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Global Strategy and
Practice of E-Governance:
Examples from around the World
Danilo Piaggesi
Fondazione Rosselli Americas (FRA) & International Knowledge Economy
Program (IKEP), USA

Kristian J. Sund
Middlesex University, UK

Walter Castelnovo
University of Insubria, Italy
Senior Editorial Director: Kristin Klinger
Director of Book Publications: Julia Mosemann
Editorial Director: Lindsay Johnston
Acquisitions Editor: Erika Carter
Typesetters: Michael Brehm, Milan Vracarich Jr., & Deanna Zombro
Production Coordinator: Jamie Snavely
Cover Design: Nick Newcomer

Published in the United States of America by

Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
701 E. Chocolate Avenue
Hershey PA 17033
Tel: 717-533-8845
Fax: 717-533-8661
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.igi-global.com/reference

Copyright © 2011 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher.
Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or
companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Global strategy and practice of e-governance : examples from around the world
/ Danilo Piaggesi, Kristian J. Sund, and Walter Castelnovo, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-60960-489-9 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-60960-490-5 (ebook) 1.
Internet in public administration--Case studies. I. Piaggesi, Danilo, 1956-
II. Sund, Kristian J., 1975- III. Castelnovo, Walter, 1960-
JF1525.A8G564 2011
352.3’802854678--dc22
2010053484

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the
authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
Editorial Advisory Board
Frank Bannister, Trinity College, Dublin
Gianluca Misuraca, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), Spain & Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
Chris Vein, City and County of San Francisco, USA
Christof Kuechemann, Resident Director of the GTZ, El Salvador
Maddalena Sorrentino, Università degli studi di Milano, Italy

List of Reviewers
Mohamed Abdul Razak, Anna University, India
Johanna Ekua Awotwi, Center for e-Governance, Ghana
Monis Aziz, IBM, India
Frank Bannister, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
Ana Sofia Cardenal, Universita Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
Walter Castelnovo, University of Insubria, Italy
Luca Cernuzzi, Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción,” Paraguay
Maria Chea, American University, USA
Marc Deakin, Edinburgh Napier University, UK
Russell Lidman, Seattle University, USA
Tunç Durmuş Medeni, METU, Turkey
Morten Meyerhoff Nielsen, Danish Technological Institute, Denmark
Gianluca Misuraca, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
Danilo Piaggesi, Fondazione Rosselli Americas (FRA) & International Knowledge Economy
Program (IKEP), USA
Rinaldo Pietrantonio, George Mason University, USA
Leonardo Pineda Serna, Universidad del Rosario, Colombia
Evgeny Styrin, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
Maddalena Sorrentino, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
Kristian J. Sund, Middlesex University, UK
Gianluigi Viscusi, Università di Milano Bicocca, Italy
Table of Contents

Foreword . ........................................................................................................................................... xvi

Preface . .............................................................................................................................................xviii

Acknowledgment................................................................................................................................ xxii

Section 1
Strategy and Practice at the Local Level

Section Introduction.........................................................................................................................xxiii
Chris Vein, City and County of San Francisco, USA

Chapter 1
E-Governance vs. E-Readiness in Urban Municipal Governments in Tamil Nadu, India....................... 1
Abdul Razak Mohamed, Anna University, India

Chapter 2
Municipal Mobile SMS Services: An E-Government Initiative of the Municipality
of La Paz, Bolivia.................................................................................................................................. 24
Rodolfo Castillo López, Asesoramiento Empresarial S.A, Bolivia

Chapter 3
The Soveria.it Project: A Best Practice of E-Government in Southern Italy......................................... 34
Gianpaolo Iazzolino, University of Calabria, Italy
Rinaldo Pietrantonio, George Mason University, USA

Chapter 4
Usage Intention of E-Government Services in Macao.......................................................................... 57
Chang Boon Patrick Lee, University of Macau, Macao
U Ian Edith Lei, The Venetian Macao-Resort-Hotel (VMRH), Macao
Chapter 5
Gender Evaluation of Rural E-Governance in India: A Case Study of E-Gram Suraj
(E-Rural Good Governance) Scheme.................................................................................................... 67
Saxena Anupama, Guru Ghasidas University, India

Chapter 6
The Governance of Partnerships in Local Government......................................................................... 83
Walter Castelnovo, University of Insubria, Italy

Chapter 7
Integrating Electronic Government and Public Administration Reform Strategies:
Method and Experience....................................................................................................................... 102
Adegboyega Ojo, United Nations University - International Institute for Software Technology,
Macao SAR, China
Tomasz Janowski, United Nations University - International Institute for Software Technology,
Macao SAR, China

Chapter 8
From the City of Bits to E-Topia: Space, Citizenship and Commmunity as Global Strategy
in the Governance of the Digitally-Inclusive Regeneration Thesis..................................................... 124
Mark Deakin, Edinburgh Napier University, UK

Section 2
Strategy and Practice at the National Level

Section Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 142

Frank Bannister, Trinity College, Ireland

Chapter 9
Evaluation of Turkish Public E-Procurement Systems: An Analysis of Critical Success Factors...........144
Meltem Yildirim Imamoglu, Ministry of Finance, Turkey
Mohammed Rehan, Atilim University, Turkey

Chapter 10
Study of Electronic Governance Practices: Controllership Instrument for Decision-Making
in the Management of the Brazilian States.......................................................................................... 157
Gilmar Ribeiro de Mello, State University of West of Paraná, Brazil
Valmor Slomski, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Edson Luiz Riccio, University of São Paulo, Brazil

Chapter 11
Implementing ICT for Governance in a Post-Conflict Nation: A Case Study of Afghanistan............ 185
Monis Aziz, IBM, India
Chapter 12
The Ghana Community Network Services Ltd (GCNet): Implementation Challenges...................... 209
Johanna Ekua Awotwi, Centre for E-Governance, Ghana

Chapter 13
Danish eGovernment Success Factors: Strategies and Good Practice Examples................................ 231
Morten Meyerhoff Nielsen, Danish Technological Institute, Denmark

Chapter 14
Turkish Case of E-Government Policy-Formulation Process as an Emerging
and Innovative Public Policymaking Area........................................................................................... 255
Asım Balcı, Selçuk University, Turkey
Tunç Durmuş Medeni, Türksat, METU, Turkey
Ahmet Nohutçu, Kocaeli University, Turkey

Chapter 15
E-Turkey: Turkey’s Way to the Information Society........................................................................... 272
İbrahim Arpacı, Middle East Technical University, Turkey

Chapter 16
E-Government in Russia: Strategies of Formation and Development................................................. 286
Yuri Hohlov, Institute of the Information Society, Russia
Evgeny Styrin, Moscow State University, Russia & SUNY Albany, USA

Chapter 17
E-Governance for Development: Designing an Operational Roadmap for ICT-Enabled
Public Administration Reform............................................................................................................. 304
Gianluca Misuraca, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
Gianluigi Viscusi, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy

Chapter 18
The Contribution of Colombian Civil Society Organizations to E-Government for the Improvement
of Transparency through the Use of Information and Communication Technologies . ...................... 324
Julián Casasbuenas G., Director Colnodo, Colombia

Chapter 19
Is the Internet Mightier than the Sword: An Anti-Corruption Perspective.......................................... 338
Russell Lidman, Seattle University, USA

Chapter 20
Parties and ICTs: Analyzing Party Strategies to Use the Internet for Political Mobilization.............. 355
Ana Sofia Cardenal, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
 Section 3
Strategy and Practice at the Regional Level

Section Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 377

Gianluca Misuraca, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), Spain
& Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland

Chapter 21
E-Government and Competitiveness in Latin America: The Case of the Electronic Invoice.............. 380
Pablo Valenti, Digital Strategy Specialist, Uruguay

Chapter 22
Experiences of the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) in the Promotion of E-Governance
in Latin America.................................................................................................................................. 397
Nestor Zapata, Main Advisor of the PROA/GTZ Project, El Salvador
Christof Kuechemann, Resident Director of the GTZ, El Salvador

Chapter 23
Experiences in E-Governance from an ICT4G Perspective: Case Studies and Lesson Learned.............407
Luca Cernuzzi, DEI-Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción”, Paraguay
Magalí González, DEI-Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción”, Paraguay
Marco Ronchetti, University of Trento, Italy
Adolfo Villafiorita, Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK-IRST), Italy
Komminist Weldemariam, Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK-IRST), Italy

Chapter 24
Strategic Innovation and the Knowledge Society: The Case of Latin America.................................. 424
Leonardo Pineda Serna, Universidad del Rosario, Colombia

Chapter 25
E-Government Clusters: From Framework to Implementation .......................................................... 443
Kristian J. Sund, Middlesex University Business School, UK
Ajay Kumar Reddy Adala, Centre for e-Governance, India

Chapter 26
The Knowledge Economy: A New Development Paradigm for Latin America
and the Caribbean (LAC) . .................................................................................................................. 464
Danilo Piaggesi, Fondazione Rosselli Americas (FRA) & International Knowledge Economy
Program (IKEP), USA
Maria J. Chea, American University, USA
A Possible Future Manifesto ............................................................................................................ 478

Afterword............................................................................................................................................ 485

Compilation of References ............................................................................................................... 487

About the Contributors .................................................................................................................... 518

Index.................................................................................................................................................... 530
Detailed Table of Contents

Foreword . ........................................................................................................................................... xvi

Preface . .............................................................................................................................................xviii

Acknowledgment................................................................................................................................ xxii

Section 1
Strategy and Practice at the Local Level

Section Introduction.........................................................................................................................xxiii
Chris Vein, City and County of San Francisco, USA

Chapter 1
E-Governance vs. E-Readiness in Urban Municipal Governments in Tamil Nadu, India....................... 1
Abdul Razak Mohamed, Anna University, India

This chapter discusses urban e-governance in the case of Tamil Nadu state, as well as Tambaram, a
suburb of the city of Chennai, in India. The author emphasis the importance of e-readiness in this par-
ticular context.

Chapter 2
Municipal Mobile SMS Services: An E-Government Initiative of the Municipality
of La Paz, Bolivia.................................................................................................................................. 24
Rodolfo Castillo López, Asesoramiento Empresarial S.A, Bolivia

This chapter discusses the creation of a master plan developed by the Municipality of La Paz in 2009,
for the improvement of ICT-based services to citizens. The chapter focuses on the m-Government side
of the plan, and in particular on the use of SMS services.

Chapter 3
The Soveria.it Project: A Best Practice of E-Government in Southern Italy......................................... 34
Gianpaolo Iazzolino, University of Calabria, Italy
Rinaldo Pietrantonio, George Mason University, USA
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This chapter describes the content of the Soveria.it project implemented in a small town in the South of
Italy with the aims of: promoting the use of ICTs to make public administration services more efficient
and accessible through internet; creating channels for a direct communication between citizens and
public administration; and creating a public wireless access to Internet, available to the entire popula-
tion free of charge.

Chapter 4
Usage Intention of E-Government Services in Macao.......................................................................... 57
Chang Boon Patrick Lee, University of Macau, Macao
U Ian Edith Lei, The Venetian Macao-Resort-Hotel (VMRH), Macao

In this chapter the authors investigate the factors that might influence the usage of e-government ser-
vices. They conclude that there are two important ways to increase usage intention of e-government
services: (i) develop trust in e-government services and (ii) make e-government services more compat-
ible with the users’ lifestyle.

Chapter 5
Gender Evaluation of Rural E-Governance in India: A Case Study of E-Gram Suraj
(E-Rural Good Governance) Scheme.................................................................................................... 67
Saxena Anupama, Guru Ghasidas University, India

In this chapter the author considers whether the introduction of ICTs has improved the role of women in
rural governance in India and suggests how to exploit the potential of ICTs to solve the existing gender
issues.

Chapter 6
The Governance of Partnerships in Local Government......................................................................... 83
Walter Castelnovo, University of Insubria, Italy

This chapter discusses the involvement of small municipalities in partnerships, both with public and
private partners, as a way to improve their efficiency and effectiveness. It suggests a possible solution
to the problem of the asymmetric availability of skills and capacity of the public partner with respect to
the private partners, thus allowing the public part a better governance of the relationship.

Chapter 7
Integrating Electronic Government and Public Administration Reform Strategies:
Method and Experience....................................................................................................................... 102
Adegboyega Ojo, United Nations University - International Institute for Software Technology,
Macao SAR, China
Tomasz Janowski, United Nations University - International Institute for Software Technology,
Macao SAR, China

The authors of this chapter discuss how e-governance and public administration reform strategies go
hand-in-hand, and how the integration of these strategies can be important to a successful implementation.
Chapter 8
From the City of Bits to E-Topia: Space, Citizenship and Commmunity as Global Strategy
in the Governance of the Digitally-Inclusive Regeneration Thesis..................................................... 124
Mark Deakin, Edinburgh Napier University, UK

Deakin’s theoretical (and some would say almost philosophical) piece reflects on governance in a mod-
ern urban context. In a sense, Deakin asks the important question of whether ICTs help to bring citizens
into the community, and to bring communities closer together, or whether ICTs are actually splitting up
the community and alienating its citizens.

Section 2
Strategy and Practice at the National Level

Section Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 142

Frank Bannister, Trinity College, Dublin

Chapter 9
Evaluation of Turkish Public E-Procurement Systems: An Analysis of Critical Success Factors...........144
Meltem Yildirim Imamoglu, Ministry of Finance, Turkey
Mohammed Rehan, Atilim University, Turkey

This chapter discusses electronic public procurement systems, including the advantages of these. The
context of study is Turkey, but the authors outline some experiences of a number of European Union
countries as well.

Chapter 10
Study of Electronic Governance Practices: Controllership Instrument
for Decision-Making in the Management of the Brazilian States........................................................ 157
Gilmar Ribeiro de Mello, State University of West of Paraná, Brazil
Valmor Slomski, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Edson Luiz Riccio, University of São Paulo, Brazil

This chapter defines a Brazilian States Electronic Governance Index (BEGI) and considers the relation
between it and some well known economic and social development indexes. The authors conclude that
States with the highest Gross Domestic Product, the highest Human Development Index and the lowest
Gini co-efficient, are the ones with the highest number of implemented electronic governance practices.

Chapter 11
Implementing ICT for Governance in a Post-Conflict Nation: A Case Study of Afghanistan............ 185
Monis Aziz, IBM, India

This chapter discusses the challenges to the implementation of government ICT projects and gover-
nance through ICT in countries ravaged by war or conflict. The author suggests that ICTs can be an
important enabler of development and reconstruction in such post-conflict nations.
Chapter 12
The Ghana Community Network Services Ltd (GCNet): Implementation Challenges...................... 209
Johanna Ekua Awotwi, Centre for E-Governance, Ghana

This chapter discusses Ghana’s e-Governance initiative and the particular implementation challenges
and constraints this initiative has encountered.

Chapter 13
Danish eGovernment Success Factors: Strategies and Good Practice Examples................................ 231
Morten Meyerhoff Nielsen, Danish Technological Institute, Denmark

In this chapter the author discusses the success factors of the Danish e-Government initiatives. Such
factors include: the definition of an interoperability framework, the focus on cross-organizational col-
laboration and governance; a joint approach between the government, the regions and the municipali-
ties; and the promotion and encouragement of ICT use in the public sector.

Chapter 14
Turkish Case of E-Government Policy-Formulation Process as an Emerging
and Innovative Public Policymaking Area........................................................................................... 255
Asım Balcı, Selçuk University, Turkey
Tunç Durmuş Medeni, Türksat, METU, Turkey
Ahmet Nohutçu, Kocaeli University, Turkey

This chapter describes the process of transformation of Government that has been going on in Turkey
since the early ‘80s and presents e-government as a new avenue of the transformative trend, influencing
the Turkish system of Government as a whole.

Chapter 15
E-Turkey: Turkey’s Way to the Information Society........................................................................... 272
İbrahim Arpacı, Middle East Technical University, Turkey

This chapter discusses the e-government development process in Turkey and some of the major proj-
ects taking place within this context. With data from a series of interviews with officials, the author
discusses some key challenges of the electronic transformation.

Chapter 16
E-Government in Russia: Strategies of Formation and Development................................................. 286
Yuri Hohlov, Institute of the Information Society, Russia
Evgeny Styrin, Moscow State University, Russia & SUNY Albany, USA

This chapter discusses the implementation of a national e-governance strategy in Russia. The authors
outline the various stages of policy the country has gone through, as well as some of the main chal-
lenges faced.
Chapter 17
E-Governance for Development: Designing an Operational Roadmap for ICT-Enabled
Public Administration Reform............................................................................................................. 304
Gianluca Misuraca, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
Gianluigi Viscusi, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy

This chapter presents a conceptual framework on E-Governance for development that is intended to
account for the relations among different stakeholders when introducing ICTs and for the way these
interactions can affect institutions and society at large. The application of the framework is exemplified
with respect to two Mediterranean countries: Algeria and Morocco.

Chapter 18
The Contribution of Colombian Civil Society Organizations to E-Government for the Improvement
of Transparency through the Use of Information and Communication Technologies . ...................... 324
Julián Casasbuenas G., Director Colnodo, Colombia

This chapter discusses the experience of civil society organizations in Columbia in pushing the agenda
of transparency of government, through the implementation of an “Internet for Accountability” initia-
tive. The results of a consultation are presented and in particular some of the difficulties faced by rural
municipalities are discussed.

Chapter 19
Is the Internet Mightier than the Sword: An Anti-Corruption Perspective.......................................... 338
Russell Lidman, Seattle University, USA

The author of this chapter considers whether ICTs can help reduce corruption and improve governance.
The examples considered in the chapter clearly show that ICTs can be used to organize and sustain an
opposition to corruption, even when the mainstream media stand apart from the issue.

Chapter 20
Parties and ICTs: Analyzing Party Strategies to Use the Internet for Political Mobilization.............. 355
Ana Sofia Cardenal, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain

This chapter studies what elements can influence the online strategies of political parties. It concludes
that parties that are large, in the opposition, non-ideological or highly cohesive, and with small bureau-
cracies, are those that use internet more intensively to mobilize support.

Section 3
Strategy and Practice at the Regional Level

Section Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 377

Gianluca Misuraca, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), Spain
& Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
Chapter 21
E-Government and Competitiveness in Latin America: The Case of the Electronic Invoice.............. 380
Pablo Valenti, Digital Strategy Specialist, Uruguay

This chapter describes the introduction of government electronic invoicing within some countries of the
Latin America area.The author indentifies four elements that should be considered when introducing
electronic invoices: a solid legal framework on the use of tax documents; a solid institutional basis; a
solid technological basis allowing a reliable infrastructure; the involvement of the private sector as a
strategic partner.

Chapter 22
Experiences of the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) in the Promotion of E-Governance
in Latin America.................................................................................................................................. 397
Nestor Zapata, Main Advisor of the PROA/GTZ Project, El Salvador
Christof Kuechemann, Resident Director of the GTZ, El Salvador

The chapter describes three cooperation projects supported by the German Technical Cooperation in
Chile and El Salvador. It highlights the GTZ mode of intervention, which aims at improving the man-
agement, efficiency and efficacy capacities of the Latin- American counterparts by adding elements that
promote transparency, participation and citizenship information.

Chapter 23
Experiences in E-Governance from an ICT4G perspective: Case Studies and Lesson Learned.............407
Luca Cernuzzi, DEI-Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción”, Paraguay
Magalí González, DEI-Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción”, Paraguay
Marco Ronchetti, University of Trento, Italy
Adolfo Villafiorita, Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK-IRST), Italy
Komminist Weldemariam, Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK-IRST), Italy

The authors of this chapter discuss the concept of information and communication technology for good
(ICT4G), illustrating the concept with a series of case studies. They point out the importance of good
governance, and interestingly make the point that e-governance is as much or more about governance
as it is about “e”.

Chapter 24
Strategic Innovation and the Knowledge Society: The Case of Latin America.................................. 424
Leonardo Pineda Serna, Universidad del Rosario, Colombia

In this chapter, the author discusses what should be done by the Latin-American and Caribbean coun-
tries to become incorporated into the global knowledge society. The discussion leads to: (i) the defini-
tion of a strategic plan for developing ICTs in the area and (ii) the description of a roadmap for integrat-
ing the different stakeholders, as a way to fostering a strategic innovation in the e-governance of Latin
American and Caribbean countries.
Chapter 25
E-Government Clusters: From Framework to Implementation .......................................................... 443
Kristian J. Sund, Middlesex University Business School, UK
Ajay Kumar Reddy Adala, Centre for e-Governance, India

This chapter extends the work of Michael Porter and others in describing industry clusters, to the con-
cept of e-government clusters. Several such clusters have emerged in the recent decade and a few cases
are explored and an extended cluster framework presented.

Chapter 26
The Knowledge Economy: A New Development Paradigm for Latin America
and the Caribbean (LAC) . .................................................................................................................. 464
Danilo Piaggesi, Fondazione Rosselli Americas (FRA) & International Knowledge Economy
Program (IKEP), USA
Maria J. Chea, American University, USA

This chapter discusses the opportunities that would arise for the Latin America and Caribbean countries
from the transition from a basically agricultural economy to the knowledge economy. To achieve this
result a multi-sector stakeholder approach is needed in which both public and private organizations
should be involved in a collective effort to deploy a knowledge economy based society.

A Possible Future Manifesto ............................................................................................................ 478

Afterword............................................................................................................................................ 485

Compilation of References ............................................................................................................... 487

About the Contributors .................................................................................................................... 518

Index.................................................................................................................................................... 530
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