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Automobile
Electrical and
Electronic
Systems
Fifth Edition
This textbook will help you learn all the skills you need to pass all Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Systems
courses and qualifications.
As electrical and electronic systems become increasingly more complex and fundamental to the workings
of modern vehicles, understanding these systems is essential for automotive technicians. For students new
to the subject, this book will help to develop this knowledge, but will also assist experienced technicians in
keeping up with recent technological advances. This new edition includes information on developments in
pass-through technology, multiplexing, and engine control systems. In full colour and covering the latest
course specifications, this is the guide that no student enrolled on an automotive maintenance and repair
course should be without.
Designed to make learning easier, this book contains:
• Photographs, flow charts, quick reference tables, overview descriptions and step-by-step instructions.
• Case studies to help you put the principles covered into a real-life context.
• Useful margin features throughout, including definitions, key facts and ‘safety first’ considerations.
• Free access to the support website where you will find lots of additional information and useful learning
materials: www.automotive-technology.org.

Tom Denton is a Fellow of the Institute of the Motor Industry, a Member of the Institute of Road Transport
Engineers and of the Society of Automotive Engineers. He has written over 20 textbooks, along with support
materials, and world-leading eLearning courses.
Automobile
Electrical and
Electronic
Systems
Fifth Edition

Tom Denton
Fifth edition published 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2018 Tom Denton

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

First edition published 1996 by Arnold, a member of Hodder Headline plc.

Fourth edition published 2012 by Routledge

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Denton, Tom, author.
Title: Automobile electrical and electronic systems / Tom Denton.
Description: 5th edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017002757 | ISBN 9781138310490 (hardcover) |
ISBN 9780415725774 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315856629 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Automobiles—Electric equipment. | Automobiles—
Electronic equipment.
Classification: LCC TL272 .D43 2017 | DDC 629.2/7—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002757

ISBN: 978-1-138-31049-0 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-415-72577-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-85662-9 (ebk)

Typeset in Arial
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents

Prefacexxiii
Acknowledgementsxxv

Chapter 1 Electrical and electronic principles 1

1.1 Safe working practices 1
1.1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.2 Risk assessment and reduction 1
1.2 Basic electrical principles 1
1.2.1 Introduction 1
1.2.2 Electron flow and conventional flow 2
1.2.3 Effects of current flow 3
1.2.4 Fundamental quantities 4
1.2.5 Describing electrical circuits 4
1.2.6 Conductors, insulators and semiconductors 5
1.2.7 Factors affecting the resistance of a conductor 5
1.2.8 Resistors and circuit networks 5
1.2.9 Magnetism and electromagnetism 7
1.2.10 Electromagnetic induction 8
1.2.11 Mutual induction 8
1.2.12 Definitions and laws 8
1.3 Electronic components and circuits 11
1.3.1 Introduction 11
1.3.2 Components 11
1.3.3 Integrated circuits 15
1.3.4 Amplifiers 16
1.3.5 Bridge circuits 19
1.3.6 Schmitt trigger 19
1.3.7 Timers 20
1.3.8 Filters 20
1.3.9 Darlington pair 22
1.3.10 Stepper motor driver 22
1.3.11 Digital-to-analogue conversion 23
1.3.12 Analogue-to-digital conversion 24
1.4 Digital electronics 25
1.4.1 Introduction to digital circuits 25
1.4.2 Logic gates 25
vi Contents

1.4.3 Combinational logic 26

1.4.4 Sequential logic 27
1.4.5 Timers and counters 28
1.4.6 Memory circuits 29
1.4.7 Clock or astable circuits 31
1.5 Microprocessor systems 31
1.5.1 Introduction 31
1.5.2 Ports 31
1.5.3 Central processing unit (CPU) 32
1.5.4 Memory 32
1.5.5 Buses 32
1.5.6 Fetch–execute sequence 33
1.5.7 A typical microprocessor 33
1.5.8 Microcontrollers 35
1.5.9 Testing microcontroller systems 36
1.5.10 Programming 36
1.6 Measurement 37
1.6.1 What is measurement? 37
1.6.2 A measurement system 38
1.6.3 Sources of error in measurement 38
1.7 Sensors 40
1.7.1 Thermistors 40
1.7.2 Thermocouples 41
1.7.3 Inductive sensors 42
1.7.4 Hall Effect 43
1.7.5 Strain gauges 44
1.7.6 Variable capacitance 45
1.7.7 Variable resistance 46
1.7.8 Accelerometer (knock sensors) 48
1.7.9 Linear variable differential transformer
(LVDT) 50
1.7.10 Hot wire air flow sensor 51
1.7.11 Thin film air flow sensor 52
1.7.12 Vortex flow sensor 52
1.7.13 Pitot tube 53
1.7.14 Turbine fluid flow sensor 53
1.7.15 Optical sensors 54
1.7.16 Oxygen sensors 54
1.7.17 Light sensors 55
1.7.18 Thick-film air temperature sensor 56
1.7.19 Methanol sensor 56
1.7.20 Rain sensor 56
 Contents vii

1.7.21 Oil sensor 57

1.7.22 Dynamic vehicle position sensors 57
1.7.23 Summary 58
1.8 Actuators 59
1.8.1 Introduction 59
1.8.2 Solenoid actuators 59
1.8.3 EGR valve 60
1.8.4 Motorized actuators 61
1.8.5 Stepper motors 62
1.8.6 Synchronous motors 66
1.8.7 Thermal actuators 66
1.9 Testing electronic components, sensors and
actuators 66
1.9.1 Introduction 66
1.9.2 Testing sensors 67
1.9.3 Testing actuators 68
1.10 Updates 69
1.10.1 Sensors overview and
developments 69

Chapter 2 Tools and equipment 71

2.1 Basic equipment 71
2.1.1 Introduction 71
2.1.2 Basic hand tools 71
2.1.3 Accuracy of test equipment 71
2.1.4 Multimeters 74
2.1.5 Logic probe 75
2.2 Oscilloscopes 77
2.2.1 Introduction 77
2.2.2 Waveforms 78
2.3 Scanners/fault code readers and analysers 79
2.3.1 On-board diagnostics introduction 79
2.3.2 Serial port communications 79
2.3.3 OBD2 signal protocols 80
2.3.4 Entry level scanners 81
2.3.5 Bosch KTS diagnostic equipment 86
2.3.6 Engine analysers 88
2.4 Emission testing 90
2.4.1 Introduction 90
2.4.2 Exhaust gas measurement 90
2.4.3 Exhaust analyser 91
2.4.4 Emission limits 93
viii Contents

2.5 Pressure testing 93

2.5.1 Introduction 93
2.5.2 Automotive pressure oscilloscope
transducer 94
2.5.3 Breakout boxes 96
2.6 Diagnostic procedures 96
2.6.1 Introduction 96
2.6.2 The ‘theory’ of diagnostics 96
2.7 Pass-through technology 97
2.7.1 Introduction 97
2.7.2 J2534 99
2.7.3 Hardware and software requirements 100
2.7.4 Legislation 100
2.7.5 OEM software and data links 101

Chapter 3 Electrical systems and circuits 103

3.1 The systems approach 103
3.1.1 What is a system? 103
3.1.2 Vehicle systems 104
3.1.3 Open loop systems 104
3.1.4 Closed loop systems 105
3.1.5 Summary 105
3.2 Electrical wiring, terminals and switching 105
3.2.1 Cables 105
3.2.2 Colour codes and terminal designations 106
3.2.3 Harness design 109
3.2.4 Printed circuits 112
3.2.5 Fuses and circuit breakers 113
3.2.6 Terminations 115
3.2.7 Switches 117
3.3 Multiplexing 119
3.3.1 Limits of the conventional wiring system 119
3.3.2 Multiplex data bus 121
3.3.3 Overview 121
3.3.4 Controller Area Network (CAN) 123
3.3.5 CAN data signal 125
3.3.6 Local Interconnect Network (LIN) 129
3.3.7 FlexRay 131
3.4 Media oriented systems transport (MOST) 134
3.4.1 Introduction 134
3.4.2 MOST network 134
3.4.3 Protocol 135
3.4.4 MOST applications 137
 Contents ix

3.4.5 Consumer device gateway 138

3.4.6 Summary 138
3.5 Automotive Ethernet 139
3.5.1 Introduction 139
3.5.2 Overview 139
3.6 Circuit diagrams and symbols 139
3.6.1 Symbols 139
3.6.2 Conventional circuit diagrams 140
3.6.3 Layout or wiring diagrams 140
3.6.4 Terminal diagrams 140
3.6.5 Current flow diagrams 140
3.7 Electromagnetic compatibility 140
3.7.1 Introduction 140
3.7.2 EMC problems 140
3.8 Central electrical control 145
3.8.1 Overview 145
3.8.2 Ford generic electronic module (GEM) 152
3.8.3 Communication between modules 153
3.8.4 Summary 157
3.9 Connected cars 158
3.9.1 Introduction 158
3.9.2 Smart cars and traffic systems 158
3.9.3 Wi-Fi cars 160
3.9.4 Bluetooth 161
3.9.5 Applications (apps) 162
3.9.6 Vision enhancement 163
3.9.7 Self-help 165
3.9.8 Big Brother 165
3.9.9 When computers go wrong 166
3.9.10 Summary 167
3.10 Updates 167
3.10.1 Multiplexing 167
3.10.2 Bluetooth to displace cables? 176
3.10.3 Update on 48 V technology 178

Chapter 4 Batteries 181

4.1 Vehicle batteries 181
4.1.1 Requirements of the vehicle battery 181
4.1.2 Choosing the correct battery 181
4.1.3 Positioning the vehicle battery 182
4.2 Lead-acid batteries 183
4.2.1 Construction 183
4.2.2 Battery rating 184
x Contents

4.3 Maintenance, charging and testing batteries 186

4.3.1 Maintenance 186
4.3.2 Charging the lead-acid battery 186
4.3.3 Servicing batteries 189
4.3.4 Battery faults 189
4.3.5 Testing batteries 189
4.3.6 Safety 193
4.4 Advanced battery technology 193
4.4.1 Electrochemistry 193
4.4.2 Electrolytic conduction 194
4.4.3 Ohm’s law and electrolytic
resistance 194
4.4.4 Electrochemical action of the lead-acid
battery 195
4.4.5 Characteristics 197
4.4.6 Peukert’s law 198
4.5 Developments in electrical storage 198
4.5.1 Lead-acid 198
4.5.2 Alkaline 199
4.5.3 ZEBRA 201
4.5.4 Sodium sulphur 201
4.5.5 Swing 201
4.5.6 Fuel cells 202
4.5.7 Super-capacitors 205
4.5.8 Summary 205
4.6 Updates 207
4.6.1 Micro batteries research 207
4.6.2 Lead-acid batteries update 208
4.6.3 Battery diagnostics 210

Chapter 5 Charging 213

5.1 Requirements of the charging system 213
5.1.1 Introduction 213
5.1.2 Basic operating principles 213
5.1.3 Vehicle electrical loads 214
5.2 Charging system principles 216
5.2.1 Basic principles 216
5.2.2 Charging voltages 216
5.2.3 Charging circuits 217
5.2.4 Generation of electricity 218
5.2.5 Rectification of AC to DC 219
5.2.6 Regulation of output voltage 222
 Contents xi

5.3 Alternators 226

5.3.1 Bosch compact alternator 226
5.3.2 Efficient alternators 228
5.3.3 Water-cooled alternators 229
5.3.4 Denso high-output alternators 230
5.3.5 Charging system testing procedure 230
5.4 Smart charging 231
5.4.1 Introduction and closed loop regulation 231
5.4.2 Open loop regulation 233
5.4.3 Engine performance 233
5.4.4 Fault conditions 235
5.4.5 Summary 235
5.5 Advanced charging system technology 235
5.5.1 Charging system – problems and
solutions 235
5.5.2 Charge balance calculation 238
5.5.3 Alternator characteristics 239
5.5.4 Mechanical and external
considerations 240
5.6 Updates 241
5.6.1 Alternator developments 241

Chapter 6 Starting 245

6.1 Requirements of the starting system 245
6.1.1 Engine starting requirements 245
6.1.2 Starting system design 247
6.1.3 Choosing a starter motor 248
6.2 Starter motors and circuits 250
6.2.1 Starting system circuits 250
6.2.2 Example circuits 250
6.2.3 Starter circuit testing 253
6.2.4 Principle of operation 254
6.2.5 DC motor characteristics 257
6.3 Types of starter motor 258
6.3.1 Inertia starters 258
6.3.2 Pre-engaged starters 259
6.3.3 Permanent magnet starters 261
6.3.4 Integrated starters 263
6.3.5 Electronic starter control 263
6.3.6 Starter installation 263
6.3.7 Belt-driven starter-generator 264
6.3.8 Summary 265
xii Contents

6.4 Advanced starting system technology 265

6.4.1 Speed, torque and power 265
6.4.2 Efficiency 267
6.5 Updates 268
6.5.1 Electronic starter motor control and
stop-start system 268
6.5.2 Jump start without a battery 270

Chapter 7 Ignition 273

7.1 Ignition system fundamentals 273
7.1.1 Functional requirements 273
7.1.2 Generation of high tension 274
7.1.3 Advance angle (timing) 274
7.1.4 Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions 275
7.1.5 Contact breaker ignition 275
7.1.6 Plug leads 276
7.1.7 Ignition coil cores 278
7.2 Electronic ignition 278
7.2.1 Introduction 278
7.2.2 Constant dwell systems 279
7.2.3 Constant energy systems 279
7.2.4 Hall Effect pulse generator 279
7.2.5 Inductive pulse generator 280
7.2.6 Other pulse generators 281
7.2.7 Dwell angle control (open loop) 281
7.2.8 Current limiting and closed loop dwell 283
7.2.9 Capacitor discharge ignition 284
7.3 Electronic spark advance 285
7.3.1 Overview 285
7.3.2 Sensors and input information 286
7.3.3 Electronic control unit 287
7.4 Distributorless ignition 290
7.4.1 Principle of operation 290
7.4.2 System components 291
7.5 Coil on plug (COP) ignition 291
7.5.1 General description 291
7.5.2 Control of ignition 293
7.6 Spark plugs 293
7.6.1 Functional requirements 293
7.6.2 Construction 294
7.6.3 Heat range 295
7.6.4 Electrode materials 296
7.6.5 Electrode gap 297
 Contents xiii

7.6.6 V-grooved spark plug 297

7.6.7 Choosing the correct plug 298
7.6.8 Spark plugs development 299
7.7 Summary 299
7.7.1 Overview 299
7.7.2 Testing procedure 301
7.8 Advanced ignition technology 303
7.8.1 Ignition coil performance 303
7.9 Updates 304
7.9.1 Spark plug electrode designs 304

Chapter 8 Fuel control 307

8.1 Combustion 307
8.1.1 Introduction 307
8.1.2 Spark ignition engine combustion process 307
8.1.3 Range and rate of burning 309
8.1.4 Detonation 311
8.1.5 Pre-ignition 311
8.1.6 Combustion chamber 312
8.1.7 Stratification of cylinder charge 312
8.1.8 Mixture strength and performance 313
8.1.9 Compression ignition (CI) engines 313
8.1.10 Combustion chamber design –
diesel engine 316
8.1.11 Summary of combustion 316
8.2 Engine fuelling and exhaust emissions 317
8.2.1 Operating conditions 317
8.2.2 Exhaust emissions 317
8.2.3 Other sources of emissions 318
8.2.4 Leaded and unleaded fuel 319
8.3 Emissions and driving cycles 320
8.3.1 Exhaust emission regulations 320
8.3.2 Test cycles 321
8.4 Fuel injection 324
8.4.1 Advantages of fuel injection 324
8.4.2 System overview 324
8.4.3 Components of a fuel injection system 328
8.4.4 Bosch ‘L’ Jetronic – variations 332
8.4.5 Bosch Mono Jetronic – single point
injection 333
8.4.6 Sequential multipoint injection 335
8.4.7 Lean burn technology 336
8.4.8 Double fuel injectors 338
xiv Contents

8.5 Diesel fuel injection 339

8.5.1 Introduction 339
8.5.2 Injection overview 344
8.5.3 Diesel exhaust emissions 345
8.5.4 Electronic control of diesel injection 346
8.5.5 Rotary pump system 347
8.5.6 Common rail system 350
8.5.7 Electronic unit injection (EUI) –
diesel fuel 355
8.5.8 Diesel lambda sensor 357
8.6 Summary 358
8.6.1 Overview 358
8.6.2 Diagnosing fuel control systems 358
8.7 Advanced fuel control technology 359
8.7.1 Air–fuel ratio calculations 359
8.8 Updates 360
8.8.1 Under pressure... 360
8.8.2 Euro 6 overview 362

Chapter 9 Engine management 365

9.1 Combined ignition and fuel introduction 365
9.1.1 Introduction 365
9.1.2 Variable inlet tract 366
9.1.3 Combustion flame and pressure sensing 366
9.1.4 Wide range lambda sensors 367
9.1.5 Injectors with air shrouding 367
9.2 Exhaust emission control 367
9.2.1 Engine design 367
9.2.2 Combustion chamber design 367
9.2.3 Compression ratio 368
9.2.4 Valve timing 368
9.2.5 Manifold designs 368
9.2.6 Charge stratification 368
9.2.7 Warm-up time 369
9.2.8 Exhaust gas recirculation 369
9.2.9 Ignition system 370
9.2.10 Thermal after-burning 370
9.2.11 Catalytic converters 370
9.2.12 Closed loop lambda control 373
9.3 Engine management systems 374
9.3.1 Motronic M3 374
9.3.2 DI-Motronic 385
9.3.3 ME-Motronic principles 390
 Contents xv

9.4 Other aspects of engine management 391

9.4.1 Introduction 391
9.4.2 Variable valve timing 391
9.4.3 Lean burn engines 394
9.4.4 Two-stroke engines 394
9.4.5 Combustion control system 395
9.4.6 Active cooling 397
9.4.7 Engine trends – spark ignition 399
9.4.8 Transonic combustion 400
9.4.9 Diagnosing engine management
systems 401
9.5 Advanced engine management technology 405
9.5.1 Speed density and fuel calculations 405
9.5.2 Ignition timing calculation 406
9.5.3 Dwell calculation 408
9.5.4 Injection duration calculation 408
9.5.5 Developing and testing software 409
9.5.6 Artificial Intelligence 411
9.5.7 Neural computing 412
9.6 Updates 413
9.6.1 Gasoline direct injection electronic
control technology 413
9.6.2 Common rail diesels – intelligent
injectors 415
9.6.3 eSupercharger 417
9.6.4 GPS data for powertrains, apps,
other systems 417
9.6.5 V6 diesel with electric turbocharging 418
9.6.6 Water injection 418
9.6.7 Cylinder deactivation 419
9.6.8 Dynamic skip fire 421
9.6.9 Diesel particulate filters 421
9.6.10 Miller cycle 424
9.6.11 Cooled EGR 426
9.6.12 Nissan variable compression (VC)
engine 427

Chapter 10 Lighting 429

10.1 Lighting fundamentals 429
10.1.1 Introduction 429
10.1.2 Bulbs 429
10.1.3 External lights 431
10.1.4 Headlight reflectors 433
10.1.5 Complex shape reflectors 434
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