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Beyond the Desert 2002
Accelerator, Non-Accelerator and Space
Approaches in the NEW MILLENNIUM
Beyond the Desert 2002
Accelerator, Non-Accelerator and Space
Approaches in the NEW MILLENNIUM

Proceedings o f the Third International Conference on Particle

Physics Beyond the Standard Model: Accelerator,
Non-Accelerator and Space Approaches,
Oulu, Finland, 2 -7 June 2002

Edited by Η V Klapdor-Kleingrothaus

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
First published 2003 by IOP Publishing Ltd

Published 2018 by CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

ISBN 13: 978-0-7503-0934-9 (hbk)

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Contents

Preface xi

1. Grand Unified Theories and Beyond, SUSY/SUGRA Phenomenology 1

Quantum gravity, cosmology, (Liouville) strings and Lorentz invariance

N E Mavromatos 3

CP violation in SUSY, strings and branes

I Tarek and P Nath 29

2. Strings 39

String and D-brane physics at low energy

IAntoniadis 41

Supersymmetric particle physics from intersecting D-branes

MCvetic 57

Phenomenological aspects of M-theory

A E Faraggi 67

3. Extension of the Standard Model 93

Oases in the desert: three new proposals

EM a 95

Spin 1/2 bosons etc. in a theory with Lorentz violation

R E Allen 107

Minimal nonminimal supersymmetric standard model

C Panagiotakopoulos and A Pilaflsis 123

Minimal supersymmetric SU(5) theory and proton decay: where do we stand?

B Bajc, P F Perez and G Senjanovic 131

4. Fundamental Symmetries, Properties of Space Time 141

Evidence for Majorana neutrinos: dawn of a new era in spacetime structure

D VAhluwalia 143
vi

Time-reversal violation in beta decay

P Herczeg 161

Electroweak mixing and the generation of massive Gauge Bosons

T E W ard 171

Spacetime structure of massive gravitinos

M Kirchbach and D V A hluwalia 181

5. Double Beta Decay 195

On the Q- values of the tritium beta-decay and the double beta-decay of 76Ge
1 Bergstrom et al 197

Further support o f evidence for neutrinoless double beta decay

Η V Klapdor-Kleingrothaus 215

Neutrinoless double beta decay matrix elements

FSimkovic 241

Consequences of neutrinoless double beta decay

Η V Klapdor-Kleingrothaus and U Sarkar 253

6. Solar and Atmosphere Neutrinos 271

Neutrino flavor transformation observed by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

M R Dragowsky (for the SNO Collaboration) 273

SNO and the solar neutrino problem

S Choubey et al 291

The standard solar model vs. experimental observations

O Manuel 307

Status of Super-Kamiokande and the JHF-Kamioka neutrino project

T Kajita (for the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration and the JHF-Kamioka
Neutrino Working Group) 317

Present status of the K2K experiment

Y Oyama (for K2K Collaboration) 331

Present status of the KamLAND experiment

F Suekane (for the KamLAND Collaboration) 345
 vii

Atmospheric neutrino oscillations with the MACRO detector

MGiorgini (for the MACRO Collaboration) 353

Status of the ICARUS experiment

F Mauri (for the ICARUS Collaboration) 365

Physics potential of the ICARUS experiment

I Gil Botella (for the ICARUS Collaboration) 373

7. Neutrino Mass Matrix 389

Do neutrino oscillations indicate a horizontal SU(2) symmetry for leptons?

R Kuchimanchi and R N Mohapatra 391

Three-neutrino MSW effect and the Lehmann mass matrix

P Osland 403

Constraints on neutrino parameters by neutrinoless double beta decay experiments

HSugiyama 409

8. Neutrino Factories 417

Neutrino factories — physics potential and present status

OYasuda 419

9. Dark Matter, Dark Energy 435

SUSY dark matter: closing the parameter space

R Arnowitt and B Dutta 437

Comparison of coannihilation effects in low-energy MSSM

V A Bednyakov 451

Updating the constraints to CMSSM from cosmology and accelerator experiments

A B Lahanas, D V Nanopoulos and V C Spanos 461

Interpreting data from WIMP direct detection experiments

A M Green 473

Searching for the dark universe by the DAMA experiment

R Bernabei et al 485

Search for cold dark matter and solar neutrinos with GENIUS and GENIUS-TF
Η V Klapdor-Kleingrothaus and 1 V Krivosheina 499
Vlll

Sterile neutrino dark matter at the center and in the halo of the galaxy
N B ilic e ta l 515

10. Cosmic Microwave Background 529

Cosmic Microwave Background: a new tool for cosmology and fundamental

physics
N Sugiyama 531

11. High Energy Neutrinos, Cosmic Rays, Supernova Neutrinos 541

High energy neutrino and tau airshowers in standard and new physics
D Fargion 543

Z-Burst scenario for the highest energy cosmic rays

Z Fodor, S D Katz and A Ringwald 567

Supernova neutrinos and neutrino mass spectrum

A Yu Smirnov 589

12. Search for New Physics at Colliders 607

Final achievements on Higgs boson searches at the LEP collider

R Nikolaidou 609

Search for R-parity violation at LEP

S Costantini 623

Searches for leptoquarks and excited fermions at HERA

U F Katz (for the H I and ZEUS Collaborations) 635

Understanding SUSY limits from LEP

A Lipniacka 649

Rare processes and anomalous gauge couplings at LEP-2

O Yushchenko 665

13. Nuclear and Weak Interaction 681

Nuclear interaction in a renormalization group approach

TTSKuoetal 683
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 ix

Recent investigation of the G-parity irregular weak nucleon current in β decays

of spin aligned 12B and 12N
K Minamisono et al 695

14. Neutron Oscillations and Neutron Decay 701

The measurement of neutron decay parameters with the spectrometer PERKEO Π

Μ B Kreuz and HAbele 703

New limit on T Violation in free neutron decay

T Soldner et al 709

List of Participants 717

Author Index 733

Preface

The third conference on particle physics beyond the Standard Model (BEYOND THE
DESERT 02 - Accelerator, Non-accelerator and Space Approaches) was held during 2-7 June,
2002 at the Finish town of Oulu, almost at the northern Arctic Circle. It was the first of
the BEYOND conference series held outside Germany (CERN Courier March 2003, pp. 29-
30). This decision arose at the time when the University of Oulu invited us to consider the
Pyhasalmi mine as a site for our GENIUS project, and to help to push the development of a
Finish Underground Laboratory. Nowadays Oulu is a modem rapidly growing university town
at the Gulf of Bothnia in northern Finland. The conference was held at the POHTO center
at Nallikari in a couple of minute-walk distance to the Gulf of Bothnia with a sunny beach
and 3 km bike route from Oulu centre. It provided an intensive and pleasant atmosphere for a
restricted number of about 120 participants.
Traditionally the Scientific Programme of BEYOND conferences, brought into life in
1997 (see CERN Courier, November 1997, pp. 16-18), covers almost all topics of modem
particle physics. At this conference major emphasis was on new theoretical developments
in the fields of Extension of the Standard Model by means of Grand Unified and SUSY
theories and Extra dimensions. These subjects were discussed in talks of N. Mavromatos
(Oxford and CERN), P Nath (Boston), E. Ma (Riverside), A. Pilaftsis (Manchester), B.
Bajc (Lubljana), H. Bech-Nielsen (DESY), I. Antoniadis (CERN) and others. M-theory and
Fundamental symmetries were considered in the talks of A.E. Faraggi (Minnesota), M. Cvetic
(Pennsylvania), M. Kirchbach (Zacatecas, Mexico), T. Kuo (Stony Brook), Yu. Kamyshkov
(Knoxville), T. Soldner (Grenoble), M. Kreuz (Grenoble), and M. Morita (Tokyo). New
results of the Search for Higgses, SUSY particles, R-parity violation, Leptoquarks and Excited
Fermions at LEP and HERA colliders were presented in the talks of R. Nicolaidou (Saclay),
S. Costantini (Roma), U. Katz (DESY), A. Lipniacka (Stockholm) and O. Yushchenko
(Protvino).
The long-standing and intriguing problem of dark matter in the Universe is a permanent
topic at any conference aiming at new physics and new phenomena. From theoretical point
of view the dark matter problem was extensively discussed by D. Nanopoulos (Texas), R.L.
Amowitt (Texas), A. Green (Stockholm), V.A. Bednyakov (Dubna), R. Viollier (Cape Town).
Results and perspectives for Direct Dark Matter Experiments with Scintillators (DAMA
project) and Germanium detectors with big target mass (GENIUS and GENIUS-TF projects
(see also CERN-Courier, December 1997, pp. 19)) were presented by R. Bemabei (Roma) and
I.V. Krivosheina (Heidelberg and Nizhnij Novgorod). Today only these two experiments are
in principle able to see (DAMA already may have seen) a positive signal from dark matter
particle interaction with target nuclei by means of seasonal modulation. Other experiments
xii

(for example with sophisticated cryogenic detectors and ionisation-to-heat discriminations)

due to the very small detecting mass are at present unable to notice such modulation signature
of WIMP interactions. From the talk of N. Sugiyama (Tokio) — ’’Cosmic Microwave
Background: A New Tool for Cosmology and Fundamental Physics” it was evident that an
unexpectedly huge amount of fundamental information can be extracted from current research
into cosmic microwave background. This is just one example showing that astrophysical data
are inevitable nowadays for modem particle physics.
Astrophysical investigations are tightly connected with the exciting question of neutrino
properties. Cosmic high energy neutrinos can interact with relic neutrinos producing Z-Bursts
which could explain the mysterious origin of extremely High Energy Cosmic Rays (S. Katz,
Eotvos Hungary). Excitingly this mechanism requires the neutrino mass to be in the range
0.02-2.2 eV, which intriguingly fits with recent results obtained from neutrinoless double beta
decay of Germanium in the Heidelberg-Moscow experiment. Neutrinos from Supernova are
also in the field of current theoretical interest and investigations (A. Yu. Smirnov, Trieste and
Moscow).
Undoubtedly central topic of this conference was neutrino physics. Modem understand­
ing of and a general view on Neutrino Masses and Mixings was described by R.N. Mohapatra
(Maryland). Consequences of the SNO Neutral Current Rate for resolving the Solar Neutrino
Puzzle, were discussed by S. Choubey (UK). The Standard Solar Model and modem experi­
mental hints for an elemental composition of the Sun, radically different from the present usual
assumptions were discussed by O.K. Manuel (Missouri).
Extended discussion of the experimental achievements in solar and atmospheric neu­
trino oscillation experiments included first of all the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (M.
Dragowsky) and its results from recent analysis with pure heavy water target. SNO performed
first measurements of the total active neutrino flux and claims evidence for neutrino flavour
transformation at a 5.3 sigma level. Global MSW analysis favours the Large Mixing Angle
(LMA) region.
The status and prospects for neutrino oscillation experiments KamLAND, K2K, Super-
Kamiokande and new facilities like neutrino factories and JHF-SK project were presented and
discussed. For example, KamLAND (presented by F. Suekane from Tohoku Univ, Japan) is
a very long baseline reactor neutrino oscillation experiment (with 1000 t liquid scintillator
detector), which is able to directly test the MSW-LMA solution only with half-year of data
and to determine the oscillation parameters with very high accuracy if the LMA case is true.
The experiment started data taking in 2002 and first neutrino events are successfully recorded.
Rebuilding of the Super-Kamiokande detector was started in 2002 and full reconstruction is
expected before 2007 (T. Kajita, Tokyo). The physics Potential and Status of the second
generation proton decay and Neutrino experiment ICARUS (Imaging Cosmic And Rare
Underground Signals) in the Gran Sasso Laboratory (Italy) were discussed by F. Mauri (Pavia)
and I. Gil-Botella (Zurich).
An exciting problem is the nature of neutrinos. Are these most mysterious objects Dirac
or Majorana particles and which are their masses. One of the best tool to find the answer
is neutrinoless double beta decay. The evidence for observation of neutrinoless double beta
 Xlll

decay (CERN-Courier Vol. 42 (number 2) 2002) of the isotope Ge-76 claimed by the team
of Η. V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus (MPI-Kemphysik, Heidelberg) on the basis of the unique data
of the Heidelberg-Moscow collaboration has huge resonance among scientifists. This result
inevitably took a central part in the discussions at this conference. The for this analysis crucial
very accurate data on the Q-Value of the 76Ge Double Beta-Decay Determined from Accurate
Mass Measurements in a Penning Trap were given in the talk by I. Bergstrom (Stockholm). The
spokesperson of the HEIDELBERG-MOSCOW collaboration H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus
then outlined the present evidence for neutrinoless beta decay as well as the general Future for
Double Beta Experiments. The collaboration fixes the effective neutrino mass in the region of
0.05-0.84 eV (95 % C.L.), which is meanwhile supported by independent information from
CMB (WMAP) and others, and by theory. A highly interesting new theoretical conception
concerning massive Majorana Particles was presented by D.V. Ahluwalia (Zacatecas, Mexico)
who possible its consequences for the structure of space-time.
The important question of nuclear matrix elements for double beta decay was described
thoroughly by F. Simkovic (Bratislava). It was shown that transitions to different excited
daughter states could help to distinguish between different mechanisms triggering the
neutrinoless beta decay process. Important new Constraints on Neutrino Mixing Parameters
following from the Observation of Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of the HEIDELBERG-
MOSCOW collaboration were also discussed by H. Sugiyama (Tokyo).
Doubtlessly the Conference has made a remarkable contribution to fruitful exchange of
ideas between the physicists working in particle physics, nuclear physics and cosmology. More
people now believe that neutrinos at extremely low energies as well as at extremely high
energies are the particles which can supply us with new exciting discoveries in the future.
We thank all colleaques who have contributed to the success of this meeting by their
excellent talks and lively discussions. We thank our colleague Y. Peltoniemi and his team from
the University of Oulu for the splendid local organization of the conference. We are grateful
in particular also to the Local Conference Secretary, Ms. Birgitta Brusila, for her professional
and always very friendly management during all the time.
I also would like to thank at this point, as Chairman of this conference, those people,
who made our visit of the Pyhasalmi mine in February 2001 an exciting experience: Jorma
Kangas, at that time director of the CUPP project at the University Oulu, and Y. Peltoniemi,
present director of the CUPP project, Dr. Partti Kokkonen, Vice-Governor from the provincial
Goverment at Oulu, but in particular Mr. Pasi Vallivaara (Mayor of Pyhasalmi), Jukka
Tikanmaki and their coworkers, and the highly accomodating representants of the Outokumpu
mining company: Timo Maki, chief geologist and other members of the highly efficient staff.
We are, in particular, indebted to the Scientific Secretary of the conference, Dr. I.V.
Krivosheina (Nishnij Novgorod/Heidelberg) for her enthusiastic and highly efficient help in
scientifically organizing this conference and in preparing these Proceedings.

Hans Volker Klapdor-Kleingrothaus

Conference Chairman
Heidelberg, May 2003
1. Rabindra Nath Mohapatra 11. Daniele Fargion 21. Thomas T. S. Kuo 31. Alexander Dietz 41. Fumihiko Suekane
2. Dimitri Nanopoulos 12. Fedor Simkovic 22. Oleg lochtchenko 32. Esko Suhonen 42. Alexander Rimsky-Korsakov
3. Richard Arnowitt 13. Oliver K. Manuel 23. Takaaki Kajita 33. Rosy Nicolaidou 43. Apostolos Pilaftis
4. Dharamvir V. Ahluwalia 14. Alon Faraggi 24. Jorma Saarni 34. Yuri Kamyshkov 44. Ernst Ma
5. Masato Morita 15. Roland E. Allen 25. Holger Bech Nielsen 35. Mariana Kirchbach 45. Torsten Soldner
6. Hans Volker Klapdor-Kleingrothhaus 16. Vadim Bednyakov 26. Hiroaki Sugiyama 36. Fulvio Mauri 46. Michael Kreuz
7. Juha Peltoniemi 17. Borut Bajc 27. Jukka Maalampi 37. Thom as Ward 47. Per Osland
8. Anne Green 18. Changquan Shen 28. Shantilal G. Goradia 38. Jari Laamanen 48. Ines Gil-Botella
9. Birgitta Brusila 19. Raoul D. Viollier 29. Ingmar Bergstroem 39. Osamu Yasuda 49. Miriam Giorgini
10. Silvia Costantini 20. Irina Krivosheina 30. Nick E. Mavromatos 40. Yuichi Oyama
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