The Rational Emotive Behavioural Approach To Therapeutic Change SAGE Therapeutic Change Series 1st Edition Windy Dryden Ready To Read
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3116-Prelims.qxd 1/10/04 12:55 PM Page i
The
Rational emotive
behavioural
approach to therapeutic change
3116-Prelims.qxd 1/10/04 12:55 PM Page ii
Books in the Sage Therapeutic Change Series examine ‘change’ as the goal of counselling and psychotherapy. Each
book takes a different therapeutic approach and looks at how change is conceptualised and worked with by practi-
tioners from that approach. Giving examples which demonstrate how theory and principles are put into practice, the
books are suitable for both trainee and experienced counsellors and psychotherapists.
‘A remarkably useful book for the practitioners of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy and other kinds of Cognitive
Behaviour Therapy. Very clearly and intensively covers what effective therapeutic change is and the therapist’s and the
client’s role in following it and in fighting against relapsing. Dryden and Neenan’s book includes many important
points that are often omitted from REBT and other therapies. Definitive and thoroughgoing!’ – Albert Ellis, President
of Albert Ellis Institute.
The
Rational emotive
behavioural
approach to therapeutic change
SAGE Publications
London • Thousand Oaks • New Delhi
3116-Prelims.qxd 1/10/04 12:55 PM Page iv
Contents
Introduction 1
References 137
Index 141
3116-Prelims.qxd 1/10/04 12:55 PM Page vi
3116-Prelims.qxd 1/10/04 12:55 PM Page vii
List of Figures
Introduction
This principle has its roots in Stoic philosophy in general, and in particular
the writings of Epictetus, who has been credited with this cognitive con-
ceptualisation of psychological disturbance: ‘Men are disturbed not by
things, but by their views of things.’ REBT’s current position on this point
can be summed up in the following version of Epictetus’ saying: ‘People
are disturbed not by things, but by their rigid and extreme views of things.’
From the beginning, Ellis held that if people act on their developing rational
beliefs they are more likely to make appropriate cognitive and emotive
changes, and if they do not act on these beliefs, they minimise the chances
that such changes will be made. This position has remained the same ever
since. In fact, REBT without a decided behavioural emphasis is like cog-
nition without ignition.
At the outset, Ellis stressed that people make themselves disturbed by the
irrational ideas (now beliefs) they hold about themselves, other people and
the world. He also stressed that, when disturbed, people frequently cling
on to these irrational beliefs. It follows, Ellis argued, that REBT therapists
need to take an active–directive stance in helping their clients identify such
irrational ideas and so help them de-propagandise these ideas. While the
terminology of ‘de-propagandise’ is no longer used by Ellis or other REBT
therapists, it does highlight the fact that Ellis encourages REBT therapists
to actively help their client be strongly critical of their irrational beliefs.
The term ‘propaganda’ also suggests that the client has uncritically
accepted one or more irrational ideas that lie at the core of his or her dis-
turbed feelings. While most people think of propaganda as coming from
outside the person (e.g. from one’s parents, peers, the media, etc.) – and
Ellis’ early writing did stress these as the likely sources of such propa-
ganda – it is possible to think of such propaganda as coming from within
the person. Thus, Ellis’ later writings place more emphasis on the person
as the main source of his own irrational ideas and as actively propagan-
dising himself with these ideas. Thus, while a person may learn from a
variety of outside sources that approval is very desirable, he is the one
who constructs an irrational idea about this desirable commodity and
subsequently disturbs himself with the thought of not gaining approval
(‘Because it is desirable for me to gain approval, I absolutely must do so’).
He is the one who creates such unhealthy propaganda for himself and
keeps it alive in a number of ways. Even when the dogmatic propaganda
comes from outside the person (such as when a teacher tells a pupil ‘You
must do well in your exams and it will be terrible if you don’t’), it is only
disturbing when he uncritically accepts such external dogmatic propa-
ganda and makes it his own internal dogmatic propaganda (‘Yes, you are
right, I must do well in my exams and it will be terrible if I don’t’).
When other people encourage the person to think in dogmatic ways, he
has the choice to reject this encouragement. Thus, in response to the example
3116-Intro.qxd 1/10/04 1:01 PM Page 3
Introduction 3
above the person could say: ‘You say that I must do well in my exams and
it would be terrible if I don’t. However, you are wrong. I don’t have to do
well in my exams, although it would be desirable if I do so. And while it
would be disadvantageous if I don’t do well it wouldn’t be terrible.’
While this example demonstrates that it is possible for clients to be
sceptical of external propaganda – and indeed of their own internal pro-
paganda – they usually need quite a bit of help from their therapists to
identify, challenge and change their irrational beliefs. The language of
‘therapists helping clients to de-propagandise themselves against their
irrational ideas’ has been replaced by the language of ‘therapists helping
them to identify, challenge and change their irrational beliefs’. We will
discuss this process more fully in Chapter 4.
From the inception of REBT, Ellis stressed that if clients are going to
achieve lasting change they will have to work hard to achieve and main-
tain such change. This is what we refer to as the protestant ethic approach
to change. As we discuss in Chapter 6, one of the biggest obstacles to
client change is the reluctance to acknowledge and/or implement this
clinical reality. Indeed, one of the most important skills that an REBT ther-
apist needs to acquire and develop is helping clients to overcome their
resistance towards working for lasting change.
Let us briefly summarise what we are going to cover in this book. In
Chapter 1, we present REBT’s ABC model of psychological disturbance
and change. In particular, we discuss the differences between rational and
irrational beliefs. In Chapter 2, we outline the REBT view that there are
different – albeit overlapping – types of client change. We briefly outline
these different types of change before concentrating on the one that is seen
by REBT as the most far-reaching, yielding the greatest gains for the
individual concerned, namely belief change. While our focus throughout
this book is on client change within the therapeutic setting, much of what
we have to say is relevant to personal change outside of this context, and
in Chapter 3 we consider the REBT change sequence and outline in order
the steps that clients need to take to promote psychological change. The
steps in this sequence are not prescriptive, but rather are descriptive of an
ideal change sequence. Then in Chapters 4 and 5 we consider the respec-
tive roles of therapist and client in promoting client change. Chapters 6, 7
and 8 focus on obstacles to client change from three perspectives. In
Chapter 6 we consider in detail the major obstacles to client change within
the client, while in Chapter 7 we consider the obstacles that reside in the
therapist, and in Chapter 8 we consider the main obstacles to client
change that arise from the interaction between client and therapist. In
each of these three chapters we consider ways that therapists can deal
with these obstacles. Finally, in Chapter 9, we close the book with a
discussion of the process of change in REBT.
3116-CH-01.qxd 1/10/04 3:35 PM Page 5
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