Human Eye and colourful world
Structure of Human Eye:
Cornea: Transparent front layer that helps focus light.
Aqueous Humour: Clear fluid between cornea and lens.
Lens: Flexible, transparent structure that changes shape to focus light on the retina.
Iris: Coloured part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.
Pupil: Opening in the iris that allows light to enter.
Retina: Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye where images are formed.
Optic Nerve: Carries signals from retina to the brain.
Working of the Eye:
Light enters through cornea → passes through aqueous humour → lens focuses light on retina.
Retina converts light into electrical signals.
Signals are sent to brain via optic nerve.
Brain interprets these signals as images.
Power of Accommodation:
Eye’s ability to focus on objects at different distances by changing lens shape.
Lens becomes thicker to focus on nearby objects.
Lens becomes thinner to focus on distant objects.
Defects of Vision and Corrections:
1. Myopia (Nearsightedness): Can see nearby objects clearly, distant objects blurry.
o Corrected by concave lens.
2. Hypermetropia (Farsightedness): Can see distant objects clearly, nearby objects blurry.
o Corrected by convex lens.
3. Presbyopia: Age-related difficulty in focusing on near objects.
4. Cataract: Clouding of the lens, treated by surgery.
Colourful World
Dispersion of White Light:
White light splits into seven colours when passed through a glass prism.
Colours: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red (VIBGYOR).
Reason for Dispersion:
Different colours of light bend by different amounts due to different wavelengths.
Violet bends the most, red bends the least.
Rainbow Formation:
Caused by dispersion, reflection, and refraction of sunlight in raindrops.
Raindrops act as tiny prisms.
Result is a spectrum of colours in a circular arc.
Scattering of Light:
The phenomenon of redirection of light in different directions by small particles.
Responsible for:
o Blue sky: Blue light is scattered more due to shorter wavelength.
o Red sunsets: At sunrise/sunset, sunlight passes through more atmosphere; blue light scatters out,
leaving red.
Importance of Scattering:
Explains natural phenomena like colour of sky and sunrises/sunsets.
Used in technologies like optical fibres.
QUESTION AND ANSWERS: HUMAN EYE
Q1. Name the parts of the human eye and their functions.
A:
Cornea: Helps to focus light.
Aqueous Humour: Maintains eye shape and nourishes cornea.
Lens: Focuses light on the retina.
Iris: Controls the size of the pupil.
Pupil: Allows light to enter.
Retina: Converts light into electrical signals.
Optic Nerve: Sends signals to the brain.
Q2. What is the power of accommodation?
A: The ability of the eye lens to change its shape to focus on objects at
different distances.
Q3. What causes myopia and how is it corrected?
A:
Cause: Eyeball is too long or lens is too strong; image forms before the retina.
Correction: Use of a concave lens.
Q4. What is hypermetropia? How can it be corrected?
A:
Cause: Eyeball is too short or lens is too weak; image forms behind the retina.
Correction: Use of a convex lens.
Q5. What is cataract?
A: Clouding of the eye lens causing blurred vision; treated by surgery.
QUESTION AND ANSWERS : COLOURFUL WORLD
Q1. What is dispersion of white light?
A: Splitting of white light into seven colors when passed through a prism.
Q2. Name the colors of the spectrum formed due to dispersion.
A: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red (VIBGYOR).
Q3. Why does the sky appear blue?
A: Blue light is scattered more than other colors because of its shorter
wavelength.
Q4. Why do sunsets appear red?
A: During sunset, sunlight passes through more atmosphere, scattering
away blue light and leaving red light.
Q5. How is a rainbow formed?
A: By the refraction, reflection, and dispersion of sunlight in raindrops
acting like tiny prisms.
Diagrams
