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Eugenio Montale s Poetry A Dream in Reason s Presence
Glauco Cambon Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Glauco Cambon
ISBN(s): 9781400853434, 1400853435
Edition: Course Book
File Details: PDF, 12.63 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english
EUGENIO MONTALE'S
POETRY
 -κ

EUGENIO
MONTALE'S POETRY
A Dream in
Reason's Presence

Glauco Cambon

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

Copyright © 1982 by Princeton University Press

Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton,

New Jersey 08540

In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Guildford, Surrey

All Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data will be found on the last

printed page of this book

This book has been composed in Linotron Palatine

Clothbound editions of Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-

free paper, and binding materials are chosen for strength and durability.

Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press,

Princeton, New Jersey
TO MARLIS, connoisseur of poetry,
who kept encouraging me to write this book
CONTENTS

PREFACE ix

1 INTRODUCTION: THE SEA OF BEING 3

2 THE DESCENT INTO TIME 34

3 THE OCCASIONS OF EPIPHANY 54

4 THE PURGATORIAL SYNDROME 90

5 ANIMAL VITALITY 153

6 A DREAM IN REASON'S PRESENCE 191

7 THE WAY OF NEGATION 205

INDEX OF MONTALE TITLES AND

THEIR TRANSLATIONS 259

GENERAL INDEX 265

PREFACE

In the wake of the Nobel prize awarded to him in 1975,

Eugenio Montale's work has been attracting much more
attention in the English-speaking world than had formerly
been the case, though some critics and translators did not
wait for the Stockholm accolade to exercise their talents on
his poignant, elusive verse and on his muffled prose. Poets
like Robert Lowell, James Merrill, Cid Corman, and Charles
Wright had already tried their interpretive and creative
mettle in the challenging encounter with some of Montale's
finest poems, while long before them (in 1928) T. S. Eliot,
a germane voice in some regards, had introduced the Italian
writer's sophisticated "Arsenio" to readers of The Criterion
in Mario Praz's careful English rendering—without eliciting
thereby the widespread response that this kind of intro­
duction should have warranted among scholars and pub­
lishers in the language. Now that Montale's international
recognition has significantly increased that response, the
time has come to sharpen the focus of analysis, and that
is partly the purpose of the present book.
But its basic motivation is another. Montale's poetry has
accompanied me for a lifetime, and if my various interpre­
tive endeavors from the mid-fifties on have intimated the
constancy of this interest on my part, they have been too
fragmentary to attain an organic scope. A more sustained
effort was in order, and now that its results are ready to
meet the public eye in the pages that follow, I hope they
 PREFACE

will convey a sense of the steady development of Montale's

writing down to the last years, along with the realization
of how inexhaustible certain poems can be even if taken
by themselves. There is no end to the questions this poetry
can elicit, beyond whatever answers it may also provide.
Conversing with it is like prolonging beyond the threshold
of death the conversation that for so many years I was
privileged to have with my friend Eugenio Montale, with
the man of an older generation who had been through two
world wars and who left us forever in September 1981.
Though he told me (in December 1980) that my com­
pleted manuscript met with his approval, I am only too
aware of its gaps, since space prevented me from devoting
more than a passing reference to several poems I cherish;
the book is far from slim as it is.
Thanks are posthumously due to Eugenio Montale for
his kindness through a quarter century of personal ac­
quaintance, and for having written poetry that has helped
me to live. His housekeeper, Ms. Gina Tiossi, is also en­
titled to my gratitude for her helpfulness and for the in­
valuable assistance she gave him in the painful years of his
physical decline. Without her, he would not have survived
to write what he did in the last years. I am indebted to the
Research Foundation of the University of Connecticut and
to the Merrill Foundation of New York for travel grants
that made it possible for me to consult Montale in Italy and
to visit libraries there in summer 1977 and in summer 1978.
In the same period, Professors Maria Corti and Maria An-
tonietta Grignani, both of Pavia University, and their as­
sistants, earned my gratitude by allowing me to examine
that university's special collection of modern manuscripts,
which includes important early and intermediate drafts of
many of Montale's poems from the first as well as from
the last books.
Chapter Two is translated with minor changes from the
original Italian essay, "Carnevale di Gerti," which ap­
peared in Eugenio Montale, profile di uno scrittore, ed. An-
nalisa Cima and Cesare Segre (Milano: Rizzoli, 1977), ©

χ
PREFACE

1977 by Rizzoli, and is included in the present book by

permission of Rizzoli publishers. Chapter Three is re­
printed with some changes by permission of the Modern
Language Association of America from PMLA1 82, no. 7
(December 1967): 471-484, © 1967 by the Modern Language
Association of America. The pages in Chapter Four that
analyze the poem "Iride" were published as part of a work
in progress in Canto 4, no. 1 (June 1981). All the English
translations of poetry or prose quoted in this book from
Montale's work or from other sources are mine.
Montale's poems first appeared in these Italian editions:
Ossi di seppia, Le occasioni, La bufera e altro, Satura, Diario del
'71 e del 72, Quaderno di quattro anni, © 1948, 1949, 1957,
1971, 1973, 1977 by Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. Permis­
sion to quote the Italian version of Montale's poems is
granted by New Directions Publishing Corporation, pub­
lisher of Montale's Selected Poems (1965), New Poems (1976),
and It Depends: A Poet's Notebook (1980). Permission to use
my translations of entire poems and excerpts has been
granted by Chatto and Windus Ltd. of London for the part
of Montale's work that was published under the title New
Poems (1976), translated by Ghyam Singh. An additional
permission to the same effect, covering "Mottetti" and "Xe-
nia," has been granted by Agenda Editions of London for
their E. M., Xenia and Motets (1980), tr. Kate Hughes.
Quotations from Montale's poetry are based on the fol­
lowing edition: Eugenio Montale, Tutte Ie poesie (Milano:
Mondadori, 1977). The critical edition of his complete po­
etry by Rosanna Bettarini and Gianfranco Contini, E. M.,
L'opera in versi, Edizione critica a cura di Rosanna Bettarini
e Gianfranco Contini (Torino: Einaudi, 1980), appeared when
my manuscript was already going to press. My short trans­
lated excerpts from Farfalla di Dinard (Butterfly of Dinard)
are based on the second edition (Milano: Mondadori, 1961).
EUGENIO MONTALE'S
POETRY
1

INTRODUCTION:
THE SEA OF BEING

Ossi di seppia, Cuttlefish Bones: the modest title of Eugenio

Montale's first volume of verse (1925) carries the salty breath
of the vast element that works on the rugged Ligurian
shores and, at the same time, a sense of the inexorable
desiccation that the Mediterranean sun can visit on living
and inanimate nature alike.1 And the whole book rever­
berates that fierce light and pulses with the rhythms of the
sea. It is first and foremost a rhapsody of the four elements,
Nature's essentiality confronted by a tried consciousness
that keeps wavering between utter disenchantment and
glimpsed ecstasy in the reiterated endeavor to regain con­
tact with the lost bliss of childhood. This confers on Ossi
di seppia its unique quality, as of "songs of innocence"
1 The Ligurian roots of M.'s poetry have been recognized, without unduly

confining implications of regionalism, by Gaetano Mariani in Poesia e

tecnica nella lirica del Novecento (Padova: Liviana editrice, 1958), pp. 137-
168. M.'s connection with fellow Ligurian Camillo Sbarbaro is well known,
and with Sbarbaro he shares motifs and tones in his first phase; but he
also values other poets from his native region, notably Mario Novaro and
Ceccardo Roccatagliata Ceccardi, not to mention Giovanni Boine who,
along with Sbarbaro, represented a significant link to the seminal La voce
movement of the pre-World War years. In a letter to me, M. has said that
his interest in La voce focused on the so-called "moralist" members of that
group; Sbarbaro and Boine were two such "moralists," along with non-
Ligurian Piero Jahier, Scipio Slataper, Gaetano Salvemini, and Giovanni
Amendola.
 INTRODUCTION: THE SEA OF BEING

intermittently echoing from the prevalent "songs of ex­

perience" or even submerging that somber music in those
moments when the young man can put behind him the
ordeal of achieved virility (war being tacitly part of that
ordeal) and let himself go to the suggestion of a stark but
magnificent Nature that welcomes the prodigal son back
to her "eternal bosom/womb" (eterno grembo). The waste-
landish aspects counterpoint the regenerative ones, which
they almost overwhelm, but not quite.
Thus the Schopenhauerian, or Buddhist,2 vision of "II
male di vivere" (The Pain of Living) reinforces the desolate
brilliance of "Meriggiare Pallido e assorto" (Nooning in
Pale Absorption), avowedly the earliest piece (1916) in the
whole collection; but while "Meriggiare" closes on the note
of ineluctable exclusion made concrete (in the image of the
bottle-shard topped wall so familiar to northern Italian eyes
in the countryside), "II male di vivere" reviews the in­
stances of existence as suffering to find symbolic release in
2 Even if the poet himself had not told me (in 1977) of his interest in

Arthur Schopenhauer's ideas, their consonance with certain Montalian

formulations in verse and prose is remarkable. This interest is also apparent
in a passage from M.'s "Intenzioni (Intervista immaginaria)," the imaginary
interview, first published in La Rassegna d'ltalia 1, no. 1 (JanuarY 1946):
84-89; later reprinted in E. M., Sulla poesia, ed. Giorgio Zampa (Milano:
Mondadori, 1976), pp. 561-569, and in Per conoscere Montale, ed. Marco
Forti (Milano: Mondadori, 1976), pp. 77-84. Here M. discusses his own
philosophical readings, and Schopenhauer's name does not come up, but
a central conception of his does. According to M., at the inception of his
literary career he "obeyed an urge for musical expression" and sought a
breakthrough to "absolute expression" that would have shattered the
invisible "glass bell" in which he felt encased. That, he adds, would have
been "an explosion, the end of the deceit which is the world as
representation"; an unattainable limit to be sure. This echoes the very
title of Schopenhauer's masterpiece, The World as Will and Idea (Die Welt
als WUle und Vorstellung); and rappresentazione (representation) is the
Italian translation of Vorstellung, which M. uses in his passage. "The Pain
of Living" is at the same time a Leopardian and a Schopenhauerian
expression, and it will be remembered that Schopenhauer pointedly refers
to Leopardi as a kindred spirit. The "Buddhist" component in
Schopenhauer's thought is explicit, and it comes to mind when M. appeals
to "divine Indifference" as a liberation from pain.
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Module 1: Practical applications and examples

Learning Objective 1: Learning outcomes and objectives
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[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
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[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Literature review and discussion
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Practice Problem 20: Theoretical framework and methodology
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 22: Current trends and future directions
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
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Part 4: Historical development and evolution
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- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 33: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 35: Assessment criteria and rubrics
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 38: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Example 39: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Topic 5: Ethical considerations and implications
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 47: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
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[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 55: Interdisciplinary approaches
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 7: Experimental procedures and results
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 61: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 63: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Part 8: Current trends and future directions
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 71: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 75: Experimental procedures and results
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 76: Practical applications and examples
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 9: Critical analysis and evaluation
Example 80: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 84: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 85: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 86: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 86: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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