wZµg: mZx > mZxZ¡; bvix > bvixZ¡; myax > myaxe„›`
15. †Kvb k‡ãi †k‡l Ô¯ÍÕ _vK‡j Ges Zv kã †_‡K ev` w`‡jI
evwK As‡ki A_© nq, Z‡e ïay †m‡ÿ‡ÎB Ô¯’Õ n‡e| Ab¨_vq Ô¯ÍÕ
n‡e|
¯Í - Av‡M A‡_© ¯’ - _vKv A‡_© ¯’ ev` w`‡j GKwU c~Y© kã _vK‡e| M„n,
‡bkvMÖ¯Í gyL¯’ gyL
wec`MÖ¯Í ‡VuvU¯’
Af¨¯Í M„n¯’ ¯Í ev` w`‡j GKwU c~Y© kã _vK‡e bv|
wec`MÖ¯Í c`¯’ wec`MÖ, †bkvMÖ
16. evbv‡b ev kã MV‡b Aïw×
Aï× ï× Aï× ï×
Awab Aaxb ‡gŠbZv †gŠb
DrKl©Zv DrKl© mkw¼Zv mk¼
GKwÎZ GKÎ †mŠRb¨Zv †mŠRb¨
†KejgvÎ †Kej cwiZvR¨ cwiZ¨vR¨
AvqËvaxb AvqË
17. wewfbœ cÖKvi Aïw×
Aï× ï× Aï× ï×
A‡nvivwÎ A‡nvivÎ wbt‡kwlZ wbt‡kl
wbin¼vix wbin¼vi ARvwbZ AÁvZ
ivR‰bwZK ivRbxwZK Aviw³g Avi³
cÖmviZv cÖmvi ‡R¨vwZ›`ª †R¨vwZwi›`ª
mL¨Zv mL¨ †fŠMwjK †fЇMvwjK
Kvjx`vm Kvwj`vm Aaxb¯’ Aaxb
A¯Ígvb A¯Ívqgvb ïaygvÎ ïay
18. m¤¢vlYm~PK k‡ãi evbv‡b mZK©Zv
ms¯‹…Z Z™¢e
k•L kvuL
msµgb mvu‡Kv
¯‹Ü Kvua
ew¼g evuKv
20. k‡ãi †k‡l eZx/gZx/Mvgx/Kvgx/evnx/gyLx/cš’x _vK‡j ÔCÕ Kvi n‡e| †hgb:
cÙeZx, kÖxgZx, AbyMvgx, cwievnx, eûgyLx, evgcš’x|
23. Ôb~Õ nq 5wU k‡ã| †hgb: b~ivwb, b~i, b~Zb, b~cyi, b~¨b (b~¨bZg)|
✓ GB 5wU Ôb~Õ e¨ZxZ evwK me ÔbyÕ n‡e| †hgb: bywo, byb, bywU BZ¨vw`|
24. e¨vKi‡Yi wbq‡g fzj, wKš‘ eûj cÖPwjZ
Aï× ï× Aï× ï×
Abvw_bx Abv_v Dc‡iv³ Dchy©³
AvnwiZ AvüZ gyn¨gvb †gvn¨gvb
BwZc~‡e© BZtc~‡e© m¤¢e m¤¢eci
weZvwiZ weZwiZ mZZv mvayZv
BwZg‡a¨ B‡Zvg‡a¨ iRwKbx iRKx
mKvZ‡i KvZifv‡e wbwe©‡ivax wbwe©‡iva
Pjrkw³ Pjb kw³ wenw½bx wen½x
evbvb ïw×KiY
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
Aa¨vqb Aa¨qb
AwZ_x AwZw_
AZ¨všÍ AZ¨šÍ
Aaxb¯Í Aaxb
AšÍfz³ AšÍf©y³
Acivý Acivnè
A‡nvivwÎ A‡nvivÎ
A‡cÿgvb A‡cÿgvY
AvMgwb AvMgbx
AvKvsLv AvKv•ÿv
AvKv•Lv AvKv•ÿv
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
Av`¨všÍ Av`¨šÍ
Avkvp Avlvp
AvBbRxwe AvBbRxex
AvZ¡¯Í AvZ¥¯&_
AvjP¨gvb Av‡jvP¨gvb
Avwe¯‹vi Avwe®‹vi
Avbylvw½K Avbylw½K
BwZc~‡e© BZ:c~‡e©
HK¨Zvb HKZvb
HK¨gZ¨ HKgZ¨
Dc‡hvMxZv Dc‡hvwMZv
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
D`xwP D`xPx
Dc‡iv³ Dch©y³/ DcwiD³
D”Qvm D”Q¡vm
Fb FY
BwZg‡a¨ B‡Zvg‡a¨
Bs‡iRx Bs‡iwR
DwPr DwPZ
D¾j D¾¡j
J¾j¨ J¾¡j¨
DËivqb DËivqY
D”Q¡j D
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
K‡_v‡cv‡Kv_b K‡_vcK_b
Kg©Rxwe Kg©Rxex
KzR¦wUKv KzR&SwUKv
KzcgÛ‚K K‚cgÛ‚K
‡KŠZznj †KŠZ‚nj
K…wZ K…Zx
K…wZevm/ KxwZ©evmv K…wËevm
Kj¨vb Kj¨vY
KjswKZ Kjw¼Z
Kvh©¨vjq Kvh©vjq
KUzw³ KU‚w³
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
MxZvÄjx MxZvÄwj
MÖvgxb MÖvgxY
NyivNywi ‡NvivNywi
QvÎQvÎxMb QvÎQvÎxMY
PZz‡¯‹vb PZz‡¯‹vY
RMZ RMr
Rv¾j¨gvb RvR¦j¨gvb
RxexKv RxweKv
‰Ró¨ ‰R¨ô
‰R¨ô ‡R¨ô
SiYv Sibv
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
‡Zvib ‡ZviY
`vwi`ªZv `vwi`ª/`wi`ªZv
`~iv`„ó `yi`„ó
`ywlZ `~wlZ
ØÜ Ø›Ø
‰`b¨Zv `xbZv/ ˆ`b¨
`~ive¯_v `yie¯_v
`y:¯Í `y¯_
`ylYxq/‡`vlvwbqv `~lYxq
`ywe©mn `ywe©ln
`~išÍ `yišÍ
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
w`evivwÎ w`evivÎ
wb°b wbK¡Y
by¨bZg/byb¨Zg b~¨bZg
wbwkw_bx wbkxw_bx
wbicivax wbiciva
bycyi b~cyi
wbie bxie
bb`x bbw`
bg®‹vi bg®‹vi
cÖZ¨z k cÖZ‚¨l
cuPv cPv
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
cÖvYxwe`¨v cÖvwYwe`¨v
cÖvYxRMr cÖvwYRMr
cÖbwqbx/cÖbwqYx cÖYwqbx
c~bwbg©vY cybwbg©vY
‡cÖv¾¡jb cÖ¾¡jb
wcwcwjKv wccxwjKv
cyi®‹vi cyi®‹vi
cye© c~e©
cyivb cyivY
cvwbbx/cvwYbx cvwYwb
cvwbwb cvwYwb
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
cb¨ cY¨
ciRxwe ciRxex
cÖwZØ›`¦xZv cÖwZØw›ØZv
cÖwZ‡hvMxZv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
‡cvógvóvi ‡cv÷gv÷vi
cÖvZ:ågY cÖvZågY
cÖvZ:ivk cÖvZivk
cwi¯‹vi cwi®‹vi
cÖbqb cÖYqb
‰cwÎK ‰cZ…K
c~Y¨ cyY¨
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
cy•ÿvbyc~•ÿ cy•Lvbycy•L
cve©Zxq cve©Z¨
cÖZ¨vc©b cÖZ¨c©Y
cÖwZwK cÖZxKx
cÖwZ`w›` cÖwZØ›Øx
cvLx cvwL
eq‡R¨ô e‡qv‡R¨ô
wewfwlKv/wewflxKv wefxwlKv
exi¤^Yv weo¤^bv
eªvÿb eªvÿY
evwj¥Kx/evj¥xKx evj¥xwK
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
evwbR¨ evwYR¨
e¨vwZZ e¨ZxZ
e¨v_© e¨_©
e¨ß e¨vß
e„rcwË ey¨rcwË
ewn¯‹vi ewn®‹vi
eyw×Rxwe eyw×Rxex
we`~lx/we`~wl we`ylx
e¨vq e¨q
evsMvjx evOvwj
‰eqvKiwbK ‰eqvKiY
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
we`¨vb weØvb
e‡qvKwbó eq:Kwbô
eyn: e~¨n
eb¯úcwZ eb¯úwZ
webvcvwb exYvcvwY
we`¨v¾b we`¨vR©b
‰ewPÎ/‰ewPΨZv ‰ewPΨ
evT&Pbxq evÂbxq
wefywZf‚mb wef~wZf‚lY
eyf‚ÿz eyfzÿz
e¨v_v e¨_v
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
wewflb wefxlY
we®§q we¯§q
eÿgvb eÿ¨gvY
‡fŠMwjK ‡fЇMvwjK
fvZz¯úyÎ åvZz®úyÎ
f‚be/fzeb fzeb
f®§ f¯§
åyK‚wU åyKzwU
f‚jv‡bv fzjv‡bv
f‚ebf‚jv‡bv fzebfyjv‡bv
f‚Zz‡i fzZz‡i
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
gnZ¡ gnË¡
gwbRvj gwYRvj
gwiPxKv gixwPKv
gš¿xmfv gwš¿mfv
gyL¯Í gyL¯’
gyûZ© gyn~Z©
g‡bvcyZ gb:cyZ
gyngy©n~ gyûgy©û
gbK÷/g‡bvK÷ gb:Kó
gwblx/gwbwl/gbxmx gbxlx
gwnwl gwnlx
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
gš¿xZ¡ gwš¿Z¡
gb‡gvnb g‡bv‡gvnb
gvayh©Zv gvayh©
g~”Q©bv g~Q©bv
‡iwR‡÷ªkb ‡iwR‡÷ªkb
j¾v¯‹i j¾vKi
ïkÖylv/kkÖykv/mykÖykv ïkÖylv
kk¥vb k¥vkvb
wk‡iv‡”Q`/wki‡”Q` wki‡ñ`
kÖ×vÄjx kÖ×vÄwj
kÖgRxwe kÖgRxex
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
kvšÍbv/¯^všÍbv mvšÍ¡bv
kvwiixK kvixwiK
k^vïwo kvïwo
‡óvi †÷vi
‡ókb ‡÷kb
‡ówWqvg ‡÷wWqvg
mwgwPb mgxPxb
m¯^wjZ msewjZ
my¯v^ MZ ¯^vMZ
wmwPwÎZ mwPÎ
mL¨Zv mL¨
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
mb¨vmx/mbœvmx mbœ¨vmx
¯^¯x¿ K m¯¿xK
mvZš¿/¯^vZš¿ ¯^vZš¿
mwgib mgxiY
mycvwim mycvwik
mwÜnvb mw›`nvb
mZ¡v mËv
mnKvwi mnKvix
m¤^a©bv/m¤^שbv msea©bv
‡¯œnvkxl ‡¯œnvwkm
mn‡hvMxZv mn‡hvwMZv
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
¯^i¯^Zx mi¯^Zx
me©kvšÍ me©¯v^ šÍ
¯§iYv_©x kiYv_x©
¯^vÿiZv mvÿiZv
m¤^›` m¤^Ü
¯^v_©KZv mv_©KZv
ms¯‹…wZK mvs¯‹…wZK
mvgxM„n ¯^vwgM„n
‡¯ªvZw¯^wb ‡¯ªvw¯^bx
nxbgb¨Zv nxb¤§b¨Zv
ü`¯ú›`b ür¯ú›`b
Aï× evbvb ï× evbvb
¯^i¯^Zx mi¯^Zx
me©kvšÍ me©¯^všÍ
¯§iYv_©x kiYv_x©
¯^vÿiZv mvÿiZv
m¤^›` m¤^Ü
¯^v_©KZv mv_©KZv
ms¯‹…wZK mvs¯‹…wZK
mvgxM„n ¯^vwgM„n
‡¯ªvZw¯^wb ‡¯ªvw¯^bx
nxbgb¨Zv nxb¤§b¨Zv
ü`¯ú›`b ür¯ú›`b
The End