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CONTENTS

PREFACE

CHRONOLOGY

THE HUSSITE WARS

• The martyrdom of Jan Hus – the Hussites go to war

• The rise of Jan Zizka – the First Crusade

• The Second Crusade

• The Third Crusade

• The Wars of the Orphans

• The Fourth and Fifth Crusades

• ‘The beautiful rides’

• The quarrels of success

ARMIES OF THE HUSSITE WARS

• The crusader armies – the mounted knights and nobility

• The Hussite armies – discipline – attitudes to war – costume and

armour – infantry weapons – heraldry

HEAVY ARMS & EQUIPMENT OF THE HUSSITES

• War wagons – handguns and artillery

• Wagenburg tactics

BIBLIOGRAPHY & FURTHER READING

THE PLATES
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ABOUT THE ILLUSTRATOR

THE HUSSITE WARS 1419–36

PREFACE

HE HUSSITE WARS, although little known outside the borders of

T the modern Czech Republic where they were fought, represent an
important stage of development in medieval military history. In terms

of ideology alone they were fought for a religious principle that

anticipated the Reformation by a century and a half, but from a

military point of view the Hussite Wars were also ahead of their time.

The Hussites’ innovative use of artillery and their famous war wagons

showed a new way of dealing with mounted knights, and

foreshadowed the infantry revolution that was soon to have such an

impact on medieval warfare.

 Jan Zizka is represented in this bas-relief according to his traditional
attributes: with one eye, fighting with a mace, and carrying a shield
bearing the chalice device that became the badge of the Hussites. (From
the door of the Zizka Memorial on Zitkov Hill, Prague)
CHRONOLOGY

1419

30 July First Defenestration of Prague

16 August Death of King Wenceslas IV

4 November Battle of Prague begins

13 November Armistice of Prague

December Battle of Nekmer

First Crusade

1420

17 March Proclamation of the First Crusade

25 March Battle of Sudomer

14 July Battle of the Vitkov

28 July Coronation of King Sigismund

1 November Capture of Vysehrad by the Orebites

1421

June Diet of Caslav

Late June Siege of Rabi – Zizka blinded

5 August Siege of Most

10 September Siege of Zatec begins

Second Crusade

16 October Sigismund enters Moravia

21 December Battle of Kutna Hora begins

1422

6 January Battle of Nebovidy Kutna Hora evacuated

8 January Battle of Habry

10 January Capture of Nemecky Brode

Third Crusade

7 October Siege of Chomutov

22 October Siege of Karlstein Castle begins

8 November Armistice ends Third Crusade

1423

August Fighting breaks out between rival Hussite groups

1424

7 June Battle of Malesov

October Jan Zizka lays siege to Pribyslav

11 October Death of Zizka

1426

16 June Prokop’s victory in battle of Usti

Fourth Crusade

1427

Late July Siege of Stribro

4 August Battle of Tachov

14 August Capture of Tachov

1430

Hussites raid as far as Czestochow, Poland

Fifth Crusade

1431

14 August Hussite victory at battle of Domazlice

1433

Hussite raid reaches the Baltic near Gdansk

1434

30 May Battle of Lipany; death of Prokop the Great and

Prokop the Lesser

1436

16 August King Sigismund proclaims formal end of the

Hussite Wars
1457

George of Podebrady becomes Bohemia’s first

and only Hussite king

THE HUSSITE WARS

The Hussite Wars of 15th century Bohemia are often referred to as

the Hussite ‘Revolution’ or the Hussite ‘Crusades’, although attacks

by crusading armies from outside Bohemia formed only part of the

overall series of events. These actions also included civil wars between

Czech and German troops within Bohemia, and a number of conflicts

arising from splits within the ranks of the Hussite movement itself. Yet

whatever the terminology, all the Hussite Wars had their origins in the

religious differences that first brought about the Hussite movement

and continued to motivate all sides throughout the long and bitter

struggle. On one side (when they were not fighting each other) stood

the supporters of the martyred religious reformer Jan Hus, while

ranged against them were a motley ‘international brigade’ upon

whom was periodically bestowed the coveted title of crusaders against

heresy.

The Hussite Wars therefore represent something of a transition

point in medieval history. From one point of view they were the last of

the great crusades of medieval Europe against dissenting sectarian

Christians, the successors of expeditions such as those against the

Albigensians of southern France. From another standpoint they can

be seen as the first in the chain of European revolutions that led to

the Reformation, and that were to produce decisive changes in the

structural character of European societies.

Map of Bohemia in the 15th century, showing the places associated with
the Hussites and the wars against them.

The martyrdom of Jan Hus

The society in which the Hussite Wars exploded was one that already

had within it a huge potential for civil war. By the beginning of the

15th century there had developed a strong feeling of Czech

nationalism directed against the powerful position occupied in society

by the German-speaking minority. This spirit was particularly acute

within the cities and monasteries of Bohemia and Moravia. There was

also widespread dissatisfaction with the dominant position of the

wealthy Church, and this was linked to a growing Europe-wide

movement for religious reform derived from teachings such as those

promoted in England by John Wycliffe.

These three elements came together in the life and personality of

one man: Jan (John) Hus, the Rector of Prague University. Jan Hus

was a religious reformer, and it is interesting to note that one of the

first of many acts he performed that were to gain him the enmity of

the ecclesiastical powers concerned a proposed crusade. This

happened at a time when the Papacy was in turmoil, with two, and for

a year even three rival Popes, in Rome, Avignon, and briefly in

Bologna. In 1412 Pope John XXIII (the Bologna claimant) was

planning a war against King Ladislas of Naples, who supported his

Roman rival Gregory XII. The financing of this so-called crusade was

based partly on the sale of indulgences. An indulgence was in effect a

‘safe conduct pass’ to heaven for someone who had died; such

blessings had often been bestowed upon crusaders in the past by

guaranteeing them the forgiveness of sins in return for their military

services in some supposedly holy endeavour. To put indulgences up

for sale for cash in order to finance a very questionable war was

clearly an outrage to the truly devout, and Jan Hus of Bohemia

emerged as one of Europe’s strongest critics of the practice.

Jan Hus preaching in the open air to the simple countryfolk who flocked
to hear his message of religious reform. This was the class which mainly
supported his cause after his atrocious death, calling themselves
Hussites in his memory. (From the door of the Zizka Memorial, Prague)

The reaction to Hus’s criticism was severe. Pope John XXIII not

only excommunicated him, but also demanded the demolition of his

church in Prague, calling it a ‘nest of heretics’. In the summer of 1412

Jan Hus went into voluntary exile for two years, during which he

produced some of his most important writings. He soon attracted a

large following, and his listeners were now no longer limited to

university students or intellectuals from Prague, but peasants who

flocked to his open-air meetings. They saw in his outspoken criticism

of the misuse of power by the religious authorities a vision of how

their own lot might be bettered. The seeds of a broader revolution

were being sown.

Matters seemed to improve in 1414 when Jan Hus was provided

with a welcome opportunity to present his ideas to a gathering of the

Church hierarchy. The Council of Constance was due to begin in

1415; this was one of the periodic meetings called by the Church to

settle doctrinal (and political) quarrels. In the name of restoring

unity several factions of reformers and reactionaries argued and

intrigued, but there were few more fateful matters for discussion than

the heretical views of Jan Hus. Hus knew the bitterness of the
opposition he faced from the Church hierarchy, and rightly feared for

his life if he dared to put in an appearance. However, he was

reassured by a personal guarantee of safe conduct from no less a

person than Sigismund of Luxembourg, King of Hungary and

younger brother of King Wenceslas IV of Bohemia, and Pope John’s

main ally.

As Jan Hus had expected, his opinions scandalized the assembled

clergy, but instead of facing a theological debate Hus was imprisoned

and put on trial for heresy. King Sigismund’s pledge proved worthless,

and at Constance on 6 July 1415 Jan Hus was burned to death at the

stake. All Bohemia erupted at the news of the judicial murder of their

hero. Jan Hus was immediately proclaimed a martyr by his followers,

and the Hussite movement, as it soon became known, crossed over

the narrow dividing line between religious dissent and political

rebellion.

One of the first ways in which the Hussites expressed their outrage

was through a simple but defiant religious ritual. It had long been the

rule under Canon Law that when the congregation took Holy

Communion during the celebration of Mass they received only the

consecrated bread, with the clergy alone partaking of the wine. One

of the elements of religious reform already practised in Bohemia by

Hus’s priestly followers had been to share the consecrated wine with

the congregation, thus giving them ‘Communion in both kinds’, as it

was termed. As the Council of Constance had roundly condemned

this ritual, it rapidly became the touchstone for expressing support

for Hus’s views. Priests who did not agree to give Communion in both

kinds were hounded from their churches, which were then taken over

by adherents of reform, who took the name of Ultraquists from a

Latin expression for ‘in both kinds’ – sub ultraque parte. The chalice

that held the wine became the symbol of the reformed Church of

Bohemia, and was an image that would soon be displayed upon the

banners of a revolutionary army.

Sigismund of Luxembourg, King of Hungary and younger brother of King
Wenceslas IV of Bohemia. His major responsibility for the martyrdom of
Jan Hus, and his opportunistic accession to the throne of Bohemia,
made him the arch enemy of the Hussite movement. This contemporary
drawing idealizes him, its composition referring to the sun and its rays.
(Hussite Museum, Tabor, courtesy of Stephen Turnbull)

For all the revolutionary fervour that was sweeping Bohemia there

were at first few signs of the reaction from outside that would soon

engulf the country in war. The Council of Constance plodded on for

another three years and dissolved itself in 1418, having achieved one

of its main tasks: the resolution of the Great Schism that had given

the Church two Popes. The newly elected Pope Martin V represented

a fresh state of unity, and was determined to eradicate the Bohemian

heresy that was providing him with the first challenge of his papacy.

However, in practice much depended on the attitude of King

Wenceslas IV of Bohemia. This hapless monarch was very much under

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