Emergency Imaging Case Review Series 2e Jun 12 2019 - 0323428754 - Elsevier 2nd Edition Johnson MD Available Full Chapters
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3
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Printed in China
v
Foreword
I am very happy to see the latest edition of Emergency Radiology For those of us who read within our specialty, the ED cases are
Case Review edited by Dr. Jamlik-Omari Johnson with cases writ- often challenging and foreboding. Lots of images, lots of recon-
ten by a number of talented radiologists. This is a burgeoning field structions, lots of nuances. All of us could learn from this well-
with ever increasing demand. Some of that demand has been written book.
assumed by NightHawk services, which provides off-hours imag- With this philosophical bent and admiration for those who
ing review for many practices. I have seen several of my Johns choose this field, I congratulate Dr. Johnson on this edition of
Hopkins residents and neuroradiology fellows take advantage of the Case Review Series in Emergency Radiology. I know that it
this entrepreneurial opportunity, as a permanent commitment, will be quite popular and well read. Best of luck and many thanks
as a moonlighting opportunity, or as a transition between jobs. to those people who specialize in this arena: thank you for allowing
Emergency department (ED) radiology is not like other fields many of us to sleep safely and securely at night!
of radiology which may be dominated by oncologic imaging. Obvi- Welcome Emergency Radiology, 2nd edition to our Case
ously, there are more vascular, traumatic, and infectious disease Review Series.
that are represented. However, the real challenge is the need to
master all organ systems, something that is daunting to a “narrow” David M. Yousem, MD, MBA
subspecialist such as myself. In fact, I always say that I admire the Case Review Series
“jack-of-all-trades” generalist much more so than the specialist. Associate Dean for Professional Development
Keeping up with all branches of the radiology literature is an enor- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
mous task—I only have to know my tiny field of neuroradiology. I Vice Chairman of Program Development
do very few things very well. I also recognize that, in this branch Department of Radiology
of radiology, communication skills are paramount. Emergency Johns Hopkins Medical Institution
radiologists are our voice. Baltimore, Maryland
vi
Preface
Across the United States, 260 patients present to an emergency resonance, nuclear medicine), multiple disciplines, and multiple
department (ED) every minute. Taken in aggregate, 137 million body regions. We provide a one-stop shop for emergent imaging
patients were seen in EDs in 2015 according to the CDC.1 These and interpretation. We operate in the chaos and the quickly paced
numbers reflect a trend of sustained growth in ED visits year after emergency setting. Often times as a first responder, a gatekeeper, a
year. Imaging patients, as a vital tool not only to triage, but also to consultant, or a clinician—and always—as an advocate for patients.
plan treatment, is now commonplace. An estimated 70% of ED As the field of Emergency and Trauma Imaging continues to grow
patients receive imaging during their encounter.2 The sustained and mature, we hope the understanding and appreciation for the
growth within the ED setting and the importance of imaging have role of the Emergency Radiologist keeps pace.
fostered not only the growth of Emergency Radiology or, as I now My colleagues from around the country and I have compiled
refer to it, Emergency and Trauma Imaging, but also the Emer- this series of cases, not as an exhaustive compendium of every pos-
gency Radiologist. sible ED clinical scenario, but as a reflection of our broad daily
But who is the Emergency Radiologist? The question begs an practices. It is intended not just for the Emergency Radiologist,
answer. Although the answers may vary slightly, a common core but for individuals who may find themselves in the unfamiliar
exists. At Emory University our dedicated team of radiologists pro- territory of providing imaging support for the ED. We have
vide around-the-clock coverage for some of our sickest and most highlighted pertinent clinical and background information, imag-
vulnerable patients as they pass through the ED gateways. We also ing findings, management consideration, and reference material.
partner with our Emergency, Trauma, Medicine, Obstetrical and We hope that the entities you will encounter will rekindle and
Gynecological, and Oncologic colleagues to quickly, comprehen- augment your knowledge and reignite or spark a passion for this
sively, and appropriately evaluate patients answering the emergent exciting, growing, and dynamic subspeciality.
clinical queries and helping to triage patients to the next station.
The breadth and scope of our practice spans multiple modalities
(radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic Jamlik-Omari Johnson, MD
1
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2015 Emergency
Department Summary Tables, tables 1, 4, 15, 25, 26 (https://www.cdc.gov/
nchs/data/nhamcs/web_tables/2015_ed_web_tables.pdf).
2
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2010 Emergency
Department Summary Tables. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/
nhamcs_emergency/2010_ed_web_tables.pdf.
vii
To ACH—Thank you for the love and support
during not only this journey but over all these many
happy years.
To my colleagues-in-arms—Every day and through
the night, we fight the good fight. We strengthen our
discipline and make a difference at every level. I could not
be prouder of the work we do.
—Jamlik-Omari Johnson, MD
Contents
Part I
Opening Round, 1
Part II
Fair Game, 74
Part III
Challenge, 149
PART IV
Answers, 177
ix
PART
I Opening Round
Case 1
History: 22-year-old female patient presents with right lower 3. What is the most common tool to diagnose acute appendicitis
quadrant pain. in the adult population?
A. Computed tomography (CT)
1. Which of the following would be included in the differential
B. Ultrasonography (US)
diagnosis for the images presented? (Choose all that apply.)
C. Exploratory laparotomy
A. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
D. Radiography
B. Acute cholecystitis
4. Which of the following statements regarding the pathogenesis
C. Acute appendicitis
of acute appendicitis is false?
D. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBD)
A. Increased pressure and distention of the appendix can be
2. Which of the following is a common symptom in acute
caused by luminal obstruction.
appendicitis?
B. Lumen obstruction is always the cause of acute appendicitis.
A. Pain in the right upper quadrant
C. Viral or bacterial infections can occur after an
B. Inability to pass gas
appendectomy.
C. Abdominal swelling
D. Obstruction of venous outflow and then arterial inflow can
D. Increased appetite
result in gangrene.
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2
1
Case 2
History: 72-year-old male with acute right-sided hemiparesis. 3. On CT perfusion imaging, which combination describes the
characteristic blood flow within the penumbra?
1. Which of the following would be included in the differential
A. Decreased mean transit time (MTT), decreased cerebral
diagnosis for the images presented? (Choose all that apply.)
blood volume (CBV), increased cerebral blood flow (CBF)
A. Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
B. Increased MTT, decreased CBV, increased CBF
B. Meningitis
C. Decreased MTT, increased CBV, decreased CBF
C. Acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction
D. Increased MTT, normal CBV, decreased CBF
D. Hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage
4. What time frame and percentage of MCA territory involve-
2. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the salient
ment pair is desired for a patient to receive intravenous (IV)
finding in Fig. 2.1?
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy?
A. Hemoconcentration
A. 4.5 hours or less; <33%
B. Intravascular thrombus
B. 8 hours or less; <66%
C. Atherosclerotic calcification
C. 4.5 hours or less; >33%
D. Contrast material
D. 8 hours or less; >66%
Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.2
2
Case 2 3
Fig. 2.4
Fig. 2.3
Case 3
History: 69-year-old female presenting with right lower 3. Which of the following treatments should be considered for
extremity pain. patients with a DVT if anticoagulation is contraindicated?
A. Low-molecular-weight heparin
1. Which of the following differential diagnoses is rarely associ-
B. Warfarin
ated with the imaging presented? (Choose all that apply.)
C. Inferior vena cava filter
A. Baker’s cyst
D. tPA
B. Cellulitis
4. Which of these patients with DVT is the best candidate for an
C. Lymphedema
inferior vena cava (IVC) filter?
D. Chronic venous insufficiency
A. 32-year-old with second occurrence of DVT and protein S
E. Superficial thrombosis
deficiency
2. Which of the following can be a symptom seen in patients with
B. 45-year-old with DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE)
deep venous thrombosis (DVT)?
C. 22-year-old pregnant women with first-time DVT
A. Deep pain and swelling in both arms
D. 76-year-old on warfarin develops atrial fibrillation, pul-
B. Frequent redness and swelling in left hand
monary embolus, and DVT
C. Leg pain on right side of calf
D. Leg pain on the back of the calf
Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2
4
Case 4
History: 30-year-old male presenting with dull chest pain and 4. How would the CT finding of right ventricular strain alter
dyspnea. immediate clinical management?
A. Shock and death are a risk; patient should receive intense
1. Which of the following would be included in the differential
monitoring.
diagnosis for the imaging presented? (Choose all that apply.)
B. Shock and death are a risk; patient should receive throm-
A. Pulmonary embolism (PE)
bolytic therapy.
B. Intrinsic intraluminal tumor
C. There is a high risk for recurrent PE; patient should receive
C. Esophagitis
heparin rather than warfarin.
D. Angina
D. There is a high risk for ongoing embolization; patient
2. Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated
should receive an IVC filter.
with PE?
A. Cyanosis
B. Mastalgia
C. Cephalgia
D. Delusional disorders
3. What is the most appropriate examination to evaluate a
30-week pregnant patient with suspected PE?
A. Lung scintigraphy
B. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)
C. Pulmonary angiography
D. CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
E. Venous duplex ultrasound
Fig. 4.2
Fig. 4.1
Fig. 4.3
5
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